基于SRM模型的金沟河流域融雪径流模拟

金沟河是以融雪为主要补给水源的山区性河流,为了更好地指导流域的水资源分配工作,在借助金沟河流域水文气象数据、DEM数据与MODIS数据的基础上,利用融雪径流模型进行金沟河流域的融雪径流模拟研究。研究结果表明:(1)SRM模型在金沟河流域具有良好的适用性,流域2009年4—9月份的拟合优度确定系数与体积差分别为0.87与2.0%,基本达到模型在其他流域应用的平均水平。(2)模型汛期峰值与峰值出现时间模拟出现偏差,汛期径流补给来源较为复杂。模拟结果可为金沟河流域径流预测提供一定的参考依据。     

基于MODIS遥感影像的融雪径流模拟研究

高寒山区冰雪覆盖面积的大小直接影响山区河流的冰雪融水补给量。文中以新疆塔什库尔干河伊尔列黑水文站控制流域为研究对象,从MODIS遥感影像提取流域冰雪的覆盖面积比例,采用SRM融雪径流模型对伊尔列黑水文站径流过程进行模拟。SRM的模拟预报效果表明:采用SRM融雪径流模型并结合MODIS遥感影像进行研究流域冰雪融水径流模拟具有普遍适用性,可为研究流域水资源的优化管理及下游水库入库流量进行数据支持。     

SRM 融雪径流模型在奎屯河流域洪水预报的应用

我国中小河流域防洪标准普遍偏低,急需加强洪水预报工作,特别是在站点稀少,资料匮乏的高寒山区,由融雪产生的径流与由降水产生的径流难以区分,加大了洪水预报工作难度。SRM融雪径流模型是专门解决这个问题的水文模型,它对于山区流域融雪径流预报和模拟研究起着非常重要的作用。基于SRM融雪径流模型,以新疆地区典型山区中小河流域奎屯河为例,通过MODIS遥感数据提取流域积雪覆盖率,并结合气象台站数据,对研究区进行水文模拟,研究结果认为:融雪径流模型能够很好的模拟奎屯河流域的径流过程,率定期与验证期Nash效率系数都达到了0.7以上,说明融雪径流模型能够适用于奎屯河流域的洪水预报,对高寒山区中小河流域防洪预警具有一定的指导意义。     

Integration of aspect and slope in snowmelt runoff modeling in a mountain watershed

This study assessed the performances of the traditional temperature-index snowmelt runoff model(SRM) and an SRM model with a finer zonation based on aspect and slope(SRM + AS model) in a data-scarce mountain watershed in the Urumqi River Basin,in Northwest China.The proposed SRM + AS model was used to estimate the melt rate with the degree-day factor(DDF) through the division of watershed elevation zones based on aspect and slope.The simulation results of the SRM + AS model were compared with those of the traditional SRM model to identify the improvements of the SRM + AS model's performance with consideration of topographic features of the watershed.The results show that the performance of the SRM + AS model has improved slightly compared to that of the SRM model.The coefficients of determination increased from 0.73,0.69,and 0.79 with the SRM model to 0.76,0.76,and 0.81 with the SRM + AS model during the simulation and validation periods in 2005,2006,and 2007,respectively.The proposed SRM + AS model that considers aspect and slope can improve the accuracy of snowmelt runoff simulation compared to the traditional SRM model in mountain watersheds in arid regions by proper parameterization,careful input data selection,and data preparation.     

SRM融雪径流模型在疏勒河流域上游的应用

疏勒河是西北典型的干旱区内陆河流域,其冰雪融水是春季径流补给的重要来源之一。本文结合MODIS积雪产品MOD10A2、DEM数据和气象台站数据,构建了疏勒河流域上游SRM融雪径流模型,模拟结果的拟合优度确定系数Nash-Sutcliffe系数R2=0.834和体积差DV=1.63%。结果表明:该模型能基本上把握疏勒河流域融雪径流的趋势,达到了较好的模拟效果,可用于该流域春季径流的预测,为预防春季融雪型洪水灾害和减轻春季旱情提供了基础。     

