再生水补水的景观水体优势藻种水华爆发阈值条件的确定

再生水景观补水是污水再生利用的重要途径,但水华频发是其利用的主要制约因素。以从典型再生水补水的景观水体中识别出的3种优势藻种为研究对象,采用室内静态实验方法研究了在温度、光照强度和营养盐浓度共同作用下的优势藻种的生长状况。结果表明：在温度T=30 ℃、照度=9 000 lx、N/P较低的再生水补水水体中,水华微囊藻更易成为优势藻种,仅培养3 d,藻密度就由1.0×10⁴ cell/mL增加到9.1×10⁴ cell/mL,接近水华爆发的阈值条件（大于10×10⁴ cell/mL）;普通小球藻和四尾栅藻较适合在T=25 ℃、光照强度分别为5 000和7 000 lx、N/P相对较高的再生水原水中生长,培养5 d可达到或接近水华爆发阈值条件。降低再生水体中的磷浓度可在一定程度上抑制藻类的生长,当再生水补水水体中TP浓度从0.3 mg/L降低到 0.1 mg/L时,对普通小球藻和四尾栅藻的抑制率分别为56.6%和40.7%,但对水华微囊藻的抑制作用相对较弱。研究结果揭示了再生水景观补水水体中藻类的生长规律,为控制藻华爆发提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于归一化水体指数及其阈值自适应算法的水体遥感反演效果分析

归一化水体指数（NDWI）是水体遥感反演的一种重要指标，其阈值及修正直接影响反演结果的精度。基于Landsat-8与GF-1光学多光谱影像，使用归一化水体指数法阈值0（TH₀）、最大类间方差法（OTSU）自适应阈值（TH_otsu）与均值漂移聚类算法（Mean-Shift）自适应阈值（TH_MS）分别对典型正常水体、云雾覆盖水体、富营养化水体、高含泥沙水体进行水体遥感提取与效果分析，结果表明：正常水体以TH₀为阈值提取精度最高，THMS提取精度次之，TH_otsu提取精度最差；而云雾覆盖水体、富营养化水体以及含泥沙水体使用THMS提取精度最高，尤其少量云雾覆盖下的水体，TH_MS具有更明显的优势，TH₀提取精度次之，TH_otsu提取精度最差；对于不同的阈值，Land?sat-8比GF-1总体表现出更高的水体提取精度。Mean-Shift算法应用于NDWI阈值修正与水体遥感反演具有快速、水质适应性强、效果稳定的优势，对尤其是复杂条件下的水体信息遥感反演具有较好的提取效果。     

基于数字遥感影像的呼伦湖水量平衡分析

利用多源、多时相的数字遥感影像和呼伦湖周边地区水文气象资料,采用基于卷积神经网络的高分辨率图像重构方法研究了1999—2019年呼伦湖面积、库容变化情况。结果表明:2003—2012年呼伦湖的面积逐年减小,湖泊水量逐年下降,2003—2012年补给呼伦湖的乌尔逊河与克鲁伦河的多年平均径流量分别为1.30亿m³与1.41亿m³,分别只有1991年以前多年平均径流量的21%与24%;而2003—2012年呼伦湖平均水面年蒸发量为17.5亿m³,平均年湖面降水量为3.25亿m³;地下水补给呼伦湖的年平均水量为5.3亿m³,主要来自新生代玄武岩地下水,哈拉哈河源头火山玄武岩地下水通过熔岩管道集中外泄,据此推断补给呼伦湖的地下水来自跨流域的外源水。     

