Experimental study of flow intensity influence on 2-D sand ripple geometry characteristics

Sand ripples are common bedforms. The formation of sand ripples is related to flow conditions; different flow conditions cause different ripple geometries. The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between flow intensity and two-dimensional ripple geometry characteristics. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume with natural sand whose bulk density Ps was 2 650 kg/m3 and median diameter D50 was 0.41 mm. The Froude number (Fr), a flow intensity parameter, varied from 0.16 to 0.53, entirely within the subcritical range. Two-dimensional sand ripple geometry was measured and processed via statistical methods. The probability distributions of ripple length and height were obtained with different flow conditions. Through dimensionless analysis, the relationship between the flow intensity parameter (grain size Reynolds number Re*) and the sand ripple geometry characteristic length (Λ) and height ( Δ) was analyzed, and two formulas were obtained:Λ/D50=191.76Re*0.3 and Δ/D50=1.97Re*1.3, which are consistent with previous research results.     

箱形涵洞对河床水沙特性影响的试验研究

以漳河的穿河涵洞为对象,采用物理模型的方法,就3年一遇和50年一遇洪水工况时箱形涵洞所在河道的沿程水位、上下游各断面流速及其下游河床局部冲淤变形等问题进行了试验观测,探讨了箱形涵洞对河床水沙特性的影响。试验表明:在3年一遇和50年一遇洪水工况下,箱形涵洞对上游河床的壅水较少,最大壅水高度分别为0.57m和0.3m;涵洞上游各断面的平均流速较无涵洞时有所减小,且断面横向流速分布曲线更平坦。在迎水面出现了河中心流速较左右岸流速大的现象;在涵洞下游较远的CS8断面的平均流速分别为1.8m/s和3.7m/s,与无涵洞时相差不大;在3年一遇洪水工况下,箱形涵洞洞后能形成Fr=4.52的稳定水跃,使得箱形涵洞下游CS6断面的河床局部冲刷较少,其平均冲刷深度约为0.5m。由此可见,箱形涵洞具有较优的水力条件。     

植被排列方式及坡度对坡面流Fr影响的试验研究

为探究植被的排列方式及坡度大小对坡面流弗劳德数Fr的影响,以期揭示坡面流弗劳德数Fr的内在规律。利用人工模拟试验,系统研究了6个坡度、3种植物排列方向与水流方向呈不同走向角的条件下Fr与单位底面积的空间摩阻表面积K值的特征关系。表明在非淹没状态下,Fr与K值的关系为随K值的增大Fr呈现先减小后趋于平稳的趋势;Fr的取值随坡度的增大而增大;在一定的坡度范围内,同一坡度下,当Fr1时,同一K值下,走向角越大对应的Fr值越小,当Fr1时则相反;同一走向角下,在同一K值下,坡度越大对应的Fr就越大。得出在坡度一定的条件下,坡面植被的排列方式不同,弗劳德数Fr的取值也不相同;坡度是影响Fr取值范围的重要因素之一。     

底坡变化对坡面流水动力学特性影响研究

坡度是影响坡面流水动力学特性的重要因素之一,采用变坡试验水槽在变化水深条件下模拟坡面流,用于研究7种不同坡度对水动力学特性的影响。结果表明:水力坡度、弗劳德数、雷诺数随坡度增大而增大,阻力系数随坡度增大先增大后减小;在相同坡度条件下,弗劳德数随水深增大先减小后趋于稳定,雷诺数随水深增大而增大;当0≤J≤1.5%时,水力坡度随水深增大先减小后趋于稳定;当2%≤J≤3%时,水力坡度随水深增大先基本不变后减小。     

倒伏植被茎秆粗度对坡面水流特性的影响

为深入探索植被倒伏条件下水流结构的内在规律,开展植被茎秆直径对坡面流水流特性影响的试验研究。试验固定坡度为1. 0%,倒伏角度为20°,取茎秆直径为2 mm、3 mm、4 mm进行室内明渠流模拟试验。结果表明:在相同直径条件下,随水深增大,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,雷诺数呈线性增大,弗劳德数呈幂函数形式下降;在相同水深条件下,随茎秆直径增大,DarcyWeisbach阻力系数增大,雷诺数与弗劳德数随之而减小,且当茎秆直径每增加1 mm,阻力系数平均增大33. 76%,雷诺数平均减小2. 57%,弗劳德数平均减小8. 33%。     

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TORTUOUS FLOW IN PATH DRIP IRRIGATION EMITTER

1. INTRODUCTION The emitter is a device used to dissipate pressure and to discharge water at a constant rate by dissipating the energy when pressured water flows through its narrow and long internal path structure or micro-orifice. It is the main componen…     

基于二元水循环的流域分布式水质模型构建与应用

流域分布式水质模型是描述污染物的时空迁移转化过程的数学工具，是预测未来水质状况、研究污染物总量控制方案的技术手段。本文针对流域分布式水质模型WEQ开展研究，结合二元水循环理论，着眼于加强污染物产生、入河过程的机理，考虑水库库容变化对污染物时空变化的影响，进一步增强模型的物理机制。改进后的WEQ使农田面源由陆域产生至入河过程更具有物理机制；借助水土流失方程计算水土流失量，增强了土壤侵蚀面源污染来源的可信度；通过水质过程与二元水循环过程的耦合，实现了污染物入河过程的动态计算；将水库蓄变量作为模型变量，描述水库调蓄对污染物的影响。本文以嫩江流域为例，模拟COD、氨氮的空间分布规律及河道断面负荷变化特征。模拟结果显示，率定期:MSEQ=1.81,Re=62.3%,Pearson=0.374;验证期: MSEQ=1.45, Re=50%,Pearson= 0.692，通过产生量核算、水质模拟过程与监测数据对比以及水库调度合理性分析，确保改进的WEQ模拟误差在合理范围之内，能够反映强人类活动干扰下的水质过程，对水环境管理需求具有实际意义。     

晋西黄绵土坡面径流流态与输沙特征试验研究

为了探讨晋西黄绵土坡面径流流态与输沙特征,本研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,对降雨条件下坡长对该区坡面径流雷诺数、弗劳德数、径流量、产沙量与输沙率进行量测与分析。结果表明:在雨强30~125mm/h、坡长1~5m的情况下,坡面薄层径流为层流,且为急流;径流流态对坡面水流侵蚀力有显著影响,产沙量与雷诺数呈良好幂函数关系;雨强与坡长的增大可增强径流紊动性,输沙率随二者的增大呈增加趋势,当雨强大于60 mm/h、坡长由3 m延长到4 m时,输沙率增量较2~3 m与4~5 m时小;输沙率与径流量的关系可用幂函数描述。该研究结论能够为黄土陡坡面水土流失治理和水土保持措施的布设提供一定的依据。     

溢洪道闸墩后水翅的水力特性及消减措施研究

为研究如何避免溢洪道泄洪过程中,闸墩后生成的水翅会给泄洪安全带来诸多不利的影响。本文利用量纲分析和物理模型试验方法,对溢洪道闸墩后水翅的水力特性和消减措施开展研究。试验结果表明,影响水翅长度和高度的主要因素有闸墩尾部出口处的弗劳德数Fr_0、溢洪道坡度i、闸墩宽度等;在相同泄流条件下,若泄槽坡度变小,水翅长度也随之减小,而水翅高度却相应增加;当弗劳德数Fr_0介于2.3与2.8之间时,闸墩后的水翅长度和高度均显著增大。试验还发现水翅的长度、高度与闸墩后泄流下跌角度α有关,当α增大时,水翅长度和高度也随之增大;当α较小时,水翅现象明显减弱或消失。研究结果为实际工程消除水翅现象提供了新思路,提出的复合式斜尾墩比传统四棱台型尾墩能更好地避免水翅发生,对改善溢洪道、泄洪洞闸墩后的水流流态具有参考价值。     

水工建筑物调度下的小微水体水系连通性评价

为探究太湖流域圩内小微水体综合整治工程的水系连通成效,在考虑水系格局、结构连通性、水力连通性准则层的基础上,针对小微水体在生态系统保护和水质净化方面的突出功能,进一步提出景观连通性和水质改善两大准则层。根据小微水体的形状特征修正传统指标,使其能更好地适用于多形态水系;因小微水体受水工建筑物调度而形成不同的连通通道与水力条件,结构连通性与水力连通性均按照不同工况分别计算,再由工况时长加权得到较为稳定的年内平均值。应用该小微水体水系连通性评价指标体系对溧阳市同字水系整治前、后的水系连通性进行评价。结果表明：综合整治工程对水系连通性提升效果显著,该评价指标体系能较为客观、全面地体现小微水体与各类水工建筑物协同运作下的水系连通性。     

