Numerical simulation of flow and bed morphology in the case of dam break floods with vegetation effect

The purpose of this study is to establish a depth-averaged 2-D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the dambreak flows with vegetation effect. The generalized shallow water equations are solved using an explicit finite volume method with unstructured quadtree rectangular grid, and in the hydrodynamic model, a Harten-Lax-Van Leer(HLL) approximate Riemann solver is used to calculate the intercell flux for capturing the dry-to-wet moving boundary. The sediment transport and bed variation equations in a coupled fashion are calculated by including the bed variation and the variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations. The drag force of vegetation is modeled as the sink terms in the momentum equations. The developed model is tested against lab experiments of the dam-break flows over a fix bed and a movable bed in vegetated and non-vegetated channels. The results are compared with experimental data, and good agreement is obtained. It is shown that the reduced velocity under vegetated conditions leads to a decrease of the peak discharge and a rise of the water level of rivers and also an enhancement of the sediment deposition.     

Comparison of depth-averaged concentration and bed load flux sediment transport models of dam-break flow

This paper presents numerical simulations of dam-break flow over a movable bed. Two different mathematical models were compared: a fully coupled formulation of shallow water equations with erosion and deposition terms (a depth-averaged concentration flux model), and shallow water equations with a fully coupled Exner equation (a bed load flux model). Both models were discretized using the cell-centered finite volume method, and a second-order Godunov-type scheme was used to solve the equations. The numerical flux was calculated using a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored (HLLC). A novel slope source term treatment that considers the density change was introduced to the depth-averaged concentration flux model to obtain higher-order accuracy. A source term that accounts for the sediment flux was added to the bed load flux model to reflect the influence of sediment movement on the momentum of the water. In a one-dimensional test case, a sensitivity study on different model parameters was carried out. For the depth-averaged concentration flux model, Manning's coefficient and sediment porosity values showed an almost linear relationship with the bottom change, and for the bed load flux model, the sediment porosity was identified as the most sensitive parameter. The capabilities and limitations of both model concepts are demonstrated in a benchmark experimental test case dealing with dam-break flow over variable bed topography.     

万安枢纽运行对库区河床淤积及防洪、通航影响研究

本文建立了万安库区一维泥沙数学模型，该模型采用的悬沙输移模式能较好的体现悬沙和床沙的交换机理，利用该模型对万安水利枢纽运用引起的库区泥沙淤泥、洪水期水位变化、柘水期水深变化等问题进行了分析研究。     

考虑水沙相互作用的河堤溃决二维数值模型

该文建立了洪水漫堤导致河堤溃决的平面二维水沙运动数值模型,以模拟溃口扩展和堤身冲刷的过程。该模型基于有限体积法、采用显式格式求解平面二维水流运动和非平衡全沙泥沙输移方程,并考虑了边坡崩塌、底床急剧变形以及高浓度泥沙输移对水流运动的影响。溃口处的混合流场采用HLL approxim ate Riemann solver处理,非黏性土溃口边坡的崩塌采用不同干、湿静止角处理。通过对英国HR Wallingford实验室一组实验的计算,结果表明该模型能较好地模拟非黏性土堤坝溃决过程中的溃口展宽、坝体冲刷、流场分布以及溃口流量过程线。对模型参数的敏感性分析显示了水沙耦合溃决模型的非线性特征。     

平面二维河床变形的数值模拟

为了研究河道平面二维的河床变形问题，及由此而引起的对防洪、航运等造成的影响，本文给出出非均匀沙的平面二维全沙动床数学模型方程组，并考虑了移质不和饱和输移、非均匀沙推移质输移及床沙级配的调整。在求解水流泥沙运动方程时，采用控制体和只法及动边界技术，对水流速度场、悬移质浓度场及河床变形进行了数值模拟。该模型采用正交曲线网格来克服天然河道边界形状复杂、长度尺度相差悬殊以及由于水位波动引起计算边变化等等困     

Analysis of Bed Load Equations and River Bed Level Variations Using Basin-Scale Process-Based Modelling Approach