基于遥感的1973-2015年武汉市湖泊水域面积动态监测与分析研究

近年来,武汉市城市内涝频发,湖泊的减少被认为是导致其发生的重要原因。然而目前尚未有一个统一、科学的数据来表示整个武汉市湖泊的历史变迁。为了掌握近几十年武汉市湖泊的时空变化规律,基于多源遥感数据,采用归一化差异水体指数（NDWI）和面向对象分割结合的水体提取算法,对1973-2015年武汉市的湖泊分布进行了提取,并结合武汉市气象资料和统计年鉴对引起其变化的影响因素进行了分析。结果如下：（1）1973年,武汉市辖区内的湖泊水域面积为1170.84 km²,2015年为856.27 km²,42年间减少了314.57 km²,剧烈减少时期发生在1973-2005年,2005年以后,基本趋于稳定。（2）1973年武汉市中心城区湖泊水域面积为148.90 km²,1973年到1996年,湖泊水域面积基本趋于稳定,而在1996年之后,武汉市中心城区湖泊水域面积开始剧烈减少,2010年之后,武汉市中心城区的湖泊水域面积基本趋于稳定;2015年,武汉市中心城区湖泊水域面积为99.94km²,相对于1973年,减少了48.96 km²。（3）1973年到2015年,武汉市年降水量呈现略增加的趋势,年平均气温则有一定的增加趋势;而在1990年之后,武汉市人口的增加、城镇的快速发展及房地产开发导致了大量的湖泊被侵占;气候变化和人类活动共同导致了武汉市的湖泊水域面积减少,其中人类活动是其变化的主要因素。     

基于Landsat 8影像的地表水体指数提取方法研究——以鄱阳湖为例

为探究不同水体提取方法在鄱阳湖的提取效果，明确不同水体指数的影响因素和适用范围，以鄱阳湖主湖区Landsat 8遥感影像为基础，构建归一化差异水体指数（MNDWI）、自动水体指数（AWEIsh）、WI2015指数以及浮游藻类指数（FAI）对水体信息进行提取，并采用Sentinel-2 MSI卫星影像人工目视解译的成果验证各项指数提取精度。结果表明：Landsat 8影像能够支持大范围复杂地形水体提取研究，可以为水体提取提供丰富的地物光谱信息。四种水体指数在基于阈值提取的情况下，MNDWI指数提取水体的精度最高为95.50%、Kappa系数为0.870 8，能较好的去除大气影响，适用于各种典型区域、效果最佳。AWEIsh精度仅次于MNDWI指数，且在提取内陆湖泊方面优于MNDWI指数，在后期的研究中对于内陆湖泊范围较大的区域水体提取可以作为补充指数。     

缺资料地区多源降水产品适用性评价——以巴西巴拉那河为例

作为地面站降水监测的补充,以卫星遥感为代表的多源降水产品是准确识别区域特别是缺资料地区降水分布的关键。从时间和空间两个维度,以决定系数（R²）、纳什效率系数（NSE）和相对误差（RE）为评价指标,以地面站实测降水信息为参照,比较评估了CFSv2、ERA5和基于改进model-X knockoffs的随机森林方法遥相关建模形成的降水产品（TPP）在巴西巴拉那河上游流域降水信息识别中的适用性。结果表明：TPP和ERA5预测研究区降水量与实测值拟合精度高于CFSv2产品。时间上,交叉时段3种典型降水产品计算研究区的面雨量与实测值拟合R²和NSE均表现为ERA5>TPP>CFSv2,其中,CFSv2产品存在计算的面雨量较实测值偏大问题,拟合RE为28.2%;ERA5则相反,与实测值拟合RE为-10.3%;TPP产品计算的面雨量与实测值拟合RE最小,仅为0.33%。空间上,3种产品与遴选气象站点实测降水量拟合R²和NSE表现为ERA5>TPP>CFSv2,|RE|则表现为TPP相似文献   

有机磷灭蚊剂投放浓度和时间对水体总磷的影响

为分析新型低毒有机磷杀虫剂“1%双硫磷颗粒”投放对河道水质的影响,设置不同药剂投放浓度和不同反应时间的室内试验,以TP、NH₃-N及S^2-为目标因子,分析该药剂投放后水体污染物浓度。结果表明:不同试验组水样中S^2-质量浓度均小于0.02 mg/L,NH₃-N质量浓度处于0.029~0.036 mg/L之间,均达到地表水Ⅰ类标准;不同浓度药剂投放1 h后,水体TP质量浓度已达到稳定状态,且在60 h内均保持稳定,药剂投加量与水体TP质量浓度呈显著正相关(R²=0.85);不同处理组的药剂在水体中的TP释放量无明显差异,均在1.06~1.30 mg/g之间。“1%双硫磷颗粒”推荐适宜投放量不会使河道水质恶化到劣Ⅴ类,但增加药剂投放量会增加水体TP污染及富营养化风险。     

水动力条件对藻华的影响

水动力条件在湖泊富营养化及藻华爆发的过程中起着决定性的作用.研究了水动力条件对藻类生长的影响,从而找出控制藻类生长的关键因素和相关参数.对于防治藻华具有重要意义.     

