流域综合管理研究述评

通过对国内外有关流域综合管理的概念、要素、内容和功能的辨析,认为流域综合管理是一个复杂系统的决策制定过程,在流域的不同空间尺度和决策层面表现出不同的内容和特点,并发展为适应性综合管理的新趋势。进一步讨论了流域综合管理的信息系统建立原则和数据转化2个共性问题和流域综合管理中社会维度的价值和内容。最后,对流域综合管理的研究现状进行总结评述,并针对中国流域管理现状提出几点展望。     

加强水资源综合管理推动可持续发展

水资源是我国可持续发展的重要方面、水资源管理问题十分复杂。针对目前我国水资源管理主要存在的三大问题，提出三个方面建议：一是加强流域统一管理；二是合理划分中央与地方的事权；三是合理区分水的公益性与经营性，发挥计划和市场两种手段的作用，通过加强水资源的综合管理，推动我国的可持续发展.     

洞庭湖流域水资源综合管理构想

洞庭湖水资源管理面临着以洪涝灾害频发、水资源季节性短缺、水体污染严重、水生态环境破坏为主要特征的突出问题,如何实行水资源要素一体化,功能一体化的流域综合管理是一个亟待解决的问题。文章在分析洞庭湖水资源的特征、现状及管理存在的主要问题后,借鉴国内外流域先进管理经验,提出了洞庭湖流域综合管理的内涵及边界,管理体制的构建及制度安排。     

海河流域水资源综合管理对策简析

海河流域水资源匮乏,水资源短缺、水资源和水生态环境恶化已成为流域经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈.海河流域经济社会协调发展必然要求在提高水资源利用效率的同时加强水资源综合管理.这也是解决流域水资源问题的战略举措.旨在对目前海河流域水资源管理存在问题进行分析,进而提出流域水资源综合管理的对策.     

流域综合管理的现状及目标模式探讨

流域综合管理是将流域视为一个完整的生态社会经济系统来进行管理的水管理模式,包括水环境保护、水灾害防治以及水资源开发利用这三个基本内容。该文基于流域综合管理内涵的基础上分析了我国流域管理的现状,借鉴国内外流域管理的成功经验,提出了“三位异体”的综合性流域机构管理与区域水务一体化管理相结合的流域综合管理的目标模式。     

关于推进长江流域综合管理的思考

流域综合管理是河流管理的发展方向,借鉴国外流域综合管理的先进经验,有助于推进长江流域综合管理。基于国外流域管理发展历程和特点,根据我国流域管理体制要求,并结合长江流域管理历史沿革、现状和面临的主要问题,初步论述了推进流域综合管理的基本思路;从流域法律法规建设、健全流域管理体制、创新流域管理机制、强化流域执法监督、提升流域管理能力、改革创新流域水行政管理等6个方面,探讨了推进长江流域管理的对策措施。以期对推动长江流域综合管理有一定的参考作用。     

实施流域综合管理 维护中国河流健康

中国的水资源不仅少，且分布不均，因而引发诸多的水问题，如洪涝灾害、水土流失、水污染、水生态的严重破坏，水资源的过度开发等。要解决这些问题，根本在于理顺水管理的体制，对流域的水问题实施综合管理。论述了实施流域综合管理的必要性，提出了解决中国水问题的主要思路，以及当前中国实施流域综合管理的战略思考。     

长江流域综合管理模式研究

为了追求最大综合效益,长江流域必须实行流域综合管理.流域综合管理的基本含义有两个方面:①对本流域19个省市自治区的水事活动实行统一管理;②将行业和部门的涉水活动纳入流域综合管理的轨道.与这两个方面相联系的,是对流域控制性骨干水工程的综合管理,如对三峡工程的综合管理.长江流域的综合管理模式,就是"以流域管理为主导,以行政区域管理为基础","以行业部门管理为指导,以流域综合管理为主体",流域、区域、行业三结合的管理模式.同时,将水管单位的管理纳入流域管理的轨道,建立"流域管理-区域管理-单位管理"3个层级密切结合的新型流域管理模式.     