Bed load transport is a key process in maintaining the dynamically stable channel geometry for restoring the form and function of river ecosystems. Bed load consists of relatively large sediment particles that are moved along the streambed by rolling, sliding or saltation. Currently, various empirical correlations are used to estimate bed load transport rates since no single procedure, whether theoretical or empirical, has yet to be universally accepted as completely satisfactory in this aspect. Bed load particles are primarily sourced from river bed materials or banks. The amount of bed load and its spatial distribution contributes significantly to river bed level changes. Hillslope sediment contribution, mostly available to the river in the form of suspended load, also plays an important role in river bed level changes. This study aims to analyse different bed load equations and the resultant computations of river bed level variations using a process-based sediment dynamic model. Analyses have revealed that different bed load equations were mainly deduced from the concept of relating bed shear stresses to their critical values which are highly factored by the slope gradient, water discharge and particle sizes. In this study, river bed level variations are calculated by estimating total surplus or deficit sediment loads (suspended loads and bed loads) in a channel section. This paper describes the application of different widely used bed load equations, and evaluation of their various parameters and relative performances for a case study area (Abukuma River Basin, Japan) using a basin-scale process-based modelling approach. Relative performances of river bed level simulations obtained by using different bed load equations are also presented. This paper elaborates on the modelling approaches for river bed load and bed level simulations. Although verifications were not done due to unavailability of field data for bed load, qualitative evaluations were conducted vis-à-vis field data on flow and suspended sediment loads as well as the bed loads presented in different past studies.     

一维河网非恒定流及悬沙数学模型的节点控制方法

本文的一维河网非恒定流及悬沙数学模型，是根据以一维圣维南方程组，悬沙非平衡输运方程及水位、含沙量节点控制法而建立。首先，利用单一河流有限差分方程组转换形式和节点处质量、能量守恒性，写出所有节点的水位控制方程组。求解此不规则稀疏矩阵方程组得到得有节点的水位，再由单一河流非恒定流的求解方法可获得所有单一河流的断面水位和流量。基于水注的节点水位控制法，本文提出了节点悬沙控制法。假设节点处冲刷或淤积较小，所有节点的含沙量控制方程组可通过输沙量守恒方程用矩阵形式写出。求解此不规则稀疏矩阵方程组，得到所有节点处的含沙量。所有单一河流断面处的含沙量通过单一河流悬沙输运的求解方法获得。本文介绍的模型适用于各种河网类型。作为检验，该模型成功地应用于珠江三角洲流域河网水流及悬沙的数值计算。     

局部冲刷坑发展过程的泥沙输运特性

为揭示水流作用下沙质河床结构物周围床面冲刷过程中的泥沙输运特性,采用三维紊流、考虑推移质和悬移质运动的河床变形数值模拟,研究了清水冲刷和动床冲刷条件下,墩柱型结构物局部冲刷过程中悬移质和推移质泥沙输运贡献及其与马蹄涡流特征量、床面切应力以及泥沙悬浮指数的相关性。研究发现,清水冲刷条件下,悬移质输运占比较小,推移质泥沙输运占优;动床冲刷条件下,悬移质输运的贡献随悬浮指数的减小迅速增大;冲刷过程中悬移质和推移质输沙率与床面切应力变化趋势一致,结构物周围局部切应力的大小与马蹄涡涡量呈正相关关系。     

Estimating Sediment Budget at a River Basin Scale Using a Process-Based Distributed Modelling Approach

The paper presents a process-based distributed modelling approach for estimating sediment budget at a river basin scale with partitions of suspended and bed loads by simulating sediment loads and their interactions. In this approach, a river basin is represented by hillslopes and a network of channels. Hillslopes are divided into an array of homogeneous grid cells for modelling surface runoff and suspended sediments. Channels are defined by incorporating flow hydraulic properties into the respective hillslope grids as sub-grid attributes for modelling both suspended and bed loads. Suspended sediment transport is modelled using one dimensional kinematic wave approximation of Saint-Venant’s principles of conservation of mass and momentum. Transport capacity of runoff or streamflow is used to set the limit of suspended sediment transport rate. Bed load in channels is estimated based on the instantaneous water and hydraulic parameters. Fractional interchange between suspended load and bed load is then back calculated. The performance of the model was evaluated through a case study application in a large river basin in Japan. The model satisfactorily calculated the sediment transport and total sediment budget in the basin. The simulated bed load was found to be reasonable and consistent with the water flow and suspended sediment flux. The results showed the bed load can be expressed as a linear function of the suspended load. The fractions of different sediment loads also exhibit linear relationships with water discharge for the rising and recession limbs of the flood hydrographs. The case study has demonstrated that the process-based distributed modelling approach can efficiently describe the basin-scale sediment budgets with due consideration of the suspended and bed loads and their interactions in the hillslopes and channels.     

