山区河流推移质运动的野外试验研究

山区河流推移质运动与河床结构发育程度之间紧密联系,认识这种联系有助于揭示山区河流的推移质输沙规律。通过专门设计制作的推移质运动观测-视频采集系统和河床结构发育程度测量装置,对河床结构发育良好、部分发育及无河床结构(平整床面)三种典型床面条件的山区河流推移质颗粒运动进行了观测分析,并初步研究了推移质运动和河床结构发育程度的制约关系。试验发现,河床结构发育良好时,推移质输沙率很低,推移质输沙主要通过跃移运动实现;河床结构部分发育时,颗粒跃移强度上升,并逐渐有颗粒突破结构束缚,在床面滚动(间或滑动);无河床结构条件下,滚动(间或滑动)和跃移输沙均为推移质输沙的重要方式;如果水沙浓度达到一定值,可能发生层移质运动,滚动(滑动)输沙超越跃移输沙成为推移质输沙的主要方式。宏观上看,山区河流推移质输沙和河床结构发育程度之间相互制约。对同一河段,当水流功率不变时,推移质输沙率和河床结构发育程度之间在对数坐标下基本呈线性负相关关系。     

A method for improving predictions of bed-load discharges to reservoirs

Effective management options for mitigating the loss of reservoir water storage capacity to sedimentation depend on improved predictions of bed‐load discharges into the reservoirs. Most predictions of bed‐load discharges, however, are based on the assumption that the rates of bed‐load sediment availability equal the transport capacity of the flow, ignoring the spatio‐temporal variability of the sediment supply. This paper develops a semiquantitative method to characterize bed‐load sediment transport in alluvial channels, assuming a channel reach is non‐supply limited when the bed‐load discharge of a given sediment particle‐size class is functionally related to the energy that is available to transport that fraction of the total bed‐load. The method was applied to 22 alluvial stream channels in the USA to determine whether a channel reach had a supply‐limited or non‐supply‐limited bed‐load transport regime. The non‐supply‐limited transport regime was further subdivided into two groups on the basis of statistical tests. The results indicated the pattern of bed‐load sediment transport in alluvial channels depends on the complete spectrum of sediment particle sizes available for transport rather than individual particle‐size fractions represented by one characteristic particle size. The application of the method developed in this paper should assist reservoir managers in selecting bed‐load sediment transport equations to improve predictions of bed‐load discharge in alluvial streams, thereby significantly increasing the efficiency of management options for maintaining the storage capacity of waterbodies.     

壅水条件下推移质泥沙输沙率变化规律初步研究

壅水条件下水流结构特征及推移质泥沙输移规律问题目前尚未得到很好的解决,如天然壅水河段、水库库区壅水等条件下的泥沙输移、河床冲淤等问题,亟需这方面的理论支撑。利用理论分析、实测资料、水槽试验等方法进行对比分析首先分析不同条件下推移质输沙率变化的差异性;然后利用水槽试验观测壅水条件下非均匀流水流结构特征;最后结合天然实测资料和水槽试验资料,回归分析得出了适合在水库库区壅水河道的推移质输沙率计算公式。研究结果为当壅水程度指标β达到1.3以上时,现有各家公式已基本不能用来计算壅水条件下的推移质输沙率;利用水槽试验资料得到了相对床面切应力与壅水程度指标β的定量关系;回归分析得出壅水河道推移质输沙率计算公式可以在三峡库区河段适用。     

Predicting bed load transport of sand and gravel on Goodwin Creek

Bed load transport rates are difficult to predict in channels with bed material composed of sand and gravel mixtures. The transport of bed load was measured on Goodwin Creek, and in a laboratory flume channel with a similar bed material size distribution. The range of bed load transport rates measured in the laboratory channel were similar to those measured in the channel of Goodwin Creek; however, the shear stresses calculated on Goodwin Creek were three times greater than in the laboratory channel for similar bed load transport rates. Much of this difference in shear stress was removed by applying the drag partitioning technique of Einstein, although significant differences between the two sets of data remain. Predictions of bed load transport rates using three previously published transport relations were good for most flows for the laboratory data. For the Goodwin Creek bed load data, predicted transport rates were close to measured ones for low flows but diverged by an order of magnitude or more for high shear stresses. Improved methods of shear stress partitioning are needed to improve the performance of bed load transport relations on streams of this type.     

