蓝藻的特征及其水华防治研究

对微蓝藻的群体性、浮游性、繁殖、移动、毒性和在生物链中的地位等特性作了初步分析,对世界各国的除藻方法进行了总结和比较,在此基础上提出了蓝藻处理方法的一套基本设想,通过现场试验对这套方法进行了验证,结果表明:除藻机运行1 h后,水体表面变得清澈,丝状蓝藻消失,蓝藻成碎屑状存在,表明除藻机去除蓝藻的效果是非常明显的.并进一步分析了该方法今后发展的方向.     

超声波除藻技术进展及其应用前景

近年来,以蓝藻水华为表征的水体富营养化已逐渐成为全球范围内湖泊和水库面临的主要生态环境问题。去除和控制藻类水华,特别是产毒蓝藻水华已经成为湖泊和水库生态修复的关键环节。目前,国内外学者研究了各种控藻技术来治理蓝藻水华,主要包括:化学杀藻法、化学絮凝法、黏土凝聚法和超声辐射法等。其中,超声波控(除)藻属于环境友好型技术,近年来越来越受到国内外的普遍关注,并逐渐应用于藻类水华应急处理。本文介绍了超声波除藻技术的进展及应用前景。     

富营养化蓝藻水华发生的主要成因与机制研究综述

蓝藻是藻类中最原始的单细胞生物,也是诱发蓝藻水华的最主要藻种,文章基于国内外研究现状,对引发蓝藻水华的六类环境因素(温度、光照、水体pH与透明度、氮磷限制、生物、气候与水文)分别进行了分析。研究表明水温、氮磷和浮游动物为藻类爆发的控制因子,光照和水体pH值对浮游植物生长影响显著,透明度对不同藻类影响不同,气候与水文在一定程度上对藻类生产也有影响,同时蓝藻水华的形成机制复杂,成因多变,不同因素间的相互作用均有可能导致湖泊发生蓝藻水华。     

太湖水富营养化蓝藻水华监测及控制研究

大多数蓝藻在较高温度下表现出最佳的生长速率,伴随着全球气温升高,我国很多地区的水资源遭受富营养化和有毒蓝藻暴发.文章以太湖为研究对象,以综合监测预报系统为基础,在预警的基础上提出了一系列应急措施.利用该综合监测系统,发现了可检测到的最大和平均蓝藻水华面积,说明蓝藻水华持续存在,没有明显缓解.研究表明,蓝藻水华发生在强烈风暴之后,这与蓝藻菌落浮力的增加有关.虽然蓝藻水华在监测期间持续存在,但蓝藻水华引起的黑水团聚的频率和强度有所降低,并没有进一步的饮用水危机.     

碧山水库藻类群落特征与蓝藻水华风险分析

为掌握碧山水库藻类群落特征及蓝藻水华情况,在碧山水库设置5个点位开展丰水期和枯水期藻类现场调查。结果表明：碧山水库共鉴定出藻类7门44属63种,丰水期藻类及蓝藻丰度、生物量均显著高于枯水期,丰水期多样性指数低于枯水期;丰水期全库发生蓝藻水华,主要水华蓝藻种类是长孢藻和挪氏微囊藻。在水库管理中要注意防范水库蓝藻水华风险,建立蓝藻毒素和异味物质的监测与预警措施,保障饮用水安全。     

混凝沉淀工艺对不同优势藻类的去除特性研究

为了考察混凝沉淀工艺的除藻性能在不同藻类优势期内的变化,将试验过程分为绿藻优势期和蓝藻优势期两个阶段,进行进水藻类群落结构特征及其变化对混凝沉淀除藻效能的影响研究.结果表明,混凝沉淀在绿藻优势期和蓝藻优势期的除藻效率分别为68.3%和40.4%,且各种藻类的去除效能并无明显的相互影响.蓝藻优势期的藻类去除率大大低于绿藻优势期,其根本原因在于占优势地位的微囊藻的生理生态特征.因此,把水中的所有藻类笼统地作为一个去除对象是不适宜的,应分析水中藻类群落结构特征,并根据特定原水中的优势藻种类进行针对性的除藻方案研究.     

