污泥-生活垃圾混合填埋体抗剪强度特性研究

污泥送入生活垃圾填埋场进行混合填埋是国内外常用的处置途径之一。混合填埋体强度参数对填埋场稳定性有重要影响,为此在实验室开展了不同击实功、不同污泥添加量以及不同生化降解时间条件下污泥-生活垃圾混合试样的强度试验,对其强度特性进行研究。结果表明：① 随着击实功的增加,混合试样的抗剪强度整体上逐渐增大,当其密度超过1 050 kg/m3时,混合试样的内摩擦角和凝聚力增加不明显甚至有减小现象,其抗剪强度增加幅度很小甚至减小。② 随着污泥添加量的增加,混合试样的内摩擦角逐渐减小,凝聚力逐渐增加,但是当污泥添加量超过40%时,其凝聚力反而减小。③ 随着生化降解的进行,混合试样抗剪强度整体趋势在增加,凝聚力和内摩擦角的整体趋势也在增加。     

ASBR法处理苯酚废水的动力学研究

在ASBR反应器中,以苯酚为标的物进行难降解有机物的降解,并研究反应器的降解动力学。经过前期的污泥驯化和正交试验,本试验在ASBR最有效降解污染物的工况下运行。试验结果表明:苯酚初始浓度小于146.8mg/L的情况下,反应速率随苯酚浓度的增大而增大,苯酚的降解过程符合零级动力学反应特征;苯酚初始浓度在200.5～377.9 mg/L之间时,反应速率随苯酚浓度的增大而减小,苯酚的降解过程符合一级动力学反应特征。低浓度和高浓度苯酚在ASBR中降解分别符合零级和一级动力学反应特征,且中温降解速率明显高于常温。本文试验数据与动力学方程拟合较好,能够为实际工艺中的苯酚污水处理提供参考。     

含水率及填埋工艺对垃圾土中有机物降解的影响

含水率和填埋工艺是影响有机物降解的因素。根据重庆市垃圾土的成分特点,自配试样进行降解试验,研究在不同的含水率及填埋工艺下,有机物的质量、降解率及降解速率变化情况。试验结果表明:有机物降解率符合Logistic模型规律,降解速率有先增大后减小的趋势。含水率及填埋工艺均对有机物降解有影响。当含水率为50%时,水对有机物降解有促进作用,有机物最易发生降解。在敞口状态下,有利于有机物降解。通过结果分析,解释了推铺以及渗滤液回灌的机理。     

投加微生物菌剂对污泥生化指标的影响

正随着污水处理能力的提升,污泥的产量加大,投加微生物菌剂的原位污泥减量方法为污泥减量提供了新思路,并取得了一定的效果,但对机理研究较少,本文从投加菌剂后的生化指标变化,研究污泥减量机理。微生物分泌的各种水解酶,是污水处理过程中有机物降解的关键。其中基质脱氢是有机物降解的关键步骤,脱氢酶的活性对有机物的降解有直接的影响,因此脱氢酶含量的高低影响污水处理效果及污泥产量。蛋白质是城市污水中含量较多的有机物,而蛋白质、淀粉等大分子物质被     

基于多模式情景的长江中下游未来气象干旱时空演变特征分析

为了分析未来时期(2020—2099年)长江中下游区域气象干旱演变特征,选取跨行业影响模式比较计划(ISIMIP)的4个全球气候模式,基于不同代表性浓度路径(RCP)的排放情景(RCP-2.6、RCP-6.0和RCP-8.5),分别计算了标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化蒸散发指数(SPEI),探讨了两种指数对研究区气象干旱的刻画能力,分析了研究区未来气象干旱变化规律。研究结果表明:未来时期SPI整体呈增加趋势,汉江流域和洞庭湖水系西北区域增加幅度较大,说明该区域干旱减缓趋势明显;SPEI呈显著减小趋势,且随着排放浓度的增加,减小幅度逐渐增加,洞庭湖水系和鄱阳湖水系东南区域减小趋势较大,说明该区域未来时期干旱增加趋势明显;不同情景下SPI减小的区域SPEI也呈减小趋势且减小幅度更大;研究区SPI与SPEI的相关性从北到南、从西到东逐渐增强;SPI与SPEI的整体相关性随着排放浓度的增加逐渐减弱。研究成果有助于预估未来长江中下游区域干旱发生演变规律。     

城市污泥中DEHP和DMP的好氧降解特性研究

对城市污泥好氧消化过程中DEHP和DMP的降解进行了研究,并重点研究了难降解有机物DEHP在不同浓度下对易降解有机物DMP的抑制效果.研究表明,好氧消化污泥对DEHP和DMP有较强的降解能力,且对DMP的降解能力明显强于DEHP,好氧消化污泥在500 mg/L难降解有机物DEHP存在的情况下,对50 mg/L有机物DMP的去除率仍高达99.8%;当DEHP的初始浓度在200 mg/L时,对DMP的降解速率影响较大,而在50 mg/L和500 mg/L时,影响较小;但历经10 d以后,不同初始浓度的DEHP对DMP的好氧降解速率几乎没有影响.     