壅水条件下推移质泥沙输沙率变化规律初步研究简

 壅水条件下水流结构特征及推移质泥沙输移规律问题目前尚未得到很好的解决,如天然壅水河段、水库库区壅水等条件下的泥沙输移、河床冲淤等问题,亟需这方面的理论支撑。利用理论分析、实测资料、水槽试验等方法进行对比分析首先分析不同条件下推移质输沙率变化的差异性;然后利用水槽试验观测壅水条件下非均匀流水流结构特征;最后结合天然实测资料和水槽试验资料,回归分析得出了适合在水库库区壅水河道的推移质输沙率计算公式。研究结果为当壅水程度指标β达到1.3以上时,现有各家公式已基本不能用来计算壅水条件下的推移质输沙率;利用水槽试验资料得到了相对床面切应力与壅水程度指标β的定量关系;回归分析得出壅水河道推移质输沙率计算公式可以在三峡库区河段适用。     

The Use of Stream Power as an Indicator of Channel Sensitivity to Erosion and Deposition Processes

Stream power is a measure of the main driving forces acting in a channel and determines a river's capacity to transport sediment and perform geomorphic work. Recent digital elevation models allow the calculation of channel gradient and consequently stream power at unprecedented spatial resolution, opening promising and novel opportunities to investigate river geomorphic processes and forms. The present paper investigates the suitability of map‐derived information on total and specific stream power (SSP) to identify dominant processes within the channel (i.e. erosion, transport or deposition). SSP has been already used to identify a threshold for channel stability. This paper tests this knowledge and investigates whether or not attributes of stream power profiles are statistically correlated with distinctive field morphological forms. Two gravel bed single‐thread English rivers are used as case studies, the Lune and the Wye. Available deposition and erosion features surveyed in the field from 124 different locations are used to classify channel reaches as erosion, transport or deposition dominated. Meaningful patterns emerge between the stream power attributes and the field‐based channel classification. An SSP threshold, which erosion is triggered, compares favourably with the ones in the literature. Information about upstream stream power profiles helps to determine the dominant processes. The joint configuration of local and upstream stream power information uniquely classifies reaches into four classes of different sensitivity to erosion and deposition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双峰型非均匀沙粗细颗粒相互作用对推移质输移的影响

为研究粗细颗粒间相互作用对非均匀沙输移的影响,采用推移质动态采集、图像识别和多普勒测速技术,实现了瞬时输沙量、颗粒组成与近壁脉动流速的实时同步监测。针对双峰型非均匀沙进行了211组推移质系列水槽试验,分析表明:推移质输移量与粗沙拣选度的随机波动与紊动猝发引起的流速脉动具有响应关系;推移质中细粒基本保持持续输移,而粗粒输移则具阵发性,并遵循促发、触发与失怙3种模式;颗粒组成结构对3种模式的实施过程有重要影响;它制约着泥沙中细粒对粗粒的激励、碰撞和解怙强度,使得推移质总沙、细沙和粗沙输移率随床沙组成的改变各自呈现出不同的变化规律;水流强度一定时,随床沙粗细比的减小,输沙率呈驼峰型曲线变化;只有适宜的粗细颗粒搭配(ηc)才能使非均匀推移质输沙率达到峰值,且大于该床沙组成中任一均匀沙的输沙率。     

