环境友好型植物源化感物质高效抑藻技术研究与应用示范

项目选定三种陆生菊科植物,分离鉴定出具有高效抑藻活性的化感物质,采用不同缓释载体和包合工艺对抑藻活性组分进行包埋固定,制备了两种新型植物源复合化感抑藻剂;在水动力与环境因子联合作用下,评估了复合化感抑藻剂的蓝藻抑制效能;阐明了复合化感抑藻剂对蓝藻细胞的抑制作用机理以及藻毒素产生和释放机制. 项目研发的新型植物源复合化感抑藻剂,具有缓释、吸附絮凝和高效抑藻功能,解决了常规化感物质抑藻过程中易稀释流失、抑藻效率低、有效时间短等问题;复合化感抑藻剂在应用过程中能显著降低藻细胞的藻毒素释放,水体藻毒素含量不增加,藻产毒能力下降,具有良好的生态安全性,解决了常规化感物质抑藻导致的水体藻毒素含量增加的问题;研究了各类复合化感抑藻剂投放方式以及水体环境的普适性,已形成初具规模的产业化应用.     

环境友好型植物源化感物质高效抑藻技术研究与应用示范

项目选定3种陆生菊科植物,分离鉴定出具有高效抑藻活性的化感物质,采用不同缓释载体和包合工艺对抑藻活性组分进行包埋固定,制备了2种新型植物源复合化感抑藻剂;评估了在水动力与环境因子联合作用下复合化感抑藻剂的蓝藻抑制效能;阐明了复合化感抑藻剂对蓝藻细胞的抑制作用机理以及藻毒素产生和释放机制. 项目研发的新型植物源复合化感抑藻剂,具有缓释、吸附絮凝和高效抑藻功能,解决了常规化感物质抑藻过程中易稀释流失、抑藻效率低、有效时间短等问题.复合化感抑藻剂在应用过程中能显著降低藻细胞的藻毒素释放,水体藻毒素含量不增加,藻产毒能力下降,具有良好的生态安全性,解决了常规化感物质抑藻导致的水体藻毒素含量增加的问题.项目研究了各类复合化感抑藻剂投放方式以及水体环境的普适性,已形成初具规模的产业化应用.     

植物化感抑藻物质研究

常见的除藻技术有物理方法、化学方法及传统生物方法,但是这些方法都有其固有的缺点。而利用植物分泌的化感物质抑藻经研究证实具有高效、快速、生态安全性好等特点,因此被认为是一种最有前景的控藻方式。重点综述了化感抑藻物质及其分离鉴定方法:常见的化感抑藻物质主要有脂肪族化合物、有机酸、脂肪酸、多酚类、酚酸类、萜类及芳香族化合物等。主要的分离鉴定方法有有机溶剂萃取法、色谱法、层析法、红外光谱(IR)法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法、质谱法、气质和液质联用法、核磁共振(NMR)法等。     

水体中放线菌的抑藻效果及抑藻机理

针对目前蓝藻水华污染频发且治理困难的问题,本研究选取了水体中的放线菌作为研究对象,通过测定铜绿微囊藻的一些生理活性指标来探究其抑藻效果和抑藻机理。研究结果表明放线菌具有良好的抑藻效果,且浓度越高,抑藻效果越明显。当菌液浓度为500 ml/L时,其对于铜绿微囊藻的抑制率可达到68. 2%。同时借助扫描电子显微镜和三维荧光扫描等手段推测放线菌是通过直接攻击藻细胞和分泌抑藻物质这2种途径来达到抑藻的目的。     

ES抑藻剂对再生水补给景观水体水华的防治研究

通过实验室使用小球藻对ES抑藻剂进行抑藻测试,主要测试该抑藻剂对藻类抑制效果,同时确定了ES抑藻剂在实验室条件下,水华刚开始爆发时和水华爆发后的最低使用浓度和使用周期。经过测试,发现该抑藻剂对水华的控制有良好的效果,并且水华发生前实施药剂抑藻,药剂投加量少,抑藻效果好。对以再生水为补水的景观河道进行了现场测试,测试时ES抑藻剂使用浓度为实验室确定的使用浓度的5倍。经过测试,该抑藻剂可以有效地防治水华的暴发,保证测试河道的景观功能。同时在有外来含大量藻类的水体进入河道时,及时对含藻水体投加抑藻剂能够有效控制藻类数量,成功治理藻类水华。     