一种改进的聚合模型在污泥絮凝-沉降模拟中的应用

鉴于在试验中难以观测到污泥絮团的粒径分布情况,且以往类似模拟中鲜有考虑絮团分形特征及絮团黏结效率的问题,通过一种改进的聚合模型来模拟污泥颗粒间的分形聚合机理,并在群体平衡模型(PBM)和两相流Mixture模型基础上对污泥的絮凝-沉降进行三维数值模拟。模拟结果表明:建立的数学模型能较好地反映黏性污泥分形絮凝-沉降规律,具预测絮团粒径分布的能力;在同一时刻絮团的粒径分布范围随着分形维数的降低逐渐变宽,大粒径絮团数量迅速增加,小粒径絮团数量逐渐减少;初始颗粒数量的衰减速率随分形维数的增大而增大;絮团数量总体呈先增加后减少的趋势,但当分形维数不同时,其最大值随分形维数的增大而增大,出现时间随着分形维数的增大而有所缩短。     

深厚覆盖层上土石坝地震响应分析

文章以建在强震区深厚覆盖层上的土石坝为研究背景,采用等效粘弹性模型,研究不同覆盖层厚度、不同坝高等工况下,地震对坝顶加速度和坝体位移的影响.研究表明随着覆盖层厚度的增加,加速度反应整体有减小的趋势,但是由于模型基频特性的影响,可能出现时大时小的状况;随着输入值的增大,大坝水平动位移逐渐增大.随着覆盖层厚度的增加,大坝水...     

GAC/H_2O_2对二级出水溶解性有机物的降解研究

颗粒活性炭(GAC)常用作吸附剂,其催化作用未受到重视。为此研究了GAC催化H2O2氧化(GAC/H2O2)体系对生活污水处理厂二级出水中溶解性有机物的降解效果。结果表明,GAC/H2O2对二级出水COD和UV254去除率明显高于GAC和H2O2单独作用。不同性质的GAC其吸附与催化能力不同;随H2O2投加量增加去除率先增加后降低;降解率随GAC投加量增加而增加;pH在2~10均能实现有机物的降解。对比反应前后溶解性有机物的分子量及亲疏水性分布,发现二级出水中溶解性有机物的成分可能是影响反应效果的一个因素。GAC/H2O2体系常温常压下自发进行,无污泥产生,值得进一步深入研究。     

土液比对Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学影响研究

探明Pb2+吸附动力学过程,是分析污灌区土壤Pb2+截留能力的理论基础。基于600 mg/L的Pb2+溶液和马鞍山高龙背粉沙质壤土,开展不同土液比条件下的Pb2+吸附动力学试验。结果表明,与常规吸附动力学试验相比,同一土液比情况下的吸附动力学曲线波动性较大,首次波动幅度随土液比的减小逐渐增大,从波动开始到基本稳定所需的时间随土液比的减小逐渐增加,吸附量随着土液比的减小逐渐增大,吸附率却逐渐减小。     

Biotechnology of intensive aerobic conversion of sewage sludge and food waste into fertilizer.

Biotechnology for intensive aerobic bioconversion of sewage sludge and food waste into fertilizer was developed. The wastes were treated in a closed reactor under controlled aeration, stirring, pH, and temperature at 60 degrees C, after addition of starter bacterial culture Bacillus thermoamylovorans. The biodegradation of sewage sludge was studied by decrease of volatile solids (VS), content of organic carbon and autofluorescence of coenzyme F420. The degradation of anaerobic biomass was faster than biodegradation of total organic matter. The best fertilizer was obtained when sewage sludge was thermally pre-treated, mixed with food waste, chalk, and artificial bulking agent. The content of volatile solid and the content of organic carbon decreased at 24.8% and 13.5% of total solids, respectively, during ten days of bioconversion. The fertilizer was a powder with moisture content of 5%. It was stable, and not toxic for the germination of plant seeds. Addition of 1.0 to 1.5% of this fertilizer to the subsoil increased the growth of different plants tested by 113 to 164%. The biotechnology can be applied in larger scale for the recycling of sewage sludge and food wastes in Singapore.     

Sludge pre-treatment with pulsed electric fields.