山区河流河床形态对推移质输沙率影响的试验研究

为探索山区卵砾石河流推移质运动受水流条件和河床形态的影响规律,开展了大比降浅水流动条件下卵砾石输移的室内水槽试验,获得了两组泥沙组成的19个流量条件下的水流、泥沙及河床三维地形场数据。结合室内水槽试验及文献中的天然河流输沙观测数据,分析了不同水沙输移阶段水流阻力、河床形态与推移质运动之间的关系。试验结果表明:河床阻力系数随着河床形态强度参数增大而增大,形态阻力与河床形态强度参数相关性更强。在泥沙补给充分阶段,推移质输沙率与床面阻力、形态阻力及河床形态强度参数均呈正相关关系;在泥沙补给不充分的水流冲刷阶段,推移质输沙率随河床形态强度参数增大而减小。     

平面二维溃坝水沙输移动床数学模型研究

为数值模拟溃坝洪水作用下泥沙输移及河床变形,建立了无结构三角形网格的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型。水动力学模型采用浑水流动方程,考虑了泥沙输移及床面冲淤变化对水流动量的影响;泥沙输移采用不平衡泥沙输移模式。模型数值计算格式采用守恒性较好的有限体积法,单元界面的对流通量采用基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式计算,扩散通量采用中心格式,不平衡泥沙输移方程采用坡度限制的二阶空间精度格式离散。模型经经典算例和小尺度瞬间全溃的动床实验资料检验,水面、床面及流速等计算结果与实验资料或解析解等比较吻合,分析了动床与定床水面及洪水传播速度的差异。在上述检验的基础上,采用动床模型对某河道型水库溃坝诱发的水沙运动进行了数值模拟,结果表明溃坝洪水下水流、泥沙及河床变形发生强烈的相互作用,采用水沙及河床变形耦合的数学模型是必要的。     

动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型

现有大部分溃坝水流模型仅适用于模拟定床条件下的水流演进，但溃坝水流经常可在动床条件下演进。因此非常有必要同时模拟溃坝洪水演进时的水沙输移及床面冲淤过程。本文首先建立了动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型。该模型主要由二维浑水控制方程、非均匀沙不平衡输移方程及河床冲淤方程组成，采用水沙耦合解法以及基于无结构三角网格下的有限体积法离散。同时利用Roe-MUSCL方法以及时间方向的预测-校正格式，使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。然后采用已有算例及水槽试验资料对模型进行了初步验证。最后采用该模型研究了均匀沙及非均匀沙床面对典型溃坝水流演进的影响。模拟结果表明溃坝水流在定床及动床条件下的演进过程明显不同。溃坝水流因流速大，床面变形较快，且床面冲淤速率可与水流变化速率相当，故需要采用浑水控制方程及耦合解法。     

基于非结构化网格建立求解具有复杂地形的浅水流动的数值模型

采用有限体积法,基于非结构化网格上建立求解具有复杂地形的浅水流动数值模型。采用Roe格式的计算界面通量,引入一种单元界面处近似水深的方法来处理地形变化源项,并证明了在非结构化网上满足和谐性条件,此外,此方法还能有效的应用到现存的激波捕捉方法,如HLL、HLLC和CU格式等。通过两个算例,验证了格式是和谐的并具有良好的间断捕捉能力。     

水沙河口衔接数学模型的研究及其应用

在河口水流、泥沙数值计算时提出一、二维衔接的数学模型.根据一、二维水流连续方程、运动方程、悬沙扩散方程、两相流底沙运动方程、床面演变方程,对一维河道采用河网三级联解法、迎风差分格式,对二维海区采用有限元加权集中质量法、三角差分格式,建立水沙河口衔接数学模型.将此模型应用于天津泰达永定新河河口工程的研究上,经实测水沙资料验证,计算值与实测值基本吻合.为河口改造时引起的河道与海区的水流及泥沙稳定性问题提供了可行的研究方法.     