三峡水库下游荆江河段推移质输沙率计算方法分析

根据荆江沙市水文站与监利水文站共380组次推移质输沙率与断面水力要素的实测资料,分析了推移质泥沙的输移特性,建立了推移质输沙率与流量之间的关系式,并利用实测资料对Engelund-Hansen和Einstein推移质输沙率公式进行了检验与修正。研究结果表明:荆江河段沙市站与监利站的实测推移质泥沙年输移量位于137~388万t之间,主要发生在汛期的5-10月,约占全年的75%,而且沙市站断面的年均输沙量小于监利站;推移质输沙率与流量的1.3511次方成正比,呈显著相关。Engelund-Hansen与Einstein公式直接用于计算荆江河段推移质输沙率均存在系统偏差,修正后的公式与实测资料吻合较好,呈高度相关,其中Einstein的修正公式相关度更高。研究成果可用于荆江河段推移质输沙量的计算与河床演变分析。     

Scaling of sediment dynamics in a laboratory model of a sand-bed stream

A movable bed model was designed in a laboratory flume to simulate a mixed load sand-bed stream. The modelling objectives were to reproduce bedload and suspended sediment transport as well as downstream and transverse sediment fluxes in ratios similar to the field site. To meet these objectives the model contained an exact geometric scale and graded lightweight sediments to simulate migrating dunes and suspended load transport. The experiments are somewhat novel in that most mobile bed models have vertical exaggeration, whereas in these experiments exact geometric similitude of channel dimensions was maintained. The goal of this paper is to review the scaling strategy and the level of similarity among dimensionless parameters between model and field. Similarity in dimensionless bed shear stress and the particle Reynolds number enabled the experiments to replicate the dominant sediment dynamics present in the stream during a bankfull flow. There was a conflict in the strategy, in that grain roughness was exaggerated with respect to nature. However, the paper shows that geometric similarity of bedforms and the resulting drag is much closer to what is predicted for nature. In addition, measurements of sediment transport are compared to values computed from well-supported formulations, which is shown to reinforce the validity of the scaling strategy. Lastly, criteria for movable bed equilibrium are defined and it is shown that lightweight sediments contributed to the rapid development of near-equilibrium conditions. Overall, the paper shows a methodology that can be used to model mixed load streams at an exact geometric scale.     

Analysis of Bed Load Equations and River Bed Level Variations Using Basin-Scale Process-Based Modelling Approach

Bed load transport is a key process in maintaining the dynamically stable channel geometry for restoring the form and function of river ecosystems. Bed load consists of relatively large sediment particles that are moved along the streambed by rolling, sliding or saltation. Currently, various empirical correlations are used to estimate bed load transport rates since no single procedure, whether theoretical or empirical, has yet to be universally accepted as completely satisfactory in this aspect. Bed load particles are primarily sourced from river bed materials or banks. The amount of bed load and its spatial distribution contributes significantly to river bed level changes. Hillslope sediment contribution, mostly available to the river in the form of suspended load, also plays an important role in river bed level changes. This study aims to analyse different bed load equations and the resultant computations of river bed level variations using a process-based sediment dynamic model. Analyses have revealed that different bed load equations were mainly deduced from the concept of relating bed shear stresses to their critical values which are highly factored by the slope gradient, water discharge and particle sizes. In this study, river bed level variations are calculated by estimating total surplus or deficit sediment loads (suspended loads and bed loads) in a channel section. This paper describes the application of different widely used bed load equations, and evaluation of their various parameters and relative performances for a case study area (Abukuma River Basin, Japan) using a basin-scale process-based modelling approach. Relative performances of river bed level simulations obtained by using different bed load equations are also presented. This paper elaborates on the modelling approaches for river bed load and bed level simulations. Although verifications were not done due to unavailability of field data for bed load, qualitative evaluations were conducted vis-à-vis field data on flow and suspended sediment loads as well as the bed loads presented in different past studies.     