湖库水华治理的微电流电解抑藻技术研究

相比于现有的水华末端治理方式,采用以预防为主的思路进行水华防控,避免水华发生带来的不利影响,是更为经济有效、生态友好的水华治理措施。详细阐述了控制藻类“种源”的微电流电解抑藻技术,对微电流电解抑藻技术的最佳应用时机、技术原理、应用效果等进行了分析,深入探讨了微电流电解技术抑制湖库藻类生长的机理,同时开展了技术应用研究。结果表明,移动式微电流电解对湖泊藻类生长具有良好的抑制效果,2 h的处理可使50 m3水体中85%的藻类失活。     

中药提取物对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用研究

化感抑藻技术具有生态安全、环境亲和、选择性高等优点,但如何获得有效的化感物质并揭示其抑藻机制,一直是人们关注的重点。以中药作为化感物质来源,比较了4种中药植物对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的抑制作用,发现化感抑制效果依次为:大黄虎杖何首乌决明子。进一步研究了大黄有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,以及不同萃取相对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果。结果表明大黄乙酸乙酯相对叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、藻胆蛋白、藻毒素浓度抑制效果明显,这为化感物质研究提供了新的来源。     

5种天然植物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果研究

以5种天然植物为抑藻材料,研究了植物干粉、水浸提液、厌氧15 d浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,对不同抑藻剂进行筛选与分析,确定最佳抑藻剂。结果表明:5种抑藻材料干粉的抑制效果明显,均可以达到100%;小麦秆、黄连水浸提液的抑藻率达90%以上,烟叶水浸提液的抑藻率达80%左右,艾叶水浸提液的抑藻率达70%左右;黄连、大蒜、艾叶厌氧15 d浸泡液抑制效果均达到了100%。试验过程中出现的絮状体、细胞壁破裂等现象,为抑藻剂抑藻机理的研究提供了可靠的试验依据。     

植物化感作用控制天然水体中有害藻类的机理与应用

利用化感物质抑制有害藻类是一种廉价、安全、高效的方法。对化感作用抑藻机理,化感物质施入方式等方面进行了较系统的论述。着重介绍了利用大麦秸秆进行藻类控制的应用和需注意的问题。并对利用化感物质进行有害藻类控制研究的前景和重点进行了展望。     

富营养化水体中微藻的生物控制技术发展动态

详细介绍了水体微藻的生物控制方法的发展动态。根据抑制微藻生物种类以及作用机制的不同,将生物法抑藻分为:大型藻抑制微藻、病毒抑制微藻、细菌抑制微藻、高等植物抑藻以及生态法抑制微藻。详细叙述了这5种抑藻方法及其国内外研究现状,并分析了这几种方法的不足。指出今后的生物抑藻技术研究方向是寻求一种控制藻类和氮磷去除相结合的方法,以取得藻类过度繁殖的短期和长期控制。     

Support Vector Machines and Multilayer Perceptron Networks Used to Evaluate the Cyanotoxins Presence from Experimental Cyanobacteria Concentrations in the Trasona Reservoir (Northern Spain)

Cyanobacteria also known as blue-green algae can be found in almost every conceivable environment. Cyanobacteria blooms occur frequently and globally in water bodies and they are a major concern in terms of their effects on other species such as plants, fish and other microorganisms, but especially by the possible acute and chronic effects on human health due to the potential danger from cyanobacterial toxins produced by some of them in recreational or drinking waters. Consequently, anticipation of cyanotoxins presence is a matter of importance to prevent risks. The aim of this study is to build a cyanotoxin diagnostic model by using support vector machines and multilayer perceptron networks from cyanobacterial concentrations determined experimentally in the Trasona reservoir (recreational reservoir used as a high performance training centre of canoeing in the Northern Spain). The results of the present study are two-fold. In the first place, the significance of each biological and physical-chemical variables on the cyanotoxins presence in the reservoir is presented through the model. Secondly, a predictive model able to forecast the possible presence of cyanotoxins is obtained. The agreement of the model with experimental data confirmed its good performance. Finally, conclusions of this innovative research work are exposed.     

