冻土水文地质学研究进展

冻土水文地质学主要研究冻土区水分要素的时空分布和运动规律及其与冻土间的相互作用。在微观上,冻结温度、未冻水含量以及孔隙水压力等冻土层独有的水热参数决定了冻土的结构和物理力学性质,同时影响了冻土层的冻融过程。而宏观上,冻土层的存在改变了常规的地表径流和水系模式,地下水的循环系统也由于冻土层的季节性冻融发生了根本变化,形成了冻土区独特的水文地质条件。从微观和宏观两种角度系统归纳与总结国内外冻土水文地质学研究进展,并分析包括地球物理技术、水化学、冻土水文模型在内的技术方法,同时对高寒区特有的地下水溢流冰、融雪入渗和冻土保墒现象的研究成果进行总结与分析。冻土水文的发展趋势应在积累研究数据和技术方法的基础上进一步探索产汇流过程机理,并建立更完善的冻土水文物理模型,定量分析冻土与水资源之间的相互作用。     

基于MODIS遥感影像的融雪径流模拟研究

高寒山区冰雪覆盖面积的大小直接影响山区河流的冰雪融水补给量。文中以新疆塔什库尔干河伊尔列黑水文站控制流域为研究对象,从MODIS遥感影像提取流域冰雪的覆盖面积比例,采用SRM融雪径流模型对伊尔列黑水文站径流过程进行模拟。SRM的模拟预报效果表明:采用SRM融雪径流模型并结合MODIS遥感影像进行研究流域冰雪融水径流模拟具有普遍适用性,可为研究流域水资源的优化管理及下游水库入库流量进行数据支持。     

严寒高地下水位地区检查井结构设计

针对北方严寒高地下水位地区,检查井在冬季运行期间,由于地下水的渗透,经常被冰层覆盖,无法正常运行的问题,采用焊接钢板成箱式检查井,使其密封不透水,从而有效地解决了严寒高地下水位地区检查井的冻胀及结冰病害问题.     

Thermal variability and stream flow permanency in an alpine river system

Despite the importance of thermal conditions in influencing biodiversity of alpine river systems, knowledge of year round stream temperature variability is very limited. This paper advances understanding of alpine stream temperature dynamics using hourly resolution data collected over two consecutive years at five sites within a glacierized basin in the French Pyrénées. The potential utility of temperature for understanding river flow patterns at ungauged sites (most notably during winter) is explored. The results indicated marked heterogeneity in water column temperatures; groundwater streams were typically warmer and more thermally stable than those draining snow and ice. Based upon stream temperature patterns, it appears possible to differentiate between river flow conditions including: free‐flowing, surface freezing, dewatering and snow cover. Notably, groundwater‐fed streams appeared to exhibit greater flow permanency than meltwater‐fed streams, the latter freezing for extended periods. These new insights into long‐term alpine stream thermal conditions have major implications for understanding the strategies adopted by benthic macroinvertebrate taxa when overwintering, particularly where streams freeze. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西伯利亚布鲁斯地下水溢流积冰的边坡水热过程模拟

俄罗斯萨哈(雅库特)共和国属于典型高纬度寒区,是世界地下水溢流积冰问题最严重的地区之一,布鲁斯位于萨哈共和国汉加拉斯基区东部,是地下水溢流积冰现象的代表性区域。在实地勘测的基础上,采用Geo-studio软件结合气象数据对不同时期山谷边坡的温度场、渗流场的分布特征进行耦合模拟并分析其对地下水溢流积冰发育的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区长达192 d稳定的负温环境,使得边坡内部过水通道温度环境维持地下水接近冻结-未冻结的临界状态,有效地提高了其溢流到地表(或积冰体表面)后的冻结效率。坡体外部最低可达-43℃的超低温度,也为其冻结提供了足够的冷量。(2)寒武纪碳酸盐岩的强风化带是坡体内为溢流积冰供水的主要过水通道,其地下水渗流速度最高可达1.23 m/d,较其他岩层水流速率(一般不超过0.05 m/d)明显加快。(3)同时充足的地下水补给为地下水溢流积冰的形成提供物质条件,形成较高的地下水水位为地下水渗流提供驱动力。本研究可为中国及其他国家和地区的地下水溢流积冰相关研究提供科学参考。     