The anaerobic stabilization process depends - among other things - on the bio-availability of organic carbon. Through pre-treatment of the sludge which leads to the destruction of micro-organisms and to the setting-free of cell content substances (disintegration), the carbon can be microbially converted better and faster. Moreover, effects on the digestion are likely. However, only little experience is available in sludge treatment with pulsed electric fields. Laboratory-scale digestion tests have been run to analyse the influence of pulsed electric fields on the properties of sludge, anaerobic degradation, sludge water reload and foaming of digesters. The results will be compared with those of other disintegration methods (high pressure homogeniser, thermal treatment). The effect of pre-treatment on the sludge is shown by the COD release. Degrees of disintegration have been achieved up to 20%. The specific energy input was high. The energy consumption has been decreased by initial improvements (pre-heating to 55 degrees C). The filament bacteria were partially destroyed. The foam reduction in the digesters was marginal. The anaerobic degradation performance has been improved in every case. The degradation rate of organic matter increased about 9%. Due to the increase of degradation, there is a higher reload of the sludge-water with COD and nitrogen compounds.     

Disintegration of excess activated sludge--evaluation and experience of full-scale applications.

Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge can be improved by introducing a disintegration of excess activated sludge as a pretreatment process. The disintegration brings a deeper degradation of organic matter and less amount of output sludge for disposal, a higher production of biogas and consequently energy yield, in some cases suppression of digesters foaming and better dewaterability. The full-scale application of disintegration by a lysate-thickening centrifuge was monitored long term in three different WWTPs. The evaluation of contribution of disintegration to biogas production and digested sludge quality was assessed and operational experience is discussed. Increment of specific biogas production was evaluated in the range of 15-26%, organic matter in digested sludge significantly decreased to 48-49%. Results proved that the installation of a disintegrating centrifuge in WWTPs of different sizes and conditions would be useful and beneficial.     

Characterization and degradation process of sludge profiles inside a facultative pond (Patagonia, Argentina)

To investigate the characteristics and degradation process in sludge profile, three sampling sessions were made in three different places inside the primary facultative pond of Puerto Madryn city, which was located in a region with a temperate climate in coastal Patagonia (Argentina). The sludge showed an extremely negative redox potential (between -441 and -282 mV) and elevated water content and organic matter concentration, ranging from 83.3 to 97.1% for porosity and from 22.5 to 64.4% for organic matter. The surface layer at the Outlet station during the summer showed the greatest concentration of pigments, reaching a maximum value of 10.6 mg/g for chlorophyll-a and 40.9 mg/g for phaeophytin, and a fast diminution with sediment depth. The important concentration of pigment in the surface layer, coincident with phytoplankton bloom in the water column, could support the importance of nitrogen removal via uptake and organic sedimentation in the water column. In warm months the degradation rate was clear, as reflected in a decrease in sediment layer, and even part of the clay bottom was captured inside an 8 cm core sample, registering extremely low concentrations of pigments, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The season and the degree of treatment have an influence on sludge characteristics and the organic matter degradation process.     

Role of hydrophilic organic matter on developing toxicity in decay process of activated sludge.

It is known that the toxicity of effluent is more intensive than that of influent in the activated sludge process. In this study, we applied bioassay using cultured human cell lines to the decay process of activated sludge to evaluate the toxicity of organic matter generated and/or released from activated sludge bacteria. We also applied this bioassay to hydrophilic fraction of samples. The bioassay results showed that: (1) the variation in the dose-response relation obtained from assay with original samples was observed during decay; (2) on the other hand, the response curves of only hydrophilic fraction at each time show the same relationship between TOC and viability of MCF7 cells; (3) this trend was confirmed by plotting the time course of EC50. These results imply that: (1) the hydrophilic organic matter controlled for developing toxicity during decay process of activated sludge; and (2) the character of hydrophilic organic matter is not changed during the experimental period.     

Aerobic biological treatment of thermophilically digested sludge

Aerobic biological treatment of digested sludge was studied in a continuously operated laboratory set-up. An aerated reactor was filled with thermophilically digested sludge from the Moscow wastewater treatment plant and inoculated with special activated sludge. It was then operated at the chemostat mode at different flow rates. Processes of nitrification and denitrification, as well as dephosphatation, occurred simultaneously during biological aerobic treatment of thermophilically digested sludge. Under optimal conditions, organic matter degradation was 9.6%, the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate decreased by 89 and 83%, respectively, while COD decreased by 12%. Dewaterability of digested sludge improved significantly. The processes were found to depend on hydraulic retention time, oxygen regime, and temperature. The optimal conditions were as follows: hydraulic retention time 3-4 days, temperature 30-35 degrees C, dissolved oxygen levels 0.2-0.5 mg/L at continuous aeration or 0.7-1 mg/L at intermittent aeration. Based on these findings, we propose a new combined technology of wastewater sludge treatment. The technology combines two stages: anaerobic digestion followed by aerobic biological treatment of digested sludge. The proposed technology makes it possible to degrade the sludge with conversion of approximately 45% volatile suspended solids to biogas, to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal in reject water from sludge treatment units, and to achieve removal of malodorous substances after 8-9 days of anaerobic-aerobic sludge treatment.     