小型人工湖蓝藻水华季节性发生规律及其防治研究

以西安鱼化湖为研究对象,通过原位观测总结了鱼化湖季节性蓝藻发生的现象和规律,表明蓝藻水华的发生季节与水质富营养化程度密切相关,人工湖蓝藻水华产生的原因主要可归纳为外源因素和内源因素。在蓝藻水华现象和原因分析的基础上针对鱼化湖具体特点提出了蓝藻的治理方法,所得结论与建议可为以后人工湖蓝藻预防与治理提供借鉴。     

邵伯湖藻类特征及蓝藻优势种运动规律探讨

2015年5月~2016年5月对扬州邵伯湖的浮游藻类群落组成与水环境因子进行监测,运用典范对应分析法(CCA)分析了浮游藻类群落结构与环境因子之间的关系,运用垂直运动模型分析了蓝藻中的优势藻在水体生态系统中的运动变化规律。结果显示:邵伯湖群落组成以绿藻、硅藻为主;CCA分析结果显示氨氮和总磷是影响邵伯湖浮游藻类群落分布的主要环境因子;蓝藻中的微囊藻是优势藻,半径大的微囊藻更易运动到水体表面,在不利水文条件下有形成蓝藻水华的风险。     

电磁场在灭藻方面的研究

研究了脉冲高压静电场与磁场复合作用对循环水的灭藻特性。发现经过电磁处理的蓝藻细胞随着处理时间的延长,细胞的继续繁殖受到阻碍,蓝藻的丝状体变短,丝状藻体断裂增多,内容物泄出,藻体的碎片越来越小,颜色也逐渐变浅。     

蓝藻水华发生机理研究进展

系统论述了水华蓝藻的生态、毒性等研究概况及水华发生机理等。综述了生物因子以及非生物因子对蓝藻群体形成的影响,以进一步揭示蓝藻水华形成的机理。     

基于SMDPSO算法的呼伦湖藻华遥感监测

水体富营养化所引起的藻华爆发现象是我国面临的重大环境问题之一。以内蒙古呼伦湖为研究区,采用基于离散粒子群优化的光谱匹配（SMDPSO）算法提取藻华,以浮游藻类指数（FAI）的分类结果作为验证数据进行精度检验。然后分析2009-2018年藻华的时空变化特征,并将此算法应用于黄海。结果表明：SMDPSO算法可以有效地识别呼伦湖藻华,与FAI分类结果之间的R²为0.97,RMSE为0.22 km²;呼伦湖藻华爆发于7-8月,且主要出现在湖泊边缘;SMDPSO算法既可以较好地识别以蓝藻为优势门的呼伦湖藻华,也可以提取黄海的浒苔（绿藻）;SMDPSO算法不仅保留了光谱指数法精度高的特点,而且它还具有成本低、参数少、无需人工干预的优势。该研究为藻华遥感监测提供了新的工具,有助于控制湖泊水体富营养化和改善水生态环境。     

Potamoplankton of the Maumee River during 2018 and 2019: The relationship between cyanobacterial toxins and environmental factors

While algal blooms are common in eutrophic lakes, blooms can also occur in tributaries that load nutrients into the lake. We sampled six sites along a 122-km stretch of the Maumee River May through October 2018 and 2019 at weekly to biweekly intervals to determine if algal blooms occur, in particular toxic cyanobacteria, and to provide insights on potential environmental drivers of blooms. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of potamoplankton (=riverine phytoplankton), chlorophyll a, nutrients, cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins and saxitoxins, and cyanotoxin genes (mcyE and sxtA). Extreme precipitation in 2019 resulted in more high discharge events during 2019 than in 2018. Chlorophyll a ranged from 50 µg/L to 300 µg/L during periods of low discharge (<50 m³/s), and green algae and diatoms accounted for the majority of the chlorophyll a. In both years, cyanobacteria comprised a low proportion of all chlorophyll a, usually<20 %, but microcystins and saxitoxins were detectable in 38.7 % and 16.7 % samples, respectively, and mcyE and sxtA were detected in 36.2 % and 59.7 % samples, respectively. Therefore, cyanotoxins were present even when cyanobacteria were not at bloom densities. Chlorophyll a, cyanotoxin genes, and microcystins negatively correlated with discharge rate measured on the date of sample collection. Together our results suggest that cyanotoxins can occur in any portion of the Maumee River during low discharge conditions. Climate change is expected to reduce precipitation during the warm summer months in the Maumee River watershed and thus possibly increase the frequency of low discharge conditions that favor cyanobacteria.     

An algal monitoring protocol: The strategic link between reservoir and treatment process

Eutrophication as well as the removal of algae by the drinking water industry received dedicated attention in past three decades. An interdisciplinary approach will assist catchment and water purification managers to work to the same future - algal blooms in reservoirs dominated by the “ideal algae” which can be removed by conventional unit treatment processes. This paper will provide a futuristic picture of resource and product quality management, based on a historic perspective of eutrophication and algal removal research.     