An Estimation of the Suspended Sediment Load Using Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System,Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Network Models

Sediment transport in streams and rivers takes two forms as suspended load and bed load. Suspended load comprises sand + silt + clay-sized particles that are held in suspension due to the turbulence and will only settle when the stream velocity decreases, such as when the streambed becomes flatter, or the streamflow into a pond or lake. The sources of the suspended sediments are the sediments transported from the river basin by runoff or wind and the eroded sediments of the river bed and banks. Suspended-sediment load is a key indicator for assessing the effect of land use changes, water quality studies and engineering practices in watercourses. Measuring suspended sediment in streams is real sampling and the collection process is both complex and expensive. In recent years, artificial intelligence methods have been used as a predictor for hydrological phenomenon namely to estimate the amount of suspended sediment. In this paper the abilities of Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models among the artificial intelligence methods have been investigated to estimate the suspended sediment load (SSL) in Ispir Bridge gauging station on Coruh River (station number: 2316). Coruh River is located in the northern east part of Turkey and it is one of the world”s the fastest, the deepest and the largest rivers of the Coruh Basin. In this study, in order to estimate the suspended sediment load, different combinations of the streamflow and the SSL were used as the model inputs. Its results accuracy was compared with the results of conventional correlation coefficient analysis between input and output variables and the best combination was identified. Finally, in order to predict SSL, the SVM, ANFIS and various ANNs models were used. The reliability of SVM, ANFIS and ANN models were determined based on performance criteria such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Efficiency Coefficient (EC) and Determination Coefficient (R²).     

Streambed Disturbance over a Long Flood Series

Flooding and channel characteristics control the occurrence, spatial extent, and depth of streambed disturbance. This research quantifies the frequency and depth of streambed disturbance in a small, coastal salmon‐spawning stream resulting from 249 floods. Bed disturbance was documented by monitoring the three‐dimensional positions of gravel tracers and producing cellular maps within a geographic information system (GIS). The most active areas make up about 1% of the streambed. Undisturbed areas constitute between 31 and 53% of the bed. Maximum disturbance depths exceed 20 cm in more than half of the active bed. Logistic regression equations based on two bed characteristics correctly describe disturbance frequency and depth over most of the bed. Results provide insight into the active zone of bedload transport, correspond with expectations of partial sediment transport, and document potential refugia that persist over many life cycles of the stream community. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用河流平衡理论检验推移质输沙函数的应用性

推移质输沙函数多根据试验资料建立,在实际应用中往往会给出相去甚远的预测,对河流平衡形态影响显著。本研究利用河流平衡理论检验推移质输移通式Φ=cb(τ0*-τ*c)β中各参数对河道平衡形态的影响,式中Φ为无量纲推移质输沙强度,τ0*为无量纲水流平均剪切应力,cb、τ*c和β为输沙参数,分别代表输沙系数、无量纲水流临界剪切力和输沙指数。引入河道过水断面的宽度与平均水深的比值作为表征断面形态的无量纲参数,基于变分原理的图形分析结果表明,输沙通式中指数β的选取是影响平衡河道形态的重要因素。结合长江中游监利河段河道形态实际观测数据,对比分析已有推移质输沙函数对河道平衡形态的定量影响,结果表明β=5/3时河流平衡理论具有很好的实际应用性。     

1-D coupled non-equilibrium sediment transport modeling for unsteady flows in the discontinuous Galerkin framework

A high-resolution,1-D numerical model has been developed in the discontinuous Galerkin framework to simulate 1-D flow behavior,sediment transport,and morphological evaluation under unsteady flow conditions.The flow and sediment concentration variables are computed based on the one-dimensional shallow water flow equations,while empirical equations are used for entrainment and deposition processes.The sediment transport model includes the bed load and suspended load components.New formulations for Harten-Lax-van Leer(HLL) and Harten-Lax-van Contact(HLLC) are presented for shallow water flow equations that include the bed load and suspended load fluxes.The computational results for the flow and morphological changes after two dam break events are compared with the physical model tests.Results show that the modified HLL and HLLC formulations are robust and can accurately predict morphological changes in highly unsteady flows.     

新疆人工弯道式引水枢纽的设计与运行

新疆河流多系山溪性多沙内陆河,其特点是河床纵坡陡,洪枯流量变化大,含沙量大,推移质泥沙占年总输沙量的20%左右.为了解决引水与排沙的矛盾,采用人工弯道式引水枢纽,使其产生横向环流,因而上层清水主流靠近凹岸的进水闸,底层水挟带了泥沙和推移质向凸岸移动,最后从排沙闸排出.实践证明:这种正面引水,侧面排沙的人工弯道式引水枢纽的设计适合新疆河流特点.     

