超大规模发输电系统可靠性充裕度评估及其应用

超大规模发输电系统充裕度评估的2个主要困难是潮流计算和切负荷计算。论文基于元件状态持续时间抽样的蒙特卡罗模拟法，采用嵌入BPA潮流软件进行交流潮流计算，解决了充裕度评估中潮流计算受系统规模限制和潮流计算模型适应能力较差的问题。提出了基于区域深度搜索的潮流灵敏度方法计算系统切负荷，解决了超大规模发输电系统充裕度评估中计算速度与计算规模的矛盾。南方电网2005年系统元件数达到1 437个，充裕度评估结果表明文中提出的算法和软件在超大规模系统中的应用是可行的和有效的。     

蒙特卡罗法的一种快速计算:在势流问题中的应用

本文针对过去用蒙特卡罗方法做大范围、多节点的势流计算时计算量大、速度较慢，尤其是在游动次数增加以后，这种缺点就表现的非常明显的问题，提出了一种可以进行大范围、多节点计算的快速计算方法，同时提出了一种以角度为转移标准的转移概率，并给出了相应的随机游动模型和相应的算例加以验证。计算结果表明，本文提出的改进方法和原来传统的蒙特卡罗方法相比，在保持相同随机游动次数的情况下，计算时间大大减少。本文提出的方法不仅缩短了蒙特卡罗方法求解的时间，而且拓宽了蒙特卡罗方法的应用。     

基于模糊随机机会约束规划的输电可靠性裕度计算

提出了基于模糊随机机会约束规划的输电可靠性裕度的数学模型和混合智能算法。将影响输电可靠性的重要因素表述为随机变量或服从正态分布的事件，例如将发电机和线路运行状态视为服从二次型分布的离散型随机变量，将用户需求看成服从正态分布的随机事件。在不确定因素随机化的基础上，将输电可靠性裕度问题转化为等价的模糊随机优化问题，输电线路开断、发电机开断和负荷模型的等约束条件退化为随机函数、模糊函数。文中提出的求解该机会约束规划模型的混合智能算法，在IEEE 30节点系统上进行了仿真计算，验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。     

水工钢闸门主梁模糊失效概率计算方法研究

为合理计算水工钢闸门主梁模糊失效概率,分别将主梁相对变形当作一个随机变量及三个变量的组合,采用积分法、当量随机化方法及蒙特卡罗法进行了计算。当相对变形为一个随机量时,采用积分法及当量随机化方法计算,两者的差别在于积分法用隶属函数描述模糊限值,当量随机化方法是将模糊限值当量作为一个随机量。当相对变形看作三个变量的组合时采用蒙特卡罗法进行计算,该方法考虑了三个变量的分布特性,更符合实际情况,模糊限值也用随机量表示。计算表明,积分法与当量随机化方法结果相近,验证了当量随机化方法的精度;蒙特卡罗法结果与相对变形服从正态分布时、用当量随机化方法计算的结果接近,故主梁相对变形服从正态分布更为合理。三种计算方法中,当量随机化方法计算失效概率相较于其它方法有计算过程简便,效率高的优点。     

基于混合量测的电力系统状态估计混合算法

研究了相量量测装置(PMU)相量量测和监控与数据采集(SCADA)量测混合使用时的数据匹配问题，提出了利用状态量转换预测得到预报系统状态和预报节点注入电流向量的方法。在此基础上，提出了应用PMU实时相量量测和预报节点注入电流向量的线性静态状态估计算法，以及应用PMU实时相量量测和预报系统状态的线性动态状态估计算法。文中将这2种算法与传统状态估计算法相结合，组成了状态估计混合算法，保证了状态估计的计算精度。该混合算法有效减少了状态估计的计算时间，对PMU的量测配置也没有严格的要求，具有很好的通用性。最后采用IEEE 30节点系统对该方法进行了验证。     

基于D-S证据理论的边坡稳定可靠度分析

证据理论可以对随机、模糊等不确定信息进行有效处理,提出了基于D-S证据理论的边坡可靠性分析方法。该方法可提高可靠性分析的效率,具有较强的处理不确定性因素的能力,在精度上也能满足要求;同时,由于计算基本可信度分配时没有限定随机变量的分布,因此该方法可以不用对任意分布的随机变量进行正态化处理,克服了传统方法的一些缺点。结合实例计算了边坡失效概率和可靠性指标,结果表明:基于证据理论的边坡可靠性分析结果与采用蒙特卡罗法的计算结果基本一致。     

基于蒙特卡罗仿真和电压安全约束的无功优化算法

传统的电压无功优化采用确定性方法，并且主要考虑经济性，而在规划阶段需要对运行方式的不确定性进行更深入的研究。文中提出了基于蒙特卡罗仿真和电压安全约束的无功优化模型，以尽量提高节点的电压水平作为优化的目标。算法采用非序贯蒙特卡罗仿真实现，考虑了系统各种可能的运行状态及其出现的概率。该模型的优化结果对提高节点电压水平和整个系统的电压安全性效果显著，使系统在电压安全的基础上达到经济优化。以IEEE可靠性标准测试系统为例进行了分析计算。算例表明：该模型和算法可行，结果合理且对电力系统的规划运行有重要的参考意义。     

基于灵敏度分析的无功优化潮流

在以减小网损为目标的无功优化问题中，选广义发电机节点(补偿节点和发电机节点)的电压 幅值、可调变压器的变比为控制变量，按照用逐次线性规划方法求解非线性规划问题的思路 ，导出了相应的灵敏度无功优化模型，并采用对偶线性规划方法来求解。控制变量的这种选 取，减小了问题的规模，简化了计算。文中对IEEE 30节点系统进行了计算，获得了较为满 意的结果。     

电压骤降和瞬时供电中断概率评估的蒙特卡罗仿真

对动态电能质量中最主要的两个问题——电压骤降和瞬时供电中断进行了研究，提出了基于非序贯蒙特卡罗模拟和电磁暂态仿真相结合的电能质量概率评估新方法和相应的概率评估指标体系。算法利用蒙特卡罗仿真得到各种故障信息，并考虑保护设备的参数及各种故障类型，通过仿真程序PSCAD/EMTDC对蒙特卡罗模拟法随机产生的各种故障形态进行仿真计算，最后分析统计得到系统和敏感负荷点电能质量的各项概率指标。文中以RBTS标准测试系统为例进行了计算分析，算例表明了模型和算法的有效性。计算结果对规划调度有重要的参考价值。     

节点流量和水损系数的不确定性对供水管网水力特性的影响

供水管网的节点用水量和水损系数具有明显的不确定性,为研究节点用水量和水损系数的不确定性对供水管网水力特性的影响,提出了在假定他们的随机变化服从正态分布的条件下,采用蒙特卡罗随机抽样法,对所获的每组节点用水量和水损系数的抽样值,应用稳态的水力模型计算相应的节点测压管水头和管段流量,得出节点测压管水头和管段流量的统计值的计算方法。文中给出了该算法在两管网中的应用。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。