基于HJ-1A CCD影像和ELM模型的太湖叶绿素a预测研究

以典型二类水体——太湖为例,基于环境一号遥感影像,构建了基于 ELM模型的叶绿素a浓度预测模型,将预测结果与传统的BP人工神经网络和支持向量机 SVM进行了比较。研究结果表明：ELM模型预测值与实测值之间的R²高达0.911 4,而BP和SVM模型的R²分别为0.366 3和0.744 8,均方根误差RMSE由BP模型和SVM模型的3.728 8 μg/L和2.132 4 μg/L降为ELM模型的1.327 0 μg/L, ELM模型的平均相对误差MRE=2.65％,小于BP模型的6.59%和SVM模型的3.89%;与其他两种方法相比,ELM模型反演太湖水体叶绿素a浓度精度更高,ELM模型参数选择简单,可以显著提高模型的学习速度,不易陷入局部最优值,具有更好的泛化性能;ELM模型可以有效地应用于内陆水体叶绿素a浓度的预测。     

基于SAR卫星的内陆水体信息提取方法研究 ——以华阳河湖泊群流域为例

为快速准确的提取SAR卫星数据中的水体信息，采用2020年汛期SAR卫星过境华阳河湖泊群流域获取的雷达数据，提出了一种自适应迭代水体OTSU-SDWI阈值分割方法（简称“AIOS 阈值法”），并从定性和定量两种角度与VV阈值法、VH阈值法和SDWI阈值法进行了对比分析。从定性角度，VV阈值法难以识别河湖藻华区域的水体信息，VH阈值法和SDWI阈值法存在将潮湿的滩地、池塘等识别为地表水体，易引起水体监测结果偏大，AIOS 阈值法的提取结果与实际情况更为相符；从定量角度，AIOS阈值法的提取结果精确率和准确率高于其他三种方法，但完整度低于SDWI阈值法。实验表明AIOS阈值法可以识别藻华区域的水体信息，具有自动化程度强、检测精度高的优势，对于提升内陆水体信息分布监测的速度和精度具有重要参考意义。     

The occurrence of microcystin-LR in Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe

Lake Chivero is a eutrophic reservoir, initially constructed to supply drinking water to the City of Harare, Zimbabwe. Blooms of blue‐green algae have been a problem in the lake for many years and concern has been expressed about the toxins produced by Microcystis spp. The concentrations of the toxin, microcystin‐LR, produced in cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa from Lake Chivero, were investigated from March–April 2003. Microcystin‐LR was found in algal cells cultured from the lake water in concentrations ranging between 18.02 and 22.48 µg L^?1, with a mean concentration of 19.86 µg L^?1. These concentrations are the highest recorded to date for the lake, raising concerns about the possible effects of the toxin on the health of people who are drinking the water. Based on these study results, there is a need to control eutrophication, reducing algal blooms in order to prevent their potentially detrimental effects from blue‐green algal toxins produced under such conditions.     