Application of snowmelt runoff model (SRM) in mountainous watersheds: A review

The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) has been widely used in simulation and forecast of streamflow in snow-dominated mountainous basins around the world. This paper presents an overall review of worldwide applications of SRM in mountainous watersheds, particularly in data-sparse watersheds of northwestern China. Issues related to proper selection of input climate variables and parameters, and determination of the snow cover area (SCA) using remote sensing data in snowmelt runoff modeling are discussed through extensive review of literature. Preliminary applications of SRM in northwestern China have shown that the model accuracies are relatively acceptable although most of the watersheds lack measured hydro-meteorological data. Future research could explore the feasibility of modeling snowmelt runoff in data-sparse mountainous watersheds in northwestern China by utilizing snow and glacier cover remote sensing data, geographic information system (GIS) tools, field measurements, and innovative ways of model parameterization.     

Hydrological assessment of TRMM rainfall data over Yangtze River Basin

High-quality rainfall information is critical for accurate simulation of runoff and water cycle processes on the land surface. In situ monitoring of rainfall has a very limited utility at the regional and global scale because of the high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall. As a step toward overcoming this problem, microwave remote sensing observations can be used to retrieve the temporal and spatial rainfall coverage because of their global availability and frequency of measurement. This paper addresses the question of whether remote sensing rainfall estimates over a catchment can be used for water balance computations in the distributed hydrological model. The TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was introduced into the hydrological cycle simulation of the Yangtze River Basin in South China. A tool was developed to interpolate the rain gauge observations at the same temporal and spatial resolution as the TRMM data and then evaluate the precision of TRMM 3B42V6 data from 1998 to 2006. It shows that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was reliable and had good precision in application to the Yangtze River Basin. The TRMM 3B42V6 data slightly overestimated rainfall during the wet season and underestimated rainfall during the dry season in the Yangtze River Basin. Results suggest that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product can be used as an alternative data source for large-scale distributed hydrological models.     

盐湖流域空-天-地立体监测系统结合VIC模型径流模拟初探

盐湖流域属于无资料地区且基础资料稀缺,使用传统方法开展水文模拟存在困难。为了研究盐湖流域生态环境、水文气象等变化,综合利用卫星遥感、无人船等技术,建立盐湖流域空-天-地立体监测系统,构建盐湖水位-面积-容积关系曲线,并通过月尺度遥感数据解译了盐湖月尺度湖泊面积,推算了盐湖蓄变量和盐湖入湖月尺度径流量。通过收集并整理中国区域地面气象要素驱动数据集CMFD和MODIS LAI叶面积指数等数据,构建了基于多源数据的VIC模型,开展盐湖流域湖泊径流模拟研究。结果表明,盐湖流域径流模拟纳什系数NSE和相对误差分别为 0.87和11.81%,表现出实际径流的丰枯变化情况。盐湖流域空-天-地立体监测系统结合VIC模型能够模拟盐湖流域的月尺度径流变化过程,对无资料区域河湖水文模拟具有一定参考意义。     

基于改进降水输入模块的融雪径流模拟:以拉萨河为例

降水是自然界物质循环和水循环的重要组成部分,是高寒地区径流的重要来源,水文模型中降水数据的输入精度对提高高寒地区融雪径流模拟效果具有十分重要的作用。青藏高原地区气象站点较少,站点数据无法全面反映流域内降水时空分布的真实情况,传统的融雪径流模型在地形、风向和水汽等要素对降水垂直分布的影响考虑不够全面,制约了模型在山区融雪模拟以及预测中的应用,因此有必要对模型的降水输入项进行改进,以期提高半干旱高寒地区融雪径流模拟效果。本文基于改进的遥感卫星数据校正理论,开发了适用于半干旱高寒地区的降水输入模块,将其与度日因子模型进行耦合,利用高程分带将降水组合成半网格半站点的降水输入数据驱动模型,并在拉萨河流域进行试验研究。结果表明:降水输入模块能够显著提高降水卫星反演地面降水精度,改进后的融雪模型在率定期和验证期的NSE(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient)分别为0.741和0.770,高于原融雪模型的模拟效果,表明改进后的模型能够在流域各个分区获得较为精确的降水数值,融雪径流模拟精度比原模型精度得到提高。总之,耦合降水输入模块的融雪模型可以有效提高降水输入精度,对缺资料半干旱高寒地区融雪模拟具有重要的参考价值。     