Pollutant monitoring in sludge treatment wetlands

Phragmites australis for sludge dewatering and stabilization processes have been widely proved. The presence of reeds, indeed, efficiently allows solids dewatering and organic matter stabilization in order to obtain a stabilised product that can be suitable for land application, even if its environmental impact has to be considered. The actual revision of the European Union's Working Document on Sludge (2000), in fact, seems to be addressed to detect two principal categories of pollutants in sludge for agricultural use: heavy metals and toxic organic compounds. In this study are presented results about sludge stabilization and monitoring of heavy metal fractionation and organic compounds in four urban wastewater treatment plants managed by Acque S.p.A., (Tuscany, Italy). To evaluate the process of sludge stabilization parameters were determined that highlight the biochemical and chemico-structural properties of sludge organic matter. The results showed that stabilization of the sludge over time occurred as shown by the low content of water soluble carbon and dehydrogenase activity, and by the re-synthesis of humic-like matter highlighted by the pyrolytic indices of mineralization and humification. Results about fractionation showed that heavy metals were retained in fractions related to the stabilized organic matter. Moreover, toxic organic compounds showed a drastic reduction at the end of the monitoring period.     

腐殖酸对污泥固化土长期强度的劣化效应

研究腐殖酸对污泥固化土长期强度的影响具有重要意义。对有机质含量较低的污泥分别添加0.5%,1.5%,3%,4.5%,6%的腐殖酸,基于水泥、偏高岭土、石灰等固化剂进行固化,得到标准养护状态下240 d污泥固化土的抗弯强度、应力-应变关系及破坏应变的发展规律。研究结果表明:在外加腐殖酸和污泥固有有机质缓释腐殖酸的协同作用下,固化土初期抗弯强度急剧增加,随后有不同程度的降低;腐殖酸添加量从0.5%到6%,各龄期固化土抗弯强度几乎都有一定程度劣化,固化作用和腐殖酸侵蚀作用平衡点由180 d提前到60 d;高含量腐殖酸固化土的破坏模式呈“塑性→脆性→偏塑性”变化规律,腐殖酸含量越大,塑性破坏作用越明显。     

Can a wastewater treatment plant be a powerplant? A case study

Today wastewater treatment plants are evaluated not only in terms of their treatment efficiency but also concerning their energy efficiency. Increasing energy efficiency can be realized either through operational optimisation or by realising an already existing potential for energy generation on-site. The main source of energy at a municipal wastewater treatment plant is the biogas produced in the anaerobic sludge digester. Studies indicate excess digester capacities of about 20% in Germany available for co-fermentation of organic substrates other than sewage sludge. This paper presents an example of a municipal wastewater treatment plant going towards an energy self-sufficient operation and even a surplus energy production as the result of an increasing co-fermentation of sludge from grease skimming tanks. In 2005 on average 113% of the electricity consumed for plant operation was generated on-site in gas engines. Co-fermentation of about 30% (related to the total dry residue input) of grease interceptor sludge in the presented case does not only effect a 4-times increased gas yield, but also an intensified 20% higher anaerobic degradation of the organic matter of the sewage sludge and thus having a positive influence not only on the energy and financial balance but also on the anaerobic sludge stabilisation with respect to the degradation degree of the organic fraction.     

Alkaline and acid hydrolytic processes in aerobic and anaerobic sludges: effect on total EPS and fractions.

Sludge samples from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and four submerged aerated biofilters (BFs) of a wastewater treatment plant (1,000 inhab.) were processed at bench scale by alkaline and acid hydrolysis with the objective to evaluate the organic matter solubilization, volatile solids (VS) destruction and the effect of hydrolytic processes on the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fraction of the sludge samples. The results showed that alkaline hydrolysis of sludge samples treatment with 1.0% total solids (TS) using NaOH 20 meq L(-1) was more efficient on organic matter solubilization and VS destruction than acid hydrolysis. The EPS sludge content was also affected by the alkaline treatment of anaerobic sludge samples. The EPS concentrations (mg EPS/gVSS) on the anaerobic sludge after the alkaline treatment were significantly lowered according to sample height in the UASB reactor. Data indicated that the EPS sludge fraction is the main component affected by the alkaline hydrolytic process of anaerobic sludge samples.