全沙数学模型在港口环境评价中的应用

本文提出了用两相流连续方程、运动方程描述底沙推移质运动模型的方法，建立了封闭求解的二维全沙数学模型方程组，对悬沙与底沙的交换问题进行了讨论。引入了平衡挟沙和非平衡挟沙交替计算的新方法。将此模型初步应用于港口建设的工程环境评价中，得到水流泥沙实测资料的验证，说明全沙数学模型方法是正确的。     

河道及河口一维及二维嵌套泥沙数学模型

建立了一种河道及河口一、二维嵌套的泥沙数学模型，对基本的控制方程、方程的离散和求解方法、嵌套连接条件以及非均匀沙的处理等问题进行了研究。以非恒定非均匀不平衡输沙理论作为本文建模的基础，为方便处理，通过交界面的水位、流量和含沙量等的传递，在每一迭代内进行耦合计算。数值模拟结果与实测资料吻合较好，且计算省时，表明本文建立的嵌套模型是一种解决某些实际工程问题的可靠的和高效的工具。     

珠江河网与河口一、二维水沙嵌套数学模型研究

利用三级联合解法和“节点含沙量控制法”,建立了珠江三角洲河网区一维非恒定流水沙数学模型,伶仃洋平面二维水沙模型采用了正交曲线坐标下DSI和ADI法。通过虎门、蕉门、洪奇门、横门4个交接面的水位、流量和输沙量等物理量的相互传递,在每一迭代步内进行河网一维与伶仃洋二维水沙模型的嵌套计算。利用2001年2月枯季和2003年7月洪季实测的水文资料进行验证。结果表明,模型计算结果无论在珠江三角洲河网区、交接断面以及伶仃洋区均与实测资料吻合较好,该模型可用来模拟珠江三角洲河网和伶仃洋的水沙运动过程。     

波浪与潮流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型

针对河口海岸地区波浪与潮流运动的特点,将波浪过程概化为潮周期中具有平均意义的波浪流要素,叠加到潮流运动方程中,以模拟长时段的水流运动及泥沙场的变化,建立了波浪与潮流联合作用下二维泥沙数学模型,包括贴体正交曲线坐标系下水流运动方程、非均匀悬沙、底沙输移方程、初始条件、边界条件、动边界技术及数值计算格式,引进前期含沙量的概念,得到了潮流挟沙能力公式,波浪作用下的挟沙能力采用窦国仁公式,浮泥挟沙能力采用罗肇森公式。计算的瓯江口、温州湾潮位过程与原型吻合良好,8个断面的46条垂线同步流速、流向过程计算值与实测值吻合较好。在此基础上,探讨了多连通域复杂边界条件下瓯江口拦门沙航槽开挖后潮流与风浪作用下悬沙、底沙与浮泥引起航槽回淤的模拟问题。     

180°弯曲水槽内床面冲淤演化过程数值模拟

为准确掌握180°弯曲水槽内床面冲淤特征及其演化过程,采用基于非结构化三角形网格的三维流动和地形冲淤数值模型对180°弯曲水槽内床面的冲淤演化过程进行复演。运用标准k-ε紊流模型和显式2步投影方法求解RANS方程,推移质输沙率选取VanRijn输沙公式计算,对于二次流强度较强、横向坡度对输沙方向影响较大的强弯曲水槽,采用方便实用的Engelund方法计算横向底坡所引起的输沙方向的偏移,同时对河床变形所引起的河床临界起动切应力变化进行修正及对流动和地形冲淤相同时间步模拟非恒定的河床冲淤演化过程。与试验测量结果对比显示数值模型对强弯曲水槽冲淤特征有较好的模拟效果;Engelund方法对计算输沙方向偏移角度具有明显的改进;模型同样也具备复演内床面非恒定冲淤演化过程的能力。     

明渠水流泥沙运动水深平均及力矩方程的理论和验证

首次提出了水流泥沙运动水深平均及其力矩方程的概念 ,并从理论上推导出这套方程组。提出水流泥沙运动力矩方程的目的有两个 ,一是在不增加空间维数的情况下可以有效地恢复水流泥沙因子沿水深分布信息 ,克服目前普遍使用的水深平均方程过多地忽略沿水深分布信息的缺点 ;二是增强模型的模拟能力。针对这两个目的是否能真正得到体现 ,分别从理论和实验室资料两个方面对新推导的力矩方程进行了全面的检验。理论验证结果表明 ,一维的力矩方程除了能模拟水深平均的流速和含沙量 ,还能够较好地模拟水流泥沙因子沿水深分布信息 ,这充分说明了一维力矩方程的二维特性。为了检验力矩方程的模拟能力 ,特别选取了一些极端的水流泥沙运动实验 ,如清水冲刷、点源加沙和深槽回淤等。模拟结果表明 ,力矩方程对于这些极端的水沙运动具有较好的模拟能力