用杂交元求解有冷却水管的平面不稳定温度场

本文应用杂交元方法对大体积混凝土坝中具有冷却水管的平面不稳定温度场进行了分析。在冷却水管周围取一个特殊的杂交单元。由于在该单元内可以构造比较复杂的贝赛尔函数形式的温度函数,因而能以较少数目的单元得出预期精度的结果。本文还给一个算例。与常规有限元相比,杂交元解法所用CPU时间较短且单元数目大为减少。     

模拟水管冷却效应的直接算法

水管冷却作为混凝土温控的重要措施发挥了重要的作用，因而在混凝土大坝的温度场仿真计算中冷却水管温度效应的模拟问题受到工程技术人员的广泛关注。本文提出了模拟水管冷却效应时考虑混凝土与冷却水管之间相互作用的直接算法。该方法无需计算水管周边的温度梯度，只需建立混凝土内部温度和冷却水管温度之间的方程并联立求解即可。文中算例说明了该方法的正确性。     

模拟混凝土水管冷却效应的直接算法

本文提出了模拟混凝土水管冷却效应的直接算法,该法根据混凝土和冷却水管间热量交换平衡条件,建立同时以混凝土内部温度和冷却水管结点温度为未知量的有限元直接求解方程,克服了常规迭代解法需计算水管周边混凝土温度梯度的缺点。经典型算例验证,该方法简单可行,可应用于实际工程中冷却水管的直接模拟。     

大体积混凝土结构温度场冷却水管模拟的叠单元法

水管冷却是大体积混凝土结构重要的温控措施,如何准确模拟其作用是温度场分析中的关键问题之一,由于冷却水管尺寸相对大体积混凝土结构相差较大,其精细模拟是仿真计算的重点。论文提出了大体积混凝土冷却水管模拟的叠单元法。首先,将结构划分为不含冷却水管的整体网格和各冷却水管附近区域的局部网格,整体网格和局部网格相互独立。然后,在局部网格范围内直接采用常规有限元格式,在局部网格的外边界面上设置耦合面,通过热传导方程的协调,实现整体网格与局部网格的耦合。最后,应用本文方法分析了单管和多层弯管的算例,对其计算精度进行了验证。结果表明:叠单元法网格离散简便易行,可兼顾精度与效率,有望应用于工程实际。     

水管冷却混凝土温度场计算的三维p 型有限元法

引入阶谱与自适应技术,将p型有限元法应用于水管冷却混凝土温度场的仿真计算,通过对单元升阶谱,以扩大容许函数空间来提高数值解精度,并编制了p型自适应有限元计算程序。针对同一计算模型,分别采用不同网格密度的常规有限元法和p型有限元法进行了水管冷却混凝土温度场的计算分析和对比研究。结果表明,p型有限元法的计算结果在网格稀疏的情况下仍然能够达到较高的精度,特征点温度时程线和温度场等值线与精细算法值吻合得较好,而常规有限元法则误差相对较大。同时,采用p型有限元法进行水管冷却混凝土温度场模拟,可以在保证计算精度的前提下减少单元数量,从而降低前处理的难度、工作量以及计算的时间成本。     

水管冷却计算的部分自适应精度法

提出了混凝土坝一期冷却水管模拟计算，并可大幅减少计算工作量的“部分自适应精度法”，利用这种算法，可实现水管冷却的精细模拟算法在大型工程中的应用，应用该法对龙滩碾压混凝土坝的水管冷却温度场进行了计算，结果令人满意。     

冷却水管的改进埋置单元法在大型泵站温控仿真中的应用研究

大型水利工程梁湖泵站具有结构复杂、规模大、实心体浇筑块尺寸大等特点,导致整体有限元网格单元规则性较差,模型单元数量多,传统常用的冷却水管离散单元模型难以顺利布置在混凝土网格单元中,且计算工作量大。采用冷却水管改进埋置单元法,能够考虑冷却水管内沿程水温变化及其对温度场的影响,对该大型泵站施工期进行温控仿真数值模拟。计算结果表明,冷却水管的改进埋置单元法在不增加有限单元数量的条件下,具有较高的精度和较低的计算时间成本,且前处理相对比较简单,可见其效率和精度的综合效果较好。     

三洋港水闸底板水管冷却温控措施优化研究

混凝土初期通水冷却可以起到削峰控温作用,但可能造成水管附近混凝土开裂。本文结合三洋港闸底板通水冷却措施,应用冷却水管有限元直接算法,通过调节通水流量、温度及时间,分析闸底板混凝土温度场和应力场的变化趋势。结果表明:通水流量越大、通水水温越低及通水时间越长均使冷却效果越好。建议可以通过减小冷却水温与混凝土温差,延长通水时间来降低混凝土温度峰值,同时这也可以避免水管附近混凝土产生裂缝。     

混凝土水管冷却温度场的计算方法

针对混凝土水管冷却温度场的计算问题,在目前用有限单元法迭代算法近似求解的基础上,根据水管与混凝土之间热量交换的平衡原理,提出了一种新的计算方法,并且数学上完全严密.采用该方法和文中所建议的沿程水管边界单元的搜索技巧,可以方便地严格模拟实际工作中蛇形水管的走向,提高计算精度.同时,针对实际工程中为提高温度场和温度应力场的计算精度带来计算量大的问题,提出了利用有限单元法的并行计算技术以及子结构技术两种方法,降低计算规模.     

含冷却水管混凝土坝温度计埋设位置优选

在水工混凝土坝温控过程中, 以温度计实测温度表征混凝土浇筑仓的平均温度, 则可方便准确地监控混凝土浇筑仓的温度。结合1.0 m×1.0 m, 1.5 m×1.5 m, 1.0 m×1.5 m, 2.0 m×1.5 m四种典型水管间距的混凝土棱柱体模型, 首先采用水管冷却有限元法进行温度场仿真计算, 接着选取含冷却水管混凝土模型典型截面, 并通过引入四边形12节点等参单元来简化获取截面内任意点温度, 然后建立温度计位置优选模型, 最后采用优化算法求解获得最优的温度计几何位置。算例分析表明, 在混凝土浇筑仓内存在多个位置的温度历程与浇筑仓平均温度历程接近, 1.0 m×1.5 m截面的温度计位置分布近似为线性分布, 其他截面为抛物线分布。在这些位置处埋设温度计, 所测温度可较好地表征浇筑仓的平均温度, 供温度监控参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．