HK-966聚氨酯弹性涂料在寒冷地区面板防冰设计中的应用

对于高寒地区的面板堆石坝,水位变幅区面板的防结冰设计一直是个较难解决的问题。由于渗透作用,使渗水进入面板混凝土,在冬季低温情况下,面板迎水面和渗入面板的水同时结冰,造成面板和库面冰体连接在一起,在水位发生变化时,对面板产生很大的拖曳力,很容易造成面板损坏,长时间的冻融循环,加速了面板混凝土老化、碳化和开裂现象。本文通过新型防渗涂料HK-966在宝瓶水电站工程面板防结冰设计中的成功应用经验,对HK-966的防结冰原理及施工方法进行介绍,对高寒地区面板的防结冰设计提供了新的思路,其成功经验值得推广。     

季节性冻土区融雪入渗对地下水的补给作用分析

为了分析季节性冻土区春季融雪入渗对地下水的补给作用,通过对小型野外试验场地气温、地下水位和土壤温度以及土壤湿度动态的系统监测,分析了冻结期和融冻期间地下水位动态的变化特征及其与相关环境要素的对应关系。在此基础上,分析了冻土层渗透性的影响因素,提出了季节性冻土区不同冻融阶段相应的地下水补给模式。研究结果表明:季节性冻土区大气降水入渗量应分非冻结期、冻结期以及融冻期三个时段进行计算,其中冻结期大气降水以降雪形式出现,对地下水无入渗补给作用;春季融冻期间,在冻结期内产生的积雪开始融化,可单独或与大气降雨一起入渗,并对地下水产生较为明显补给作用,但入渗补给系数相对较小,在本文的实例研究场地内,融冻期的融雪(降水)入渗补给系数仅为非冻结期大气降水入渗系数的1/2左右。     

An Empirical Assessment of On-Farm Water Productivity using Groundwater in a Semi-Arid Indian Watershed

Realistic estimation of irrigation volume applied to any crop at farm level generally requires information on event based discharge rates and corresponding periods of irrigation application. Use of mean seasonal discharge rates leads to erroneous estimation of volume due to unaccounted seasonal fluctuations in the water table, upon which the discharge rate of tube well is dependent. In the absence of such information, an alternative approach of estimating farm level water application based upon water table fluctuation data has been adopted in this study. The total actual water extracted during each irrigation event from the watershed was distributed among the farms irrigating crops in proportion to the product of irrigation time and the pump capacity (h_p). Volume of water withdrawal concurrent to an irrigation event was computed based on the water level fluctuations in the wells in conjunction with potential recharge contribution from the surface storage structures to the groundwater aquifer. A production function approach was used to estimate the marginal productivity of water for selected crops at various stages of plant growth. Water, as an input in the production function, encompassed either in-situ soil moisture storage from rainfall or irrigation from groundwater or both. The inter-season as well as intra-season groundwater use, and the consequent groundwater withdrawals were analyzed based on the marginal value and output elasticity of water at different crop growth stages during the season. The cotton crop realized marginal value product of water, ranging from Rs. 1.03/m³ to Rs. 10.43/m³ at different crop growth stages in cotton. Castor crop had the marginal value product ranging from Rs. 2.89/m³ to Rs. 6.81/m³. The availability and use of water, including soil moisture, in the two seasons, coupled with the local harvest prices received, yielded the differential marginal values of water.     

季节冻土区梯形混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀预测研究

依据热传导和质量迁移理论,建立渠基冻土温度场、水分场和应力场耦合数学模型,分析了影响季节冻土区渠基土体冻结的核心因素温度和水分运移量,提出以冻结期渠基土体温度和水分迁移量为变量,建立渠基土体冻深和冻胀量预测模型。借助于季节性冻融条件下梯形混凝土衬砌渠道原型观测成果,观测了冻结期渠基以下5 cm处土体温度以及水分迁移量,研究了季节冻融渠基温度和水分运移及其诱发的冻深发展和冻胀变形的变化。经检验,预测曲线与实测曲线基本一致,且满足误差要求,用冻结期土体温度和水分迁移量来预测冻深、冻胀的方法准确可行。     

南水北调中线工程渠道防冻胀设计中的几个问题

南水北调中线工程由南向北，从气候温和区走向寒冷区。在寒冷区，输水总干渠及其下级分于渠每年冬季都将遇到渠床冻结、渠道冰凌对渠道工程的冻害和冰害问题，严重影响调水的输水安全。因此，在工程设计、施工和运行阶段，必须搞好防治冻害和冰害的工作。针对河北省的冻害、冰害特点，依据有关规范和资料，阐述渠道工程防治冰冻害的重要性及其工程和非工程措施。     

Development of the Great Lakes Ice-circulation Model (GLIM): Application to Lake Erie in 2003–2004