洪泽湖浮游藻类变化动态及影响因素

针对2011年7月至2013年10月在洪泽湖11个采样点20次采样获得的湖水表层浮游藻类和水质理化指标数据,采用Shannon-Wiener指数H和优势度指数Y进行数据统计处理,分析洪泽湖浮游藻类时空分布动态及其影响要素。结果表明:洪泽湖浮游藻类共有7门60属144种,主要包括绿藻门66种、硅藻门36种、蓝藻门23种、裸藻门13种。浮游藻类群落具有明显的时空异质性,物种丰富度夏季最高,秋季中等,冬春季最低;西北部(成子湖区)和河流入湖口(溧河洼)高,湖心和河流出湖口(蒋坝)低;浮游藻类细胞密度全湖平均值变幅为157万~604万个/L,夏秋高,冬春--低;成子湖区等静水区高,入湖和出湖口低。浮游藻类组成和细胞密度的时间动态与温度、水位及营养盐(TN、TP等)的季节差异有关,而其空间动态与水动力因素和营养盐(NH3-N)的空间差异有关。建议限制洪泽湖营养盐陆地输入,合理调控洪泽湖水动力,以遏制洪泽湖蓝藻水华的发生。     

Management Options to Improve Water Quality in Lake Peipsi: Insights from Large Scale Models and Remote Sensing

Nutrient pollution causes frequent blooms of potentially harmful cyanobacteria in Lake Peipsi (Estonia/Russia). Although external nutrient loading has reduced since the 1990s, lake water quality has barely improved, and eutrophication is still considered a threat to lake biota and water usage. To understand the recovery dynamics of the lake it is necessary to analyse the effects of land use and lake management on water quality to develop mitigation strategies. Comprehensive analysis has thus far failed due to information gaps inherent to conventional monitoring strategies. We show how two large-scale hydrological models using Earth observation data provide spatial information on pollution and can help explain the causes of past and current lake eutrophication. WaterGAP3.2 provides valid estimates of present and probable future phosphorus concentration in the lake water, based on past hydrological conditions. WaterWorld models spatial potential water quality and a scenario of optimal pollution reduction. Remotely sensed optical water quality data can be used to analyse recent, spatial water quality dynamics. The spatial and temporal algae distributions and can help explain eutrophication causes at Lake Peipsi and its catchment, adding value to in situ monitoring and supporting river basin management with large scale data.

     

From River to Lake: Phosphorus partitioning and algal community compositional changes in Western Lake Erie

The Maumee River is an important source of phosphorus (P) loading to western Lake Erie and potentially a source of Microcystis seed colonies contributing to the development of harmful algal blooms in the lake. Herein, we quantified P forms and size fractions, and phytoplankton community composition in the river–lake coupled ecosystem before (June), during (August), and after (September) a large Microcystis bloom in 2009. Additionally, we determined the distribution and density of a newly emergent cyanobacterium, Lyngbya wollei, near Maumee Bay to estimate potential P sequestration. In June, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) was the most abundant P form whereas particulate P (partP) was most abundant in August and September. Green algae dominated in June (44% and 60% of total chlorophyll in river and lake, respectively) with substantial Microcystis (17%) present only in the river. Conversely, in August, Microcystis declined in the river (3%) but dominated (32%) the lake. Lake phytoplankton sequestered < 6% of water column P even during peak Microcystis blooms; in all lake samples < 112 μm non-algal particles dominated partP. Lyngbya density averaged 19.4 g dry wt/m², with average Lyngbya P content of 15% (to 75% maximum) of water column P. The presence of Microcystis in the river before appearing in the lake indicates that the river is a potential source of Microcystis seed colonies for later lake blooms, that DOP is an important component of early summer total P, and that L. wollei blooms have the potential to increase P retention in nearshore areas.     

太湖蓝藻监测及暴发情况分析

为了及时掌握太湖蓝藻发生和暴发状况,为保障流域供水安全和太湖富营养化治理提供必要的基础信息,以1996-2008年太湖各湖区藻类监测资料为基础,结合蓝藻历史变化状况,对太湖13 a的藻类群落组成、优势种的构成、数量和季节变化,以及蓝藻暴发情况进行分析,并对太湖9个湖区分区进行蓝藻暴发特征分析,探讨治理蓝藻水华的措施.结...     

Modelling and prediction of phyto- and zooplankton dynamics in Lake Kasumigaura by artificial neural networks

An artificial neural network model was developed for Lake Kasumigaura to predict timing and magnitudes for chlorophyll a, five species of blue-green algae and three zooplankton groups. The model was trained by 8 years of limnological time series and validated by two independent years. The validation showed the potential of neural networks as predictive tools for highly non-linear phenomena such as blue-green algal blooms in freshwater lakes.     