大单宽流量低傅汝德数收缩墩底流消力池的试验研究

为解决大单宽流量、低傅汝德数底流消能中存在振荡水跃,进而导致消力池内流态不稳定、水面波动大、消能率低等问题,采用模型试验的方法,对在消力池前设置收缩墩后的收缩扩散与底流复合消力池进行了研究。结果表明:设置Y型收缩墩后消力池内呈较为稳定的收缩射流与淹没水跃的三元复合流态,水流更为稳定,振荡水跃消失,可有效解决池内的水流间歇性振荡和水面大幅波动等问题。同时,设置收缩墩后,可有效降低池内最大临底流速,由近30 m/s降至约20 m/s。消能率由60.93%提升至66.61%,消能效果显著。此外,下游河道冲刷大大减小。最不利冲刷工况下的2年一遇洪水时,基岩最大冲深由近32.0 m降为5.6 m。消力池前设置收缩墩,对于因受地形地质等客观条件限制,无法通过改变池长池深来解决大单宽低傅汝德数的底流消能问题,提供了一种新思路。     

冰波运动特性及盖移质输冰能力研究

冰下盖移质冰颗粒集体运动时易形成一种特殊的冰情现象——冰波，其运动特性与冰塞形成、堆积演变及输冰能力密切相关。为探究冰波运动特性及盖移质输冰能力，借鉴泥沙输移理论，从理论层面建立了冰波运动的基本控制方程与盖移质输冰率方程，进一步推求了无量纲盖移质输冰强度（输冰能力）与水流强度的本构关系。结果表明:冰波形成需要一定的水力条件，冰波波高与背流面波长的变化及表征水流强度的弗劳德数Fr相关，同时也受水深、冰下阻力等因素的综合影响；建立的输冰率公式体现了输冰能力与水流条件的关系，且考虑了冰盖影响，优化了输冰能力的计算结果；总体上，输冰能力与水流强度呈复杂的函数关系，但水流强度仍是体现输冰能力的主要指标与便捷指标。研究结果可为寒区河流输冰能力的计算提供理论参考，同时可辅助揭示河流冰塞的形成机理。     

The Froude number stick,an evaluation

This paper examines whether horizontal free surface flow patterns can reveal bulk river flow characteristics, such as the Froude number. To do this, the Froude number was measured between 0.2 and 1.2 by visually observing the flow patterns around a wooden stick, the so‐called ‘Froude stick’ described in the literature. The stick has been hypothesized to estimate the Froude number at the transition between subcritical and supercritical flow based on free‐surface flow patterns. The study objective was twofold: to obtain (i) a measure of the Froude number independent of estimates of water velocity and stream depth; and (ii) a tool that would allow the field biologist to assess hydrodynamic properties of streams. The results show that the stick measures only water velocity. As water velocity increases from about 0.2 m s^?1, to 0.45 m s^?1, an obtuse V‐shaped flow pattern around the stick obtains a right‐angle that is easy to detect by the naked eye, and wavelets upstream of the stick are more than 1 cm wide. With increasing water velocities the V‐shaped flow pattern becomes pointed, and at velocities a little larger than 1.0 m s^?1 the upstream wavelets disappear. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulics of crest spillway with large unit discharge and low Froude number

With respect to the crest spillway with large unit discharge and low Froude number, the hydraulics of the slit-type energy dissipater at the outlet should be noticed due to the complicated flow regimes. In the present paper, some issues about hydraulic characteristics were experimentally investigated by means of five slit-type outlets and four tetrahedrons, including the flow choking, impact to river banks and jet trajectory. The main findings are as follows. The critical Froude number for the flow choking decreases with increasing outlet width of the slit-type energy dissipater. If the flow Froude number is expressed by the parameters just before this energy dissipater, the tetrahedron placed inside the side wall of the outlet could efficiently avoid the flow impact to the river bank of same side, and compared with the jet trajectory of the slit-type energy dissipater, the outlet with tetrahedron has different trajectory trend, i.e., the distance of the jet trajectory decreases with the increase of the water head due to special form of the outlet tetrahedron.     

