固化疏浚泥双层地基承载性能室内模型试验研究

通过疏浚泥双层地基室内模型试验,研究固化疏浚泥双层地基在不同上部硬土层厚度、固化剂掺入比、压缩模量及宽厚比(上部硬土层厚度与基础宽度的比值)以及基础尺寸条件下的承载性能及其变形特性。利用第二拐点法及双切线法综合确定疏浚泥双层地基极限承载力。研究表明其他条件不变的情况下,固化疏浚泥双层地基随着上部硬土层的厚度、固化剂掺入比、宽厚比及压缩模量的增长地基承载力均有较大提高,同时,条形基础作用下的双层地基承载力比方形基础作用下增加幅度大。有效解决了工程应用中各项参数的选择问题。更多还原     

切线模量法在分层地基沉降计算中的应用

目前的地基沉降计算主要是通过室内试验得到的土层参数,利用分层总和法进行沉降量的计算。但室内试验的参数由于受到取样扰动的影响,与原状土有一定的差距,尤其是结构性较强的硬土,由室内试验的压缩模量计算得到的沉降与实际沉降量相差甚大。切线模量法通过原状土地基的平板载荷试验确定其参数,对地基不同深度点的原状土根据其应力水平确定出计算点原状土的切线模量,用该切线模量替代压缩模量对地基沉降进行分层总和法计算。对于多层土的地基沉降计算,该文认为也可以用切线模量法进行沉降计算,只要获得各分层土地基土的切线模量法的参数,即可以由切线模量法计算不同深度位置处各土层的切线模量用于代替通常分层总和法的压缩模量,就可以计算多层土地基的沉降。文中通过上硬下软和上软下硬的分层土地基的沉降与全硬和全软土地基的沉降对比计算,验证了切线模量法能够反映地基中不同层土体对沉降变化的影响,说明切线模量法可以用于分层土地基的沉降计算。     

浅谈换填垫层法在北方河流相软土地基中的应用

地基土与上部建筑有着密切的关系,地基土的工程特性直接关系着地基处理方式的选择及地基施工方案的确定,特别是不良地基土对建筑建设影响巨大。我国的不良地基土主要有:软土地基土、多年冻土地基土、膨胀土地基土等。北方河流相软土就是其中之一,其主要特征表现为:天然含水量大、压缩性高、承载能力低、易变形等不良地质特性。软土易产生不均匀沉降而影响基础的稳定性能,对建筑物危害极大。文中针对天水市麦积区渭河城区段河道治理工程,因地制宜,采用抛石换填法处理厚度为2.0m~4.7m的淤泥质软土层,处理后地基承载力达260kPa,满足设计要求。     

桩承式复合路基填筑期沉降的因素敏感性分析

在高速公路改扩建工程中,为了减少软土地基上新老路基的沉降差异和桥头跳车等病害的发生,通常采用复合地基进行软基处理。通过灰关联熵法分析了各因素对路基填筑期沉降的影响程度,对复合地基处理下软土路基沉降的敏感性进行分析。研究结果表明,各因素对复合地基处理下软土路基填筑期沉降的敏感性从大到小依次为：地表硬层厚度、路堤填筑高度、地表压缩模量、软土层压缩模量和路堤顶处理宽度、软土深度、填筑时间、软土层厚度。路基填筑期沉降是高速公路最终沉降量的重要组成,其影响因素很多,研究各因素对复合地基处理下软土路基沉降的敏感性,对于软基处理施工设计和施工期的监控有重要的指导意义。     

西霞院电站软基承载力及沉降计算分析研究

针对西霞院电站软岩硬土地基的特点,设计通过对多种规范的分析,确定了对电站深基坑地基承载力修正及沉降计算采用的方法,针对软基提出了电站安全运行沉降控制标准;通过工程类比法,对沉降计算结果进行了进一步分析;观测资料显示,电站基础沉降变形满足设计要求,表明设计采用的计算方法是合适的。     

单桩非线性沉降计算的原状土切线模量法

在地基非线性沉降的原状土切线模量法的基础上,结合荷载传递法,提出了一种新的单桩非线性沉降计算的模型。把单桩的沉降计算分解成为桩底土体变形和桩身压缩两部分分别计算,并考虑了桩土相互作用的问题。桩底土体的非线性沉降变形计算采用原状土切线模量法,使土体参数既能反映原状土特性又能合理考虑其非线性且参数确定方便,又可较好地计算单桩的非线性沉降。通过实测对比证明了计算方法的有效性。     

考虑地基压缩层深度的地基沉降简易计算方法

该文通过对弹性理论方法的修正,得到了一种比较简单的计算地基沉降的方法.其特点是采用由原位试验得到的土体的变形模量计算地基沉降,能反映原状地基土的特点,同时考虑了基础宽度和土体压缩层厚度对沉降的影响,公式形式简单,计算结果较准确.     

粉喷桩处理黄土沟壑区湿软地基的试验研究

粉喷桩复合地基加固技术作为一种成功的加固方法已在许多软土地区广泛应用,但涉及到黄土沟壑区湿软地基处理的研究较少。以陕北黄土沟壑区某公路为实例,进行粉喷桩复合地基载荷现场试验,并对加固前后地基土体的变形和强度进行对比分析。得到了地基承载力、桩间土承载力折减系数、桩土应力比、变形模量等有关参数。采用粉喷桩加固处理黄土沟壑区的湿软地基,可以提高软土地基的变形模量,从而较大程度的减小路基沉降,提高路基的整体稳定性。     

珊瑚砂砾互层地基承载特性模型试验研究

岛礁在吹填过程中会形成珊瑚砂与珊瑚砾石相互交替的层状地基。为研究珊瑚砂砾交互地层地基的承载特性，通过室内模型试验，开展了纯砂、纯砾均质地基以及不同层厚比例砂砾互层地基的承载特性研究。试验结果表明：纯砂地基的承载力和变形模量随相对密实度的增大而增大，且密实地基的承载力明显高于中等密实地基；相同相对密实度下，纯砾地基的承载力和变形模量是纯砂地基的2倍以上；上砾下砂地基的承载力随砾层厚度的增大而增加，砾层具有一定的应力扩散作用，厚度越大，应力扩散越明显；上砂下砾地基的承载力随砾层埋深的减小而增大，地基下卧砾石层能使地基内一定深度处应力集中程度减弱，埋深越浅，减弱程度越大。试验结果对于确定砂砾互层地基的天然承载力及持力层选择具有重要意义。     

不同方法估算路基最终沉降量的分析研究

用ａｖ１－２法、ｅ～ｐ′曲线法、ｅ～ｌｇｐ′曲线法、有限元法四种沉降计算方法分析沪宁高速公路典型软土路段不同堤高时的地基沉降规律，探讨在该地区考虑土的超固结特性及考虑土的侧向变形对地基沉降的影响程度，提出土的超固结影响修正系数ｍｓ１和侧向变形修正系数ｍｓ２的取值方法和取值范围。分析表明，忽略土层的前期固结应力的影响是造成沉降量估算过高的主要原因。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。