堆石料湿化变形特性研究综述

堆石料是一种重要的土石坝筑坝材料,其湿化变形对土石坝安全运行的影响较为显著。着重梳理总结了堆石料湿化变形特性方面已有的研究成果,指出目前湿化试验仪器主要有固结仪、三轴仪及平面应变仪;试验方法主要包括单线法和双线法;堆石料湿化变形的影响因素主要分为内因和外因;堆石料湿化变形模型主要包括理论模型和经验模型。通过对已有研究成果总结分析,认为在降雨入渗引起的堆石料湿化变形及湿化稳定标准选取等方面还需深入研究。     

粗粒料湿化变形三轴试验研究

对小浪底斜心墙堆石坝的砂岩粗粒料采用单线法进行中型三轴湿化变形试验,研究了该种土料的湿化变形特性。通过对试验结果和湿化变形规律的分析,总结了湿化轴向应变、湿化体积应变与湿化应力水平、围压之间的关系。试验结果表明,湿化轴向应变与湿化应力水平呈双曲线关系,湿化轴向应变与围压呈线性关系;湿化体积应变与湿化应力水平和围压均为线性关系。根据对试验结果的分析以及计算湿化变形的单线法,提出了一个适用于计算粗粒料湿化变形的数学模型。该湿化变形模型参数共6个,并给出了通过室内常规试验确定参数的方法。对模型进行了验证,结果表明该湿化模型计算曲线与试验结果吻合较好,表明该模型能较好地反映粗粒料湿化变形的特征。     

粗粒土CT三轴湿化变形试验研究

粗粒土的湿化变形对土石坝的变形和稳定具有重要影响,通过粗粒土CT三轴湿化变形试验对粗粒土的细观变形机理进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明,对于处于某一轴向应力条件下相对稳定且干燥的粗粒土,由于水的浸润作用,颗粒被软化或润滑,原本相对稳定的接触状态变的不稳定,颗粒产生错动和转动,颗粒位置发生调整,直到各个颗粒具有相对较大的接触面积时重新趋于稳定状态。颗粒调整的最终结果是孔隙减小,竖向变形增大。由于颗粒软化和润滑作用导致的强度降低大于颗粒挤密作用带来的强度提高,因此湿化后粗粒土的强度降低,这会对坝体安全带来不利影响。     

粉砂质泥岩料的湿化变形特性试验研究

为了研究粉砂质泥岩料的湿化变形特性,采用长江科学院大型三轴仪进行了单线法三轴湿化试验,试样尺寸Ф300 mm×H600 mm,试验围压0.1、0.4、0.8、1.2 MPa四级,应力水平为0.0、0.2、04、0.6、0.8五级。通过三轴湿化试验获得了粉砂质泥岩料的湿化变形特性,轴向湿化应变与湿化应力水平密切相关,与围压关系不明显;体积湿化应变与湿化应力水平、围压均相关,并提出了湿化模型及模型参数。最后,将本次粉砂质泥岩料的湿化变形成果与花岗岩湿化变形成果进行了对比分析,粉砂质泥岩料的湿化变形量明显大于硬岩料的湿化变形量。     

堆石料湿化试验变形过程分析

堆石料湿化变形是堆石坝变形的主要组成部分之一。由于堆石料具有流变特性，难以区分堆石料湿化过程中的湿化变形和流变变形。本文采用糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝弱风化花岗岩堆石料，进行了常规三轴试验与饱和湿化三轴试验，对饱和湿化试验中堆石料试样充水饱和过程以及发生的各类变形进行分析。研究表明，在三轴湿化试验中，堆石料试样的充水饱和过程通常会持续一定长的时间。在这个过程中，堆石料试样不仅发生湿化瞬时变形，也会发生一定大小的湿化湿态流变。本文提出了一个进行堆石料饱和湿化试验过程分析的迭代方法，可分离计算在堆石料试样充水饱和过程中所发生的湿态流变的大小，并采用迭代分析后的模型参数，对本文进行的饱和湿化试验进行了定量分析和全过程模拟计算，拟合效果较好，验证了方法的合理性和实用性。     