Effects of environmental factors on cyanobacteria dynamics in Lake Baringo,Kenya

The dominance of cyanobacterial algae in light‐limited, shallow freshwater Lake Baringo is a major environmental concern in regard to Kenyan water quality and public health protection agencies. Accordingly, this study focused on determining the effect of different environmental factors on cyanobacteria dynamics in different sediment disturbance zones of the lake and in different seasons. This study also sought to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the influence of water clarity on cyanobacteria dynamics in the lake. Samples were collected from the field, stored in ice and transported to the laboratory for nutrient analyses. Cyanobacteria cultures isolated from the lake were grown under a 12:12 light/dark cycle. The frequency of dividing cells (FDC) technique, and a fluorescence microscopy technique, was used to count growing cyanobacteria cells. Specific cyanobacteria organic carbon synthesis was significantly negatively correlated with turbidity for the southern (r = ?0.6573; P < 0.05) and central sediment disturbance zones (r = ?0.6847; P < 0.05). This study indicated that water clarity is an environmental phenomenon that facilitates the movement of cyanobacteria into the turbid areas of the lake, where their production levels are significantly high, in contrast to the clear water along the edges of the water–land interface during the wet season (April to August) and dry season (September to March). Water clarity potentially enhances cell division inhibition and multiplication, thereby positively influencing cyanobacteria dynamics in Lake Baringo. Thus, it is concluded that the cyanobacteria growth rate resulting from use of the FDC technique suggests a link with inflowing water clarity that can be used to monitor in‐lake water quality, to better manage cyanobacteria blooms in Lake Baringo and in lakes and reservoirs elsewhere.     

Environmental factors controlling phytoplankton dynamics in a large floodplain river with emphasis on cyanobacteria

Harmful algal blooms are occurring in large river ecosystems and at the mouth of large rivers with increasing frequency. In lentic systems, the chemical and physical conditions that promote harmful algal blooms are somewhat predictable but tracking prevalence and conditions that promote harmful algal blooms in lotic systems is much more difficult. We captured two of the most extreme discharge years within the last 20 years occurring in the Upper Mississippi River, allowing a natural experiment that evaluated how major shifts in discharge drive environmental variation and associated shifts in phytoplankton. Statistical models describing significant environmental covariates for phytoplankton assemblages and specific taxa were developed and used to identify management‐relevant numeric breakpoints at which environmental variables may promote the growth of specific phytoplankton and/or cyanobacteria. Our analyses supported that potentially toxin‐producing cyanobacteria dominate under high phosphorus concentration, low nitrogen concentration, low nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus ratio, low turbulence, low flushing, adequate light and warm temperatures. Cyanobacteria dominated in 2009 when low discharge and low flushing likely led to optimal growth environments for Dolichospermum, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis. Rarely will a single factor lead to the dominance, but multiple positive factors working in concert can lead to cyanobacteria proliferation in large rivers. Certain isolated backwaters with high phosphorus, low nitrogen, warm water temperatures and low potential for flushing could benefit from increased connection to channel inputs to reduce cyanobacterial dominance. Numerous examples of this type of habitat currently exist in the Upper Mississippi River and could benefit from reconnection to channel habitats.     

Mitigating cyanobacterial blooms: how effective are ‘effective microorganisms’?

This study examined the effects of ‘Effective Microorganisms (EM)’ on the growth of cyanobacteria, and their ability to terminate cyanobacterial blooms. The EM was tested in the form of ‘mudballs’ or ‘Bokashi‐balls’, and as a suspension (EM‐A) in laboratory experiments. No growth inhibition was observed for a laboratory strain of Microcystis aeruginosa and for M. aeruginosa from the field at the recommended dosage of 1 EM‐mudball per square‐metre (≈0.1–0.3 g L^?1). Cyanobacteria were inhibited only at very high concentrations (5–10 g L^?1 cyanobacteria), and a bloom was reduced, being attributed to the high amount of clay and high water turbidity. For these high dosage treatments, the dissolved oxygen concentration dropped initially to very low levels, with longer incubation indicating that nutrients were released from the material. The EM‐A suspension appeared ineffective in hampering cyanobacterial growths at recommended usage concentrations. EM‐mudballs released phosphate (160 μg P g^?1) and metals (aluminium, copper, traces of lead and lanthanum). The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that EM are effective in preventing cyanobacterial proliferation or in terminating blooms, thereby suggesting lake restoration by ‘Effective Microorganisms’ is not a convincing eutrophication control option.     

