好氧颗粒污泥反应器快速启动及除碳脱氮试验

为快速启动好氧颗粒污泥反应器,在SBR反应器中同时接种硝化污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥,控制反应条件,温度23~25℃,pH值7.5~8.5,DO质量浓度1.5 mg/L左右,15 d即完成反应器快速启动。形成的好氧颗粒污泥粒径1.5~2.5 mm,SVI值54 mL/g。颗粒污泥结构紧密,沉降性能良好。反应器连续运行40多天,改变进水COD及NH4+-N浓度,COD和NH4+-N去除率均能稳定在80%以上,反应器内发生了同步硝化反硝化过程。     

曝气生物滤池去除有机物及氨氮的影响因素分析

采用以陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理生活污水,研究气水比、水力负荷、进水COD和NH3-N负荷对BAF去除COD及NH3-N的影响,分析COD及NH3-N沿滤柱的变化规律。结果表明:当试验进水COD及NH3-N质量浓度分别为300~370mg/L和20~40mg/L时,最佳气水比为4∶1~5∶1,最佳水力负荷为1.0~2.0 m3/(m2.h)。当进水COD负荷为1.69~6.47 kg/(m3.d)时,COD去除率与进水COD负荷成正相关。BAF的硝化性能与进水NH3-N和COD负荷成负相关。     

低温条件下不同填料的BAF处理生活污水的试验研究

构建了两个平行的BAF(分别是陶粒/竹丝复合填料BAF和竹丝填料BAF),研究了低温环境下两个BAF处理生活污水的特性。结果表明:水温为7.9℃~14.8℃时,相对于竹丝填料BAF,陶粒/竹丝复合填料BAF的净化效果更显著。陶粒/竹丝复合填料BAF对TN、NO_3~—-N、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除率为2.7%~89.4%、61%~94.6%、11.5%~99.8%、25.5%~96.8%,而竹丝填料BAF对TN、NO_3~—-N、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除率为1.3%~78.5%、3.7%~92.4%、3.1%~97.7%、2.0%~89.3%。而且陶粒/竹丝复合填料BAF出水NO_2~—-N浓度为0.05~1.73 mg/L,平均为0.64 mg/L相对偏低。可能在低温条件下,复合填料上不同菌种之间的共降解和协同降解作用更为显著。     

不同填料曝气生物滤池启动挂膜试验研究

不同填料曝气生物滤池在相同条件下进行挂膜试验。进水流向为上流式,挂膜方式为复合接种挂膜,即先用活性污泥闷曝接种,然后逐步提高进水流速,直到滤料表面形成稳定的生物膜。结果表明:33 d后挂膜成功,在温度为16～24℃,水力停留时间(HRT)为1 h,DO为6 mg/L的情况下,陶粒BAF对CODMn和NH3—N的去除率分别为23%和80%;沸石BAF的去除率分别为27%和84%;组合填料BAF去除效果最好,去除率分别为32%和92%。     

A(缺氧活性污泥)/B(A/O淹没式生物膜)复合系统处理垃圾填埋场渗沥液

本文采用A(缺氧活性污泥)/B(A/O淹没式生物膜)复合系统处理垃圾填理场渗沥液.结果表明,对于COD=1693.9mg/L、NH_4~+-N=170.0mg/L和TN=190.0mg/L的填埋场渗沥液,经该复合系统处理后,出水COD、NH_4~+-N和TN分别降至97.9mg/L、8.3mg/L和49.5mg/L,相应的去除率分别为94.2%、95.1%、73.9%,达到良好的去除有机物和脱氮效果.同时发现渗沥液在填埋场渗沥液贮存池中经历了一定程度的厌氧降解过程,使COD达到50%的去除率.     

曝气推动频繁交替A/O工艺脱氮研究

试验采用先培养再破碎硝化菌胶团的方法进行挂膜,实现了反应器运行的快速启动.之后对反应器内温度、碳氮比、溶解氧浓度、水力停留时间进行了组合试验,结果表明:温度为32℃,C/N为8,DO浓度为1.5 mg/L,HRT值为4 h 是该工艺较优水平组合;此时,TN去除率能够达到87.2%,达到了同步硝化反硝化脱氮反应的较好条件...     