粗粒土的湿化变形规律研究

为了研究粗粒土的湿化变形规律,给土石坝蓄水后的变形计算提供依据,在综合分析前人"单线法"湿化试验成果的基础上,将湿化轴向应变分为由围压引起的应变和由偏应力引起的应变两部分,同样也将湿化体积应变分为由围压引起的应变和由偏应力引起的应变两部分,总结相应的规律,提出湿化变形计算公式。然后,结合不同学者的试验数据对文中提出的湿化变形计算公式进行验证。结果表明,堆石料湿化变形计算中,围压引起的湿化轴向应变与围压成幂函数关系,围压引起的湿化体变为轴变的3倍,偏压引起的湿化轴变与应力水平成双曲线关系,偏压引起的湿化体变与轴变成比例。通过数据拟合可知,文中提出的湿化变形公式与试验数据符合较好,可用于土石坝湿化变形计算中。     

粗粒土的湿化变形规律研究

为了研究粗粒土的湿化变形规律,给土石坝蓄水后的变形计算提供依据,在综合分析前人“单线法”湿化试验成果的基础上,将湿化轴向应变分为由围压引起的应变和由偏应力引起的应变两部分,同样也将湿化体积应变分为由围压引起的应变和由偏应力引起的应变两部分,总结相应的规律,提出湿化变形计算公式。然后,结合不同学者的试验数据对文中提出的湿化变形计算公式进行验证。结果表明,堆石料湿化变形计算中,围压引起的湿化轴向应变与围压成幂函数关系,围压引起的湿化体变为轴变的 3 倍,偏压引起的湿化轴变与应力水平成双曲线关系,偏压引起的湿化体变与轴变成比例。通过数据拟合可知,文中提出的湿化变形公式与试验数据符合较好,可用于土石坝湿化变形计算中。     

堆石料湿化变形计算模型及方法研究

水库蓄水和降雨入渗可导致土石坝发生显著的湿化变形,从而对坝体的应力变形性状产生重要的影响。合理的湿化变形模型和计算方法是模拟分析土石料浸水湿化变形特性的重要前提。论文基于三轴湿化试验研究成果,建议了一种新的堆石料湿化变形计算模型。该模型利用湿化变形方向的平行特性,采用堆石料本构模型计算相应的湿化体应变分量。新提出的模型仅需要一个湿化轴向应变模型参数。分别采用邓肯张EB和沈珠江双屈服面模型讨论了新湿化变形模型的具体计算模式,并通过与试验结果的对比验证了新模型的实用性。用改进的沈珠江三参数模型计算最终体应变和最终剪应变,湿化后的饱和流变规律与饱和试样的流变规律一致,湿化过程不会影响堆石料的饱和流变数值和规律。     

土石混合料固结湿化变形试验研究

堰塞坝料大多为土石混合料且级配分布范围较宽,其湿化变形影响坝体的长期稳定安全。选择典型的具有宽级配特征的三组试验材料,采用大型固结仪开展固结湿化试验。根据试验结果,分析了竖向应力对湿化应变的影响规律,发现湿化应变随竖向应力的增大呈对数趋势增大,且在高应力范围内应力增大时湿化变形增量更为显著;探讨了材料级配特征对湿化变形的影响,对于级配特征值均较小且细颗粒含量较高的材料,湿化变形更为显著;基于湿化变形试验时程规律,建立了四参数双曲线型的固结湿化变形模型,模拟结果较为准确,能较好地反映宽级配粗粒料固结湿化变形特征。     

巴东组压实黏性土湿化变形特性试验研究

巫山县污水处理厂高填方工程场坪高程为179 m,最大填方高度为75 m。当三峡水库蓄水至175 m高程时,填方体绝大部分位于库水位以下,必须考虑填料湿化变形引起的沉降和不均匀沉降。土体浸水湿化不仅可引起湿化体积变形,而且还会引起剪切变形和土体强度降低,从而影响土工建筑物的安全。对巴东组土料进行颗粒分析和重型击实试验,得到了填料的可压实性、最优含水率和最大干密度指标;选择巴东组二段土料进行不同压实度、不同围压下的三轴湿化变形试验,得到了湿化应力-应变关系和附加湿化应变与应力水平、围压的关系。结果表明:湿化变形随湿化点偏应力增大而增大,附加轴向应变随围压增大而减小,随着应力水平增大而增大;当轴向应变超过某特征值时,其偏差应力与轴向应变由幂函数关系变为双曲线关系,特征值约为1.2%;围压较小时,附加体积应变随着湿化点应力水平增大而增大,当围压较大时,附加体积应变随应力水平增大先增大,然后趋于稳定,最后再减小。巫山县污水处理厂高填方工程采用"碾压+强夯"控制干密度和"湿法填筑"控制施工含水量,高填方的最大总沉降为69.85 mm,小于限定值100 mm,取得了较好的工程效果。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．