Water Quantity Operation to Achieve Multi-Environmental Goals for a Waterfront Body

This paper presents a water quantity operation scheme to resolve series of environmental problems which some waterfront bodies are faced with, such as frequent water-level fluctuation, sediment deposition, water quality degradation, water transparency depravation, and submerged aquatic plant disappearing. Neijiang, which is a typical tide-influenced waterfront body located within the Changjiang Delta, China has been considered as the research area. A 2-D environmental and ecological model coupled with water current, water quality, suspended sediment, algae growth, and water transparency is established and validated against the field investigated data, and the model can well reflect the dynamic processes of these factors in Neijiang. Three water quantity operation modes including self-introducing, pumping, and keeping quiescence are proposed. Based on different kinds of water demand of Neijiang and the actual water exchange ability, detailed water quantity operation schemes under different hydrologic conditions are studied with the established numerical model, and the changes of some living condition factors after water operation are forecasted and evaluated. Results show that water exchange and sediment deposition in Neijiang are apparently reduced after water operation in different level years. In addition, the water quality and transparency in Neijiang can keep a good status, and the living environment is improved for submerged aquatic plant restoration. This study provides an example to resolve environmental problems, improve living conditions and keep a healthy ecosystem for similar waterfront bodies.     

围隔导流对太湖蓬坑湾藻类富集效能的影响

针对围隔可改变水体流场、影响藻类漂移聚集,通过改变围隔布设角度和长度,探究不同围隔导流方案下藻类的富集效果。选取梅梁湾内的打捞点蓬坑湾作为研究对象,在建立太湖水量水质模型基础上,进一步建立太湖蓬坑湾套网模型,根据角度、长度两个因素,模拟6种布设方案下藻类富集效果,分析得到最佳角度、长度组合布设方案,并进一步考虑蓬坑湾地形和经济效益,提出适宜于蓬坑湾地形的优化方案。结果表明:围隔布设角度与水流方向呈120°时,湾内富集效果最佳;围隔布设长度越长,蓝藻收集区域越大,湾内富集效果越好;综合考虑地形特点和经济效益,最终确定围隔布设最佳方案为在上下湾口处分别布设一段围隔,布设角度与水流方向呈120°,上下湾口处围隔布设长度分别为100、30 m。研究成果对于改善湖泊水环境具有较好的应用前景。     

巢湖水环境综合治理思路和措施

参考巢湖的多个治理规划、实施方案及有关文献,收集了巢湖水污染、水环境治理等有关资料,进行综合分析,提出具体治理措施:控源截污,大幅度提高污水处理厂排放标准,积极治理规模畜禽养殖点源;综合治理污染严重的河道,其中微生物净化中小河道可作为治理首选技术之一;分区离岸打捞蓝藻及采用多种措施大量削减蓝藻数量;适宜规模调水,在确保防洪安全、生态安全的前提下,加快实现引江济巢、济淮工程,净化水体、扩大环境容量;大规模修复以芦苇为主的芦苇湿地,使巢湖植被覆盖率由5%恢复至20%;清淤与抬高生态修复区基底相结合。     

Colonization and Growth of Attached Algae at the Lake Michigan Water Line

Changes in populations of attached algae growing near the water line along the west shore of Lake Michigan were observed. Emphasis was placed on harbor populations with particular focus on the algae of Milwaukee Harbor during 1979 and 1980. Vertical zonation on rocks and harbor structures is documented and seasonal growth patterns and selected interrelationships are described. Of the three major filamentous algal forms present in this habitat, Bangia appears as a permanent resident, while Ulothrix may be considered a seasonal and opportunistic plant, responding rapdily to changes in water level. Cladophora is a perennial, but plants above a depth of approximately 30 cm tend to grow as annuals due to conditions of ice scour. It is suggested that seasonal and spatial variation in the abundance of particular species is related to the physical growth requirements of the species.     

