基于极限平衡法的三维边坡稳定性分析方法

提出一种新的求解三维边坡稳定性的极限平衡条分法。该方法根据滑裂面的几何特征,假定行方向的土柱条间力与水平面夹角和列方向的土柱条间力与水平面夹角为常数,根据每个条块力的平衡和稳定系数的定义,求出每个条柱的条间力、柱底法向力和剪力的隐式表达式。将柱底法向力和剪力代入3个方向的整体力矩平衡方程,利用迭代算法求出相应的稳定系数Fs。相较于其他三维边坡极限平衡方法,该方法考虑了尽可能多的条间力作用,并且满足每个条柱3个方向力的平衡,以及滑体绕3个轴的力矩平衡,更符合实际情况。算例计算结果表明,利用极限平衡条分法可以得到相对保守的稳定系数。     

强度参数对边坡稳定性影响分析

在研究材料强度对边坡稳定影响机理的基础上,结合简单的均质边坡、非均质边坡算例,分别采用基于强度折减法的Plaxis软件及基于极限平衡法理论的Geo-Studio软件进行计算,采用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构模型,分析各材料参数对安全系数及边坡滑裂面的影响。结果表明:(1)当λcr为定值时,改变黏聚力c及内摩擦角对滑裂面位置没有影响;当λcr由小变大时,滑裂面由浅变深,进出口逐渐远离边坡坡顶和坡底;当λcr由大变小时,滑裂面由深变浅,进出口逐渐靠近边坡坡顶和坡底;(2)安全系数与黏聚力c近似呈线性增大关系,与内摩擦角呈非线性增大关系;(3)安全系数随着坡角或坡高的增大不断减小,但其对滑裂面的影响同结论(1)。     

基于强度折减法的某蓄水池边坡稳定性分析

基于有限元强度折减理论,借助软件ANSYS,对内蒙古中西部某大型蓄水池的土质边坡进行了稳定性分析,得到边坡安全系数及边坡圆弧滑裂面。结果表明:应用有限元强度折减法对蓄水池复合土层边坡的稳定性分析十分必要。     

用最优化方法确定边坡稳定性最小安全系数

边坡稳定性分析中相应于最小安全系数的临界滑裂面可以通过运用最优化方法求得。圆弧和任意形状滑裂面均可用一系列参数描述,其安全系数则可表达为这些参数的函数。介绍了如何运用最优化方法、结合边坡稳定性分析的常用土力学方法求此类函数的极小值。     

基于整体分析法的抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性分析

为了分析抗滑桩加固边坡的稳定性,将整体分析法应用于抗滑桩加固边坡的稳定性计算中,重新推导了加固边坡安全系数的计算公式。该方法以整个滑坡体代替传统的条块为分析对象,通过建立三力矩平衡方程而非传统的水平力平衡、竖直力平衡以及对一点的力矩平衡,实现了滑体的整体极限平衡稳定性分析。所得到的方程是刻度良好的,存在唯一的、安全系数为正的实数解,收敛范围大且迅速,具有良好的数值特性,并且适用于各种形式的滑动破裂面,可以方便地从二维向三维进行推广。最后通过算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于水利水电工程岩质边坡抗滑稳定性分析

为解决传统的有限元应力代数和法计算结果存在较大偏差,未考虑安全系数受滑裂面方向影响等问题,在第三滑裂面上通过转换计算各滑裂面上的剩余力提出有限元剩余推力法,然后采用等安全系数法迭代计算第三滑裂面及总滑面的安全系数,为搜索出最危险滑裂面可采取改变水平方向与第三滑裂面夹角的方法。研究表明:较传统的应力代数合法求解的安全系数剩余推力算法与工程实际更加贴近,剩余推力分析法能够确定最小安全系数的滑裂面。     

边坡稳定性计算中锚固力计入方式的讨论

分别采用Morgenstem-Price法和不平衡推力法计算在锚固力作用下边坡的稳定性，分3种方式计入锚固力的作用，即锚固力施加在锚杆的内端，位于条块的底部；锚固力施加在锚杆的外端，位于条块的顶部；锚固力均匀施加在锚杆穿越的条块内。研究表明，3种锚固力作用计入方式计算出的加固边坡安全系数相差在11％左右；而第3种锚固力计入方式的边坡安全系数介于第1和第2种方式的安全系数之间，且加固后的边坡条间力与滑面正应力分布最为合理。因此，建议在工程中采用第3种锚固力计入方式。     

有限元应力积分等安全系数剩余推力法重力坝深层稳定分析研究

针对重力坝深层复杂滑裂面抗滑稳定计算存在的问题,探讨将有限元应力计算成果与搜索下游主抗滑面相结合,提出滑裂面应力积分等安全系数剩余推力深层抗滑稳定分析方法。即通过ANSYS弹塑性有限元计算确定坝基应力场,建立包括坝基组合滑裂面和下游第二滑裂面的深层抗滑稳定计算模型,给出滑裂面应力积分等安全系数剩余推力在主抗滑面方向的极限平衡方程,提出剩余推力在主抗滑面方向的平衡原理和极值条件下最危险滑裂面位置的计算机数值搜索方法,与刚体极限平衡法相比,考虑了变形协调和力矩平衡影响,更合理且适应性更广;与有限元超载法和强度折减法相比,避免了应力变形场失真,克服了人为判断模糊影响,更为科学合理。     

岩质边坡的稳定性分析及生态防护设计

正(1)简化毕肖普法简化Bishop法模型简单,计算精度高,是均质土边坡稳定性计算中最常用的一种刚体极限平衡法。该方法是将滑坡体划分成n个宽度相同的垂直条块,假设各条块间只存在水平条间力、竖向条间力等于0,且滑体力矩平衡。同时,把滑动圆弧圆心当做力矩中心点,计算抗滑力矩与下滑力矩比值即为安全系数,具体公式如下:n∑[(Wi-uibi) tan?i+cibi]/mαi Ti=i=1n i=∑1Wisinαi式中:Wi—第i条条块的重力,kPa;bi—第i条条     

动态规划在边坡稳定分析中的应用

目前一般在边坡稳定分析中计算方法较多,如瑞典法、毕晓普(Bihop)法、推力传递法、分块极限平衡法和詹布(Jandu)法等,以上诸法中的共同点均是在假定的滑裂面情况下求安全系数,并要假定多次,求其最小者。在计算中较麻烦,且有可能最危险滑裂面被“漏掉”等疵病。现试图用动态规划求安全系数K,并在求K过程中得到滑裂面形状。现将基本原理和方法介绍如下:     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．