一体式连续流A/O-MBR脱氮除磷试验研究

采用一体式厌氧/好氧膜生物反应器(A/O-MBR)处理模拟生活污水,溶解氧(DO)浓度分别控制在小于0.7mg/L,1±0.3mg/L,2±0.3mg/L和大于0.3mg/L下,以DO为2±0.3mg/L时,反应器对污染物的去除能力最强,COD、NH4+-N、TN、PO43--P的去除率分别可达91.4%,89.6%,88.7%和92.3%。在该DO条件下,对C/N和C/P对污染物去除效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明:当进水C/N在14～24之间C/P在70～120之间变化时,氨氮及总氮去除率随着C/N的增大而增大,而对COD及磷的影响不大。当进水C/N=8,C/P=40时,脱氮效果明显下降。说明即使控制适宜的溶解氧,在碳源不足的情况下对氮也无法达到较好的去除,表明碳源是否充足是影响同步硝化反硝化的关键因素。     

清潭污水处理厂一级A提标改造工程脱氮除磷特性分析

结合清潭污水处理厂一级A提标改造工程实例,通过全流程生产性测试和主要功能单元的模拟试验,对回流污泥内源反硝化强化环沟型改良A2/O工艺的脱氮除磷特性进行了分析。结果表明,回流污泥内源反硝化池HRT为3.2h时,内源反硝化NO-3—N去除量为9.6mg/L,污泥内源反硝化速率为0.68mgNO-3—N/(gVSS·h);在进水COD/TN为3.3的条件下,工艺脱氮能力高达35mg/L,回流污泥内源反硝化池、缺氧池和生物同化作用对工艺脱氮的贡献率分别为27.4%、44%和28.6%。通过将初沉池改造为回流污泥内源反硝化池,工艺脱氮能力提高37.8%;在进水PO3-4浓度均值为3.22mg/L时,好氧池出水PO3-4可达0.3mg/L以下,厌氧池厌氧释磷作用显著,PO3-4释放量高达8.3mg/L,污泥厌氧释磷速率为9.68mgPO3-4/(gVSS·h)。     

多级生物滤池工艺脱氮效能研究

为实现BAF工艺的高效稳定脱氮,采用了外加碳源的后置反硝化三级BAF工艺(C+N+DN).研究了水温、污染物负荷、硝化液回流等条件下低碳氮比生活污水的脱氮效果.结果表明,在无硝化液回流的条件下,水温高于23℃时,系统具有高效稳定的脱氮效果,出水NH3-N稳定低于5 mg/L;水温低于23℃时,系统出水NH3-N明显升高.当水温为12～23℃时,采取50%硝化液回流并降低负荷后,硝化和反硝化效果明显提高,C柱和N柱对NH3-N和TN的去除率分别提高了19%和22%,最终出水中NH3-N与TN稳定达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB18918-2002)一级A标准.     

生物膜反应器同步去除氨氮和铁锰的工艺特性研究

为考察生物预处理技术对水质安全性的提升效果,研究了生物膜反应器同步去除氨氮和铁锰的工艺特性。结果表明,气水比为1.0时,当原水中COD_(Mn)平均浓度为2.0mg/L、NH_3—N负荷小于3.4mg/L时,HRT为20min即可保证出水NH_3—N达标;当原水中COD_(Mn)浓度为2.0~2.5mg/L、NH_3—N负荷为3.4~4.9mg/L时,HRT为40min即可保证出水NH_3—N达标;当原水水质污染程度加深,则需适当延长HRT。反应器对铁离子的去除范围为20.16%~48.49%,对锰离子的去除范围为25.59%~68.43%,生物膜对铁锰的氧化能力普遍低于其硝化能力。扫描电镜能谱分析和分子生物学技术分析表明生物膜立体空间结构将铁锰离子吸附于其上,进而通过铁锰细菌生物氧化去除,铁锰细菌与硝化细菌共存,保证三者的同步去除在生物预处理单元初步实现。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．