Estimating Sediment Budget at a River Basin Scale Using a Process-Based Distributed Modelling Approach

The paper presents a process-based distributed modelling approach for estimating sediment budget at a river basin scale with partitions of suspended and bed loads by simulating sediment loads and their interactions. In this approach, a river basin is represented by hillslopes and a network of channels. Hillslopes are divided into an array of homogeneous grid cells for modelling surface runoff and suspended sediments. Channels are defined by incorporating flow hydraulic properties into the respective hillslope grids as sub-grid attributes for modelling both suspended and bed loads. Suspended sediment transport is modelled using one dimensional kinematic wave approximation of Saint-Venant’s principles of conservation of mass and momentum. Transport capacity of runoff or streamflow is used to set the limit of suspended sediment transport rate. Bed load in channels is estimated based on the instantaneous water and hydraulic parameters. Fractional interchange between suspended load and bed load is then back calculated. The performance of the model was evaluated through a case study application in a large river basin in Japan. The model satisfactorily calculated the sediment transport and total sediment budget in the basin. The simulated bed load was found to be reasonable and consistent with the water flow and suspended sediment flux. The results showed the bed load can be expressed as a linear function of the suspended load. The fractions of different sediment loads also exhibit linear relationships with water discharge for the rising and recession limbs of the flood hydrographs. The case study has demonstrated that the process-based distributed modelling approach can efficiently describe the basin-scale sediment budgets with due consideration of the suspended and bed loads and their interactions in the hillslopes and channels.     

180°弯曲水槽内床面冲淤演化过程数值模拟

为准确掌握180°弯曲水槽内床面冲淤特征及其演化过程,采用基于非结构化三角形网格的三维流动和地形冲淤数值模型对180°弯曲水槽内床面的冲淤演化过程进行复演。运用标准k-ε紊流模型和显式2步投影方法求解RANS方程,推移质输沙率选取VanRijn输沙公式计算,对于二次流强度较强、横向坡度对输沙方向影响较大的强弯曲水槽,采用方便实用的Engelund方法计算横向底坡所引起的输沙方向的偏移,同时对河床变形所引起的河床临界起动切应力变化进行修正及对流动和地形冲淤相同时间步模拟非恒定的河床冲淤演化过程。与试验测量结果对比显示数值模型对强弯曲水槽冲淤特征有较好的模拟效果;Engelund方法对计算输沙方向偏移角度具有明显的改进;模型同样也具备复演内床面非恒定冲淤演化过程的能力。     

砂质河床与砾石河床的河型判别研究

砂质河床与砾石河床在水力学特征与泥沙运动特征方面都有较大差异，由此导致了河型特征的差异。本研究以世界上近200条河流的资料为基础，在建立同时适用于砂质与砾石河床河型判别统一关系方面进行了尝试。以水流切力、河流功率以及无量纲切力Sd/D50来表示水流强度，而以宽深比和无量纲河宽来间接反映河岸约束性，从而在一定程度上克服了河岸约束性难以定量表达的困难。研究发现，上述水流强度变量和河岸约束性变量的组合关系，在具有不同河型的砂质与砾石河床之间表现出较大的差异，从而实现了对砂质河床与砾石河床河型的定量判别，得到了一系列的沙质与砾石河床河型的判别关系。     

基于床面层能量平衡关系的推移质输沙率计算式

基于床面层内的水流能量关系,推导了推移质输沙率与床面层内有效水流功率的关系式.实测资料表明,推移质输沙率与床面层内有效水流功率有良好的相关性,且高于推移质输沙率与水流功率的相关性.经2 800组试验资料与天然河流资料的检验表明,该关系式的适应性良好,计算精度较高,并优于同类型的基于水流功率的推移质输沙率公式.