In-line river monitoring--new challenges and opportunities.

Water management becomes a complex issue when considering the large number of water-rights-of-use like drinking water production, recreation, receiving water, transport on and ecological quality of the water bodies. Recent changes in the legal requirements concerning water management on European scale (EC Water Framework Directive, 2000/60/EC) highlighted the need for appropriate means for monitoring water quality and exchange of water quality data. Indirect measurement of water quality using surrogate parameters (chemical and physical-chemical parameters) can be automated at a high accuracy level. This was shown over the past years by national and international research projects. In 2001 such a research project has started in Austria focusing on the installation and operation of a pilot water quality network, which is suitable for application at several points of interest of water management, i.e. sewer networks, wastewater treatment plants and receiving water bodies. The paper describes the operational problems and experiences of collecting data over a period of one year in the Danube River downstream of Vienna. The sensors are installed in situ, directly in the river, without any bypass system. The first evaluation of the measurements shows that the values are reliable and therefore applicable to further interpretations.     

利用生态浮床技术治理污染水体

依据陆生植物的养分吸收特性,利用水上种植技术,在以富营养化为主体的污染水域种植粮油、蔬菜、花卉等各种适宜的陆生植物的同时,通过植物根系的吸附和吸收作用,富集水中导致水域富营养化的主要因素--氮、磷等元素,降解、富集其他有害无毒污染物,并以收获植物体的形式将其搬离水体,从而实现变废为宝、净化水体、美化水域景观、保护水生态环境的目的.     

温排水对湖泊、水库富营养化影响的数值模拟

本文针对大型火、核电厂温排水对湖泊、水库富营养化影响预测的迫切需要，建立了一套以改型分步杂交法为计算手段，对二维守恒型浅水环流方程及能量方程求解，在正确模拟流场及温度场的基础之上，继续求解单步一级生态动力学模型，并用单因素分析法考虑水温对藻类生长过程影响的计算模式．并结合一大型火电厂的建设，对该模式进行了验证和实际工作应用．     

太湖蓝藻生境对气候变化的响应

近年来太湖蓝藻暴发已成为重要水污染事件,是太湖面临的重大水安全问题,气候变化因素加剧了其严重性。为了预测未来由于气候变化对太湖蓝藻暴发的影响,并提出应对气候变化的策略,开展了蓝藻生境对气候变化响应关系的研究。基于大量实测气象资料的统计分析与气候变化情景计算,总结分析了近50年来太湖流域气候变化呈现出气温增高、风速略有下降、日照减少、降雨增多、湿度降低等趋势。气候变化是太湖蓝藻水华暴发的重要影响因素,其中气温与风速变化是影响太湖藻类生长的敏感气象因子。气温升高导致的蓝藻暴发风险平均10年将增加约2%,风速降低导致蓝藻水华暴发的风险平均每5年增加约3.5%。结合蓝藻对敏感因子响应关系的试验结果,提出了截污减排、适当清除底泥、打捞蓝藻、调水引流、修复生态等应对措施。     

高盐景观水体除磷、除藻药剂优选及复配

淡水盐碱化是全球范围内面临的一个新兴环境问题,其中城镇内人工景观水体表现尤为突出。高盐景观水体盐度大,导致植物不易生长,藻类逐渐成为优势种群,影响观感。通过絮凝法同时除磷、除藻,使景观水体恢复藻类爆发前的状态。研究11种絮凝药剂对TP、Chla(叶绿素a)的去除效率,其中PAC除磷效果很好,CPAM可以有效除藻。经过浓度梯度优选实验,优选出PAC和CPAM的最优投加浓度,并进行复配试验。复配结果为当PAC投加浓度10mg/L、CPAM投加浓度3mg/L时组合除磷、除藻效果最佳,TP平均去除率为92.52%,Chla平均去除率为98.32%。