To simulate ice and water circulation in Lake Erie over a yearly cycle, a Great Lakes Ice-circulation Model (GLIM) was developed by applying a Coupled Ice-Ocean Model (CIOM) with a 2-km resolution grid. The hourly surface wind stress and thermodynamic forcings for input into the GLIM are derived from meteorological measurements interpolated onto the 2-km model grids. The seasonal cycles for ice concentration, thickness, velocity, and other variables are well reproduced in the 2003/04 ice season. Satellite measurements of ice cover were used to validate GLIM with a mean bias deviation (MBD) of 7.4%. The seasonal cycle for lake surface temperature is well reproduced in comparison to the satellite measurements with a MBD of 1.5%. Additional sensitivity experiments further confirm the important impacts of ice cover on lake water temperature and water level variations. Furthermore, a period including an extreme cooling (due to a cold air outbreak) and an extreme warming event in February 2004 was examined to test GLIM's response to rapidly-changing synoptic forcing.     

吉林农安县盐渍土理化特性及水盐运移规律研究

以吉林省农安地区盐渍土土样为研究对象,通过研究其基本理化性质以及土样中水分和盐分变化规律,分析了农安地区盐渍土的性质及其对水盐运移的影响。结合相关文献中研究区的气象资料及试验成果可知,该地区水盐迁移具有明显的季节性:在未冻结期,春季干旱土体以蒸发作用为主,土中水分带动盐分向地表方向迁移,地表浅层土的含水率低,但盐分聚集;夏季多雨,以淋滤作用为主,水分带动盐分向下运移;在冻结期,受温度梯度的作用,盐分随水分向冻结锋面迁移。研究成果可为农安地区盐渍土水盐运移规律研究及道路翻浆的防治提供实验依据。     

GRACE, GLDAS and measured groundwater data products show water storage loss in Western Jilin, China

Water storage depletion is a worsening hydrological problem that limits agricultural production in especially arid/semi-arid regions across the globe. Quantifying water storage dynamics is critical for developing water resources management strategies that are sustainable and protective of the environment. This study uses GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) and measured groundwater data products to quantify water storage in Western Jilin (a proxy for semi-arid wetland ecosystems) for the period from January 2002 to December 2009. Uncertainty/bias analysis shows that the data products have an average error <10% (p < 0.05). Comparisons of the storage variables show favorable agreements at various temporal cycles, with R(2) = 0.92 and RMSE = 7.43 mm at the average seasonal cycle. There is a narrowing soil moisture storage change, a widening groundwater storage loss, and an overall storage depletion of 0.85 mm/month in the region. There is possible soil-pore collapse, and land subsidence due to storage depletion in the study area. Invariably, storage depletion in this semi-arid region could have negative implications for agriculture, valuable/fragile wetland ecosystems and people's livelihoods. For sustainable restoration and preservation of wetland ecosystems in the region, it is critical to develop water resources management strategies that limit groundwater extraction rate to that of recharge rate.     

考虑冰盖生消和冰-结构-冻土协同作用的渠道弹性地基梁模型

冰-冻破坏是寒区冬季输水渠道结构破坏的主要原因,而目前尚缺乏准确的分析方法和评价准则。本文从冰盖生消过程中结冰初期、流冰期和封冻期3个阶段衬砌结构冰冻破坏机理出发,考虑在冰-结构-冻土协同作用下,基于弹性地基梁Winkler理论推导了衬砌结构的挠曲线微分方程,分别建立了3个阶段衬砌结构的冰冻破坏力学模型,并结合相应荷载组合和边界条件对模型求解获得了衬砌结构的挠度、内力和应力的解析表达。应用该模型对南水北调京石段某输水渠道进行冰冻破坏分析计算,结果表明:结冰初期、流冰期和封冻期3个阶段衬砌结构的法向冻胀位移最大值分别为10.62、13.89和5.05 cm,对应3个阶段衬砌结构的截面最大拉应力分别为3.63、 4.11和2.05 MPa,且破坏位置均在冻结区坡板的中下部,与现场监测渠道冰冻破坏分布规律吻合。据此,建议寒区冬季输水渠道控制运用中应尽量缩短结冰初期、流冰期时间,延长第3阶段稳定封冻期时间,同时应合理控制地下水位和冰盖厚度。研究结果可为寒区冬季输水渠道抗冰冻设计提供理论依据和分析方法。     

乌鲁木齐河流冰椎的形成特征及其分布

通过对河冰椎多年系统观测，对比分析其形成和发育大致经过冰椎形成、发育、稳定、融化冻结和消亡５个阶段；出山口以上冰椎储量通常可达１７８２×１０６ｍ３，折合径流量为１５３１×１０６ｍ３；冰椎与稳定负温期的积温－ｔ℃及水源补给形式有较高的相关性，为人工调蓄利用冰椎提供了科学依据     