遥感蒸散发数据应用对SWAT模型径流和蒸散发模拟精度的影响

为探讨遥感蒸散发数据补充研究区水文资料的能力,及其在SWAT模型应用中对径流和蒸散发模拟精度的影响。以淮河上游息县控制流域为研究区建模,并利用实测径流资料与遥感蒸散发数据(MOD16A2)设置3种参数率定情景:仅实测径流率定参数(S1)、仅遥感蒸散发率定参数(S2)、径流与蒸散发同时率定参数(S3),分析不同情景下径流与蒸散发过程的模拟效果。结果表明:从径流模拟而言,S2、S3较S1的模拟精度(NS系数)均有不同程度的降低,但S3在S2的基础上有较明显的改善;从子流域尺度上的蒸散发模拟而言,S1至S3模拟精度呈现出逐渐上升的趋势,在采用径流与蒸散发同时率定时,S3比S2情景NS系数上升的子流域个数占总数的46%。通过逐步深入探究遥感蒸散发数据在SWAT模型中的应用,以及对参数率定的影响,从而分析其对径流与蒸散发的模拟精度产生的变化,此方法也可推广到其他水文模型,在区域尺度水资源管理与利用上具有较好的参考价值。     

基于数字流域的地表水资源模拟

简要讨论了数字流域的概念,基于地理信息系统、遥感和数据库技术构建了数字淮河流域。根据其中的史灌河流域下垫面数据以及水文气象等时间序列数据,利用美国农业部开发的SWAT模型软件包AVSWAT,构建了逐日的史灌河流域地表水资源评估模型。以2003年淮河水利委员会基于逐项还原法计算的史灌河流域地表水资源系列为"真值",对该模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,模型成功地模拟了该流域的地表水资源系列,可以应用于流域水资源系列的模拟计算。该模型的构建和应用表明了数字流域是现代化流域管理的有效手段,展示了数字流域广阔的应用前景。     

基于GIS的干旱区分布式产汇流过程模拟系统的研建

为了研究分布式水文模型与GIS耦合以及干旱区产汇流过程模拟,采用GDAL(Geospatial Data Abstraction Library,地理空间数据抽象库)对GeoTIFF文件进行操作,结合栅格叠合的空间分析方法及分布式融雪洪水模型,并应用面向对象的思想建立了分布式产汇流过程模拟系统.最后通过在新疆军塘湖流域的模拟应用,结果表明该系统模拟的可靠性和准确性,可以为研究区的水资源综合利用和管理提供重要参考依据.     

The Value of Snow Depletion Forecasting Methods Towards Operational Snowmelt Runoff Estimation Using MODIS and Numerical Weather Prediction Data

Forecasting streamflow mainly due to snowmelt in the mountainous eastern part of Turkey is important in terms of effective management of water resources at the headwaters of Euphrates River, where large dam reservoirs are located. Monitoring Snow Covered Area (SCA) and modeling snowmelt forms the backbone of the forecasting studies as the snowmelt dominating runoff constitutes approximately 2/3 of total annual volume of runoff during spring and early summer. Two main motivations of the study are; firstly, to assess the methodologies to forecast SCA using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and derive Snow Depletion Curve (SDC) for each elevation zone. Secondly, to forecast 1?day ahead daily discharges using the derived SDCs and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) data corrected specifically for the area. The Upper Euphrates Basin (10,275?km²) is selected as the pilot basin and MODIS daily snow cover products are analyzed for the snowmelt season. Four different methodologies are proposed and assessed to forecast SDCs; simple averaging, temperature based, stochastic modeling and probabilistic approach. SDCs are derived for the water years 2006?C2010, 4?years data are used to derive the equations of the methodologies and 1?year is used to verify their skills. Forecasting discharges 1?day ahead with Snowmelt Runoff Model using NWP data is the second part of the study. Impact of forecasted SDCs with different methodologies is examined with the model. Model applications provide promising results both for the forecasting of SCA and runoff with an overall Model Efficiency higher than 0.60 and 0.85, respectively.     