基于降雨分析的窄缝挑坎消能工水翅特性研究

通过建立窄缝挑坎消能工物理模型,模拟研究出射水流的激溅水翅问题。通过调整窄缝挑坎体型参数( 弗氏数Fr、收缩比 β、挑角 θ)以获得不同出射水流条件,进行对比试验分析水翅的成因及其引起的降雨量区域强度变化趋势,甄别影响水翅形成及其强弱变化的主要水力参数,总结其变化规律。研究表明,窄缝消能工水舌的外缘挑距和入水长度均会随着弗汝德数Fr的增加而增大,挑坎下游典型区域的雨量分布亦随之发生变化;随着窄缝收缩角的增大,急流冲击波波角逐渐变小,水翅向岸边扩散的角度变小,冲击波交汇点距离窄缝出口更近,降雨向岸边扩散的范围也逐渐变小;此外收缩比与水舌外缘挑距和入水长度变化成反比。本研究成果可进一步加深对窄缝挑坎消能工水力特性尤其是水翅形成机理的认知,为工程实践提供优化依据。     

黄土区陡坡径流水动力学特性试验研究

通过黄土水槽冲刷试验，初步研究了黄土区坡面径流的水动力学特性。陡坡径流的流态属于急紊流，且具有时空分异特征。随着坡度的增加，径流雷诺数Re和Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数f均呈先增后减的抛物线趋势。f与Re之间存在幂函数正相关关系，而f与弗劳德数(Fr)之间存在幂函数负相关关系。     

标准Ⅰ型马蹄形断面水力特性的研究

为研究标准Ⅰ型马蹄形断面正常水深、弗劳德数和收缩断面水深的计算方法,根据明渠均匀流理论、明渠恒定非均匀流理论和能量方程,分析了标准Ⅰ型马蹄形断面的水力特性,提出了3种工况下的正常水深与流量关系、弗劳德数,以及2种工况下收缩断面水深的迭代计算公式,并通过算例给出了解题过程。研究成果计算简单、精度高,可以应用于实际工程。     

A high‐resolution hydrodynamic investigation of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) redds

High‐resolution velocity measurements were taken over a series of redds on a gravel‐bed stream using a Pulse Coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler (PCADP) to quantify the hydrodynamics of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) redds. On redds studied, over 4500 velocity measurements per redd were acquired per day to quantify the flow velocity, flow depth and related fluid mechanics metrics of Reynolds numbers, Froude numbers and turbulent kinetic energy per unit area. Results showed that velocity and Froude numbers varied widely at the redd scale, but consistently showed higher velocities and Froude numbers over the tailspill regions relative to the surrounding study limits. Results of Reynolds numbers calculations showed no apparent correlations to spawning location preference and redd structure. Turbulent kinetic energy per unit area consistently demonstrated a strong correlation with redd locations. The metric maintained low values (i.e. unidirectional flow with little turbulence) where all redds and attempted redds were observed. The study also demonstrates that a number of hydraulic metrics and several spatial scales will likely be necessary to understand any inherent relationship between river hydraulics and redd placement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金鸡桥水电站消力池设计浅析

金鸡桥水电站泄洪闸为低溢流坝的折线型实用堰，堰高仅２．０ｍ，具有水头低、单宽流量大、上下游水位落差不，入池水流佛氏数低、尾水水位变幅大等水力特点，通过对该电站消力池的设计选型和水工模型试验，合理确定消力池的结构尺寸，达到了既满足消能防冲，又节省工程投资目的。     

CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE PLUNGING OF TURBIDITY CURRENTS

Turbidity currents are flows driven by suspended sediment of flood-induced turbid river water with excess density. Such currents are often the governing factor in reservoir sedimentation by transporting fine materials over long distances and delivering the majority of deposition, which thus reduces the storage capacity. Therefore, the design and operation of a reservoir requires an accurate prediction of its occurrence condition and plunging position, which is the objective of the present study. This article presents a verified algebraic slip mixture model including momentum, continuity and algebraic velocity expressions to simulate 2-D turbidity currents. Test experiments in a multiphase flume were carried out. Reynolds number, sediment concentration and densimetric Froude number were used as parameters in the occurrence condition analysis. The plunging of turbidity currents may produce reflux and backflow due to the diving flow at the surface of the clear water. The similar experimental results were also obtained by PIV measurements