万家寨水利枢纽工程混凝土施工温度控制

万家寨水利枢纽工程地处干旱、半干旱的黄土高原丘陵区，夏季炎热，冬季严寒，且温度较大，给混凝土施工温度控制带来很大难度。文章较详细地介绍了本工程混凝土施工温度控制的技术措施、施工措施以及温控效果。     

Annual and Seasonal Variations of Hydrological Processes Under Climate Change Scenarios in Two Sub-Catchments of a Complex Watershed

The Elbow River watershed, located in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains in western Canada, is characterized by a complex hydrological regime due to significant differences in climate and geomorphological settings between the west and east sub-catchments. This watershed has experienced several extreme droughts and floods in the recent decades, which might be accentuated with climate change. This study was undertaken to investigate the average annual and seasonal variations of surface and sub-surface hydrological processes in the west and east sub-catchments along with and the entire watershed under five plausible GCM-scenarios up to 2070 using the physically-based, distributed MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 model. Most of the scenarios indicate a reduction in the average annual overland flow, groundwater recharge and baseflow in the east sub-catchment. The pattern of seasonal change generally exhibits a rise in overland flow, baseflow, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and streamflow in winter-spring and a decline in summer-fall. The induced changes in hydrological processes are proportionally more perceptible in the east sub-catchment compared to the west sub-catchment. However, the west sub-catchment governs the watershed behaviour and determines the future changes, over-riding the stronger climate change signal in the east. This investigation indicates that a greater understanding of climate change impacts on the water balance of a watershed with significant differences in sub-regional settings is achieved when capturing the surface and subsurface hydrological process responses of each sub-catchment individually along with the entire watershed. Such information can guide water resources management by providing a more rigorous assessment of the processes involved in the watershed.     

土壤水入渗补给数值模拟——以河北栾城为例

由于通过短时间尺度的土壤水动态监测数据难以准确获得土壤水入渗补给的规律,因此在中国地质科学院栾城试验场开展了长时间尺度(5 a)的土壤水动态监测试验,监测深度为340 cm。利用Hydrus-1D软件的双渗透(基质流区和大孔隙流区)模型进行数值模拟,并采用最小函数法对模型进行参数反演。为克服地表复杂的气象条件可能给模拟结果带来较大误差,选取140 cm深度为模型上边界。研究结果表明,基质流区(m)和大孔隙流区(F)土壤水动力特征参数n_m,n_F,α_m和α_F,大孔隙流区饱和导水系数K_sF对模型入渗补给量的灵敏性最高,并被选取为模型反演参数。 总体上,土壤体积含水量的模拟值能较好地拟合其实测值,其决定系数为0.78。地下水入渗补给速率具有年际变化特征,但在年内具有明显的季节性,即在雨季达到最大,然后缓慢减小。年均入渗补给速率为220 mm/a,其中由优先流引起的入渗补给量为211 mm/a,这表明地下水入渗补给以优先流为主。该研究成果可提高对地下水入渗补给规律的认识,同时可为地下水资源评价与农业节水管理等提供参考。     

冬小麦—夏玉米种植模式下的农田水量平衡模拟及人渗补给规律分析

在大量室内外实验及田间土壤水分动态监测基础上，模拟描述了雄县试区常见作物种植模式下层状土体的田间水量动态平衡过程，根据宏观根系吸水模型假设和根系吸水函数确定了冬小麦、夏玉米的实际蒸腾率。并依据模拟值与田间实测土水势值拟合最佳为准则估算作物的实际裸间土面蒸发，在田间水量平衡基础上，得到３３０ｃｍ土体底层处的下渗补给量，分析了区内降雨（灌溉）入渗补给规律及地下水变化特征。     

不同遮蔽条件下季节性积融雪过程差异规律对比研究

寒旱区季节性积雪融雪水文过程对气候与环境变化高度敏感,研究影响季节性积雪积累与融雪过程的关键因素并进行适应性调控,对维护变化环境下流域水安全与水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。通过对新疆天山北坡乌鲁木齐河流域试验区2017年12月-2018年3月不同遮蔽条件下(林冠下、开阔地)季节性积雪层分层物理特性进行试验观测,分别分析积雪期、融雪期雪层分层物理特性及差异特征。结果表明:积融雪期内,林冠下积雪平均深度略小于开阔地,分层积雪中深霜层与粗粒雪层深度比重较大;积雪期内,开阔地分层积雪液态含水率呈单峰型变化,林冠下分层积雪液态含水率自上而下呈均匀递增趋势,融雪期不同遮蔽条件下雪层液态含水率均随雪深垂直廓线变化呈单峰型,峰值集中在细粒雪层;积融雪期分层积雪密度垂直廓线变化特征基本一致,均呈单峰型。