淀山湖富营养化现状及生态修复措施分析

根据2008—2010年淀山湖水质监测数据,评价该湖富营养化趋势。结果显示,2008年后,淀山湖的富营养化程度呈改善趋势,但水体富营养化存在区域差异。主要表现在:①2008—2010年的整个湖区水体中主要的富营养化指标TN、TP、SS、Ch-la质量浓度均呈下降趋势;②淀山湖上游来水区水体中TN、TP质量浓度比下游出水区高,综合营养状态指数同样也高;③淀山湖每年夏季暴发蓝藻水华的水域面积在不断减小。结果表明,淀山湖东南区域富营养化程度最轻,水生植物对水体净化、生态系统恢复具有重要价值;淀山湖的生态系统在逐步恢复。为使生态系统能巩固并形成良性循环,一些影响因素亟待解决。     

Spatio‐temporal trends of nutrients and physico‐chemical parameters on lake ecosystem and fisheries prior to onset of cage farming and re‐opening of the Mbita passage in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria

Many large lake ecosystems are experiencing increasing eutrophication and persistent cyanobacteria‐dominated algal blooms affecting their water quality and ecosystem productivity because of widespread non‐point and point nutrient sources. Accordingly, the present study utilized data of July 2003 and January–February 2004, as well as previous measurements of nutrients and physico‐chemical variables (electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, turbidity and chlorophyll‐a), to characterize the spatial and temporal trends, as a means of better understanding the factors influencing lake environmental conditions, as support tools for long‐term ecosystem management and for better understanding the long‐term trends and effects. Inshore gulf areas were found to represent zones of maximum nutrient concentrations, compared to the deep main lake zones, with significant inter‐parameter correlations. Phosphorus, silicon and chlorophyll‐a concentrations were significantly correlated. Water electrical conductivity was also significantly and positively correlated with soluble reactive silicon (SRSi), alkalinity hardness DO, while exhibiting a negative association with water transparency. Water turbidity and transparency, electrical conductivity, and SRSi concentrations clearly describe a gradient from the gulf into the main lake. For such a shallow gulf, these findings suggest primary productivity is influenced mainly by the availability of nutrients, light transparency and the extent of availability of resuspended nutrients. The increasing eutrophic state of Lake Victoria is a serious concern since it contributes to an increased potential of more frequent occurrences of cyanobacterial blooms, a potential public health risk to both humans and wildlife. Improved understanding of influences from previous fish species introductions and concomitant changes in indigenous fish species, increased lake basin population and anthropogenic activities, water hyacinth resurgences, sustainability of biodiversity, and current interests in cage farming, are among the major concerns and challenges facing the contemporary Lake Victoria. The trends regarding nutrients and physico‐chemical characteristics are intended to support better monitoring efforts and data to promote the lake's ecosystem services and the sustainable management of the lake ecosystem.     

湖库富营养化水体移动式水质净化平台关键技术构建研究

为原位治理湖库等封闭水域的富营养化水体,提出了一种移动式水质净化平台治理新技术。移动式水质净化平台由水质净化单元(吸附单元、微孔曝气单元和微电流电解单元)、指令控制单元、水质在线检测单元和动力推进单元等组成。平台在水中移动过程中,通过微孔曝气单元和吸附单元的脱氮除磷,微电流电解抑藻来实现水体中过量营养盐削减和有害藻类防控的双重目的。针对移动式水质净化平台各单元功能要求,利用优选的吸附材料、曝气方式和电极材料,通过移动条件下的吸附、微孔曝气和微电流电解实验研究,获得最佳的吸附材料用量、原位吸附时间、曝气强度、电流密度、电解时间等技术参数。最后,根据实验结果,对进一步提高移动式水质净化平台的效率、平台运行管理等方面进行展望。移动式水质净化平台是一种富营养化水体治理的新技术,有望为富营养化水体营养盐削减和藻类水华防治提供新的解决方案。