The impact of phytoplankton community composition on optical properties and satellite observations of the 2017 western Lake Erie algal bloom

Since the early 2000s Lake Erie has seen a dramatic increase in phytoplankton biomass, manifested in particular by the rise in the severity of cyanobacteria blooms and the prevalence of potentially toxic taxa such as Microcystis. Satellite remote sensing has provided a unique capacity for the synoptic detection of these blooms, enabling spatial and temporal trends in their extent and severity to be documented. Algorithms for satellite detection of Lake Erie algal blooms often rely on a single consistent relationship between algal or cyanobacterial biomass and spectral indices such as the Maximum Chlorophyll Index (MCI) or Cyanobacteria Index (CI). Blooms, however, are known to vary significantly in community composition over space and time. A suite of phytoplankton and optical property measurements during the western Lake Erie algal bloom of 2017 showed highly diverse bloom composition with variable absorption and backscatter properties. Elevated backscattering coefficients were observed in the Maumee Bay, likely due to phytoplankton cell morphology and buoyancy regulating gas vacuoles, compared with typically Planktothrix dominated blooms in Sandusky Bay. MCI and CI calibrated to historical chlorophyll observations and applied to Sentinel 3's OLCI sensor accurately captured the 2017 bloom in Maumee Bay but underestimated the Sandusky Bay bloom by nearly 80%. The phycoerythrin-rich picocyanobacteria Aphanothece and Synechococcus were found in abundance throughout the western and central basins, resulting in substantial biomass underestimations using blue to green ratio-based algorithms. Potential misrepresentation of bloom severity resulting from phytoplankton optical properties should be considered in assessments of bloom conditions on Lake Erie.     

三峡水库大宁河春季水华藻类分布及影响因子

以三峡水库支流大宁河2010年3月中旬的水华调查数据为依据,分析浮游藻类分布规律,并探讨其影响因子。结果表明,在容易暴发水华的库湾开阔地带之外,狭窄的峡谷地带亦会暴发严重水华,并且持续时间更长;河口区域的浮游藻类则表现出比其他区域更好的群落稳定性和生物均匀性。在此次水华的前、中期,浮游藻类的群落稳定性随生物量增大而降低;后期则随其增大而增加。通过对样品的定量分析,共鉴定浮游藻类7门24属,主要为绿藻和甲藻,第一优势种为拟多甲藻,占到总藻类的38%,其次为小球藻和衣藻。观察到藻类群体有垂直迁移现象,可能因藻类有趋光性所致。拟多甲藻水华的暴发会降低水体氮磷比,而随着水华的消退,水体氮磷比会较迅速地恢复到一个较高水平。在水华前期,总磷与浮游藻类群落稳定性呈现高度负相关,在中、后期其相关性减弱。     

Cyanobacterial blooms in the central basin of Lake Erie: Potentials for cyanotoxins and environmental drivers

Lake Erie western basin (WB) cyanobacterial blooms are a yearly summer occurrence; however, blooms have also been reported in the offshore waters of the central basin (CB), and very little is known about what drives these blooms or their potential for cyanobacterial toxins. Cyanobacteria Index was quantified using MODIS and MERIS data for the CB between 2003 and 2017, and water samples were collected between 2013 and 2017. The goals were to 1) quantify cyanobacteria, 2) determine environmental drivers of CB blooms, and 3) determine the potential for cyanobacterial toxins in the CB. Dolichospermum (Anabaena) occurred in the CB during July before the onset of the WB bloom, and then in August and September, the cyanobacteria community shifted towards Microcystis. The largest Dolichospermum blooms (2003, 2012, 2013, and 2015) were associated with reduced water clarity (Secchi disk depth?<?4?m), whereas large CB Microcystis blooms (2011 and 2015) were associated with large WB blooms. Dolichospermum blooms occurred in high nitrate concentrations (>20?μmol/L) and high nitrogen-to?phosphorus ratios (>100), which indicate nutrient concentrations or ratios did not select for Dolichospermum. Additionally, the sxtA gene, but not mcyE or microcystins, were detected in the CB during July 2016 and 2017. The mcyE gene and microcystins were detected in the CB during August 2016 and 2017. The results indicate the CB's potential for cyanotoxins shifts from saxitoxins to microcystins throughout the summer. Continued monitoring of cyanobacteria and multiple cyanobacterial toxins is recommended to ensure safe drinking water for CB coastal communities.