阿克苏河径流演变及其对气候变化的响应

气候变化深刻影响着径流变化过程,是造成我国西北干旱区水资源短缺和生态环境荒漠化等问题的重要原因。以阿克苏河流域上游水文站1961-2014年的月径流资料和气象网格数据为基础数据,通过线性回归法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和Pearson相关系数法,分析了阿克苏河流域径流演变规律并进一步探讨了径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近54年来,阿克苏河流域径流量呈现显著的上升趋势,且研究区内气候增暖增湿趋势明显;径流量和气候要素在时间上有良好的一致性,突变时间均发生在20世纪90年代,径流量的突变时间略滞后于气温和降水量;经相关统计检验分析,阿克苏河流域出山口径流量受到了气温和降水的双重影响,托什干河径流对气温更为敏感,而库玛拉克河则是降水对径流的影响占主导作用。     

分布式水文模型EasyDHM在玛纳斯河流域径流模拟中的应用

玛纳斯河流域作为新疆干旱区典型的内陆河流域,其年径流量主要来源于高山区融雪径流。掌握该流域的径流变化规律,对探讨该地区气候、水文及水资源、生态环境之间的联系以及预测未来山区径流的变化规律具有重要意义。以玛纳斯河流域作为研究对象,基于分布式水文模型EasyDHM(Easy Distributed Hydrological Model),利用DEM、实测河网、土壤、土地利用及水文气象数据构建玛纳斯河流域分布式水文模型研究该流域径流过程。通过模型参数率定及验证发现,该模型精度较高,验证期内各站点纳什效率系数均在0.75以上,说明EasyDHM分布式水文模型的泛化能力较好,可应用于该流域的水雨情势分析,为预防和减轻春季融雪型洪水灾害提供了理论依据。     

不同蒸发计算方法对水文过程模拟影响的分析

为研究不同蒸发输入对流域水文模拟的影响,以印江河流域印江水文站以上集水区域为对象,将蒸发站蒸发皿实测资料和P-M公式计算的参考作物蒸散发作为模型蒸发输入,应用于垂向混合产流模型进行日径流过程模拟。研究结果表明,以P-M公式计算的参考作物蒸散发为蒸发输入的垂向混合产流模型,其模拟精度总体上要高于以蒸发皿实测蒸发为输入的模拟精度,能够更合理地模拟印江河流域的日径流过程。     

基于GRACE和MODIS数据的长江流域陆地水储量变化分析及预测

利用GRACE重力卫星数据反演的长江流域陆地水储量变化(TWSA)以及MODIS遥感数据生成的归一化植被指数(NDVI),从趋势性、相关性及时空变化特征3方面分析长江流域陆地水储量变化以及植被覆盖变化。结果表明:长江流域归一化植被指数(NDVI)与陆地水储量变化(TWSA)之间有强相关性,二者均在2月份达到最低值,在8月份达到峰值,季节变化均呈现夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季的规律。利用GRACE水储量与NDVI最小二乘拟合关系,通过灰色预测模型得出长江流域2016年为偏丰水年。研究结果可为长江流域水资源规划及预警提供参考依据。     

改进的SCS模型在流域径流模拟中的应用

介绍了改进的通用SCS日模型,应用该模型对汉江牧马河等8个流域进行长系列水文模拟,结果表明:模型对于较大径流系数的流域模拟效果较好,而较小径流系数的流域则不够理想;模型不仅仅可用于小流域径流计算,对于较大流域也一样可以取得满意的结果。结合M OD IS遥感数据确定模型参数,为开展无资料地区的水文预报进行了一定的尝试。     

DDRM模型在渠江流域的应用研究

为了进一步探究分布式水文模型(DDRM)的适用性,基于渠江流域的数字高程模型(DEM),提取了研究区域的边界、河网水系,计算了研究区域的地形指数;然后采用基于DEM的DDRM模型进行流域降雨-径流过程模拟,并用确定性系数、洪峰相对误差、峰现时间误差等对DDRM模型的模拟精度进行了评价;同时,对比分析了不同DEM栅格分辨率(1 km和2 km)对模型模拟精度的影响。结果表明:基于上述2种分辨率的DDRM模型在渠江流域降雨-径流模拟中均取得了较好的模拟效果,其中基于1 km栅格的DDRM模拟精度略优于2 km栅格。DDRM模型结构简单,参数较少、物理过程明确,而且能够模拟流域土壤含水量和径流量的空间分布,可为缺资料地区水文模拟提供一种新的方法。