流域水资源管理研究进展

水资源问题是21世纪人类面临的最大问题，流域是水资源管理的最佳单元。在综述国内外流域水资源管理研究现状的基础上，分析了流域水资源管理发展趋势。认为流域水资源综合管理和可持续利用管理是流域水资源管理的发展趋势，前是实现后的具体战略。建议我国应积极开展流域水资源综合管理方面的实践与研究工作。     

美国水资源综合管理实践与思考

从水资源开发利用基本情况、水法规建设和水资源管理体制三个方面对美国水资源综合管理情况进行了介绍,对美国水资源综合管理的重点内容、工作方式和方法进行了述评,并结合美国水资源综合管理的经验体会,对做好我国水资源综合管理工作进行了深入思考。     

Water resources management and Integrated Water Resources Management implementation in Malawi: Status and implications for lake basin management

Many countries, including Malawi, are implementing integrated approaches for the development, management and use of water and other natural resources. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is, arguably, one approach considered helpful in addressing water issues effectively and sustainably. This study assesses the implementation of IWRM in Malawi to the present time, in relation to the five priority areas the country's Integrated Water Resources Management/Water Efficiency (IWRM/WE) Plan (2008–2012) sought to address, as well as the potential benefits of infusing Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) in this approach. Document reviews, key informant interviews, questionnaire surveys and site visits were the employed methods in this analysis. Considering the significant importance of lakes in the country, this study, through application of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats framework, provides insight on how lake basin management issues can best be incorporated within the existing IWRM‐based framework to promote the management and utilization of lakes for sustainable use. While acknowledging the relevance of a holistic approach, the study highlights the importance for the country to ensure that its development agenda is not negatively affected in the course of implementing IWRM.     

Integrated watershed management: A planning methodology for construction of new dams in Ethiopia

Integrated watershed management (IWM) is emerging as an alternative to the centrally planned and sectoral approaches that currently characterize the planning process for dam construction in Ethiopia. This report clarifies the concept of IWM, and reviews the major social, environmental and economic problems caused by dams in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Dams are planned from a top‐down perspective in Ethiopia, some people are relocated against their will, haphazard land‐use changes can occur, and soil erosion and reservoir sedimentation can increase. Many communities affected by dam constructions have not been sufficiently recognized or compensated, and environmental protection measures such as land‐use planning and soil and water conservation have not been adopted in watersheds in which construction of dams is occurring. Furthermore, revenues generated from hydropower and water supplies often benefit urban dwellers, or the national economy, at the expense of rural inhabitants in watersheds. Creation of a multistakeholder platform, integration of soft system methodology with hard system tools, and completion of environmental protection measures should be among the major components of an improved planning methodology for construction of new dams in Ethiopia. This translates into an environment wherein science and knowledge can help watershed inhabitants create a diversity of locally appropriate resource management solutions. Effective implementation of environmental policies and strategies could improve the quality of watershed‐based developments. The conclusion is that the IWM approach is a good alternative to effectively address the social, environmental and economic problems associated with planning and constructing new dams in Ethiopia.     

Integrated watershed management in Michigan: Challenges and proposed solutions

Michigan's current water management system is highly decentralized and based more on jurisdictional than watershed boundaries. There is both environmental and economic justification to examine alternate water resource management approaches given the current system's potential for inefficiency and redundancy. Our research addresses a central question: How might an integrated watershed governance system be applied in Michigan, where jurisdictional authority and political will are fragmented both horizontally across agencies and vertically across scales? We identify the key challenges facing Michigan's current approach to managing water resources and then describe two alternatives, referred to as Integrated Watershed Commissions (IWCs), which would coordinate water resource management and decision making on a watershed basis. The first alternative represents a relatively radical departure from the state's current structure, an “unconstrained” vision for comprehensive watershed management, which is not bound by the state's present political and management limitations. The second alternative, a more conservative or “constrained” vision for watershed coordination, operates primarily within Michigan's existing governance structures, and therefore includes mostly incremental change. For each alternative, we propose watershed boundaries and management structures, and discuss possible benefits and caveats. We also identify plausible next steps that can be taken in the near future, short of IWC implementation, that may catalyze water management reform and enhance coordination and collaboration in managing water resources in Michigan.     

推进长江流域综合管理的思路与措施探讨

长江流域在我国占有极其重要的战略地位,随着流域治理开发活动的深入,流域管理面临着新的形势和问题,所涉及的流域与区域间、区域与区域间、部门与部门间的利益关系较复杂,迫切需要加强流域综合管理,维持河流健康,促进人水和谐。结合我国水资源管理现状,提出了推进长江流域综合管理的总体思路,从法律法规配套、健全管理体制、加强规划管理、水资源统一调度、培育市场化调节机制、建立和完善公众参与机制、提升管理能力等7个方面,探讨了推进长江流域综合管理、促进人水和谐应开展的主要工作。结合赤水河流域实际情况,提出开展流域综合管理的战略步骤和建议,可供决策部门参考。     

Setting the stage for IWRM: the case of the upper Kiskatinaw River,British Columbia

Integrated Water Resources Management has gained prominence in British Columbia due to growing concerns about drinking water quality and supply and risks from cumulative land-use and climate change. Experiences are examined in the upper Kiskatinaw River of the Peace River basin and the source watershed for the city of Dawson Creek. Though there is no formal decision-making capacity, efforts led by the city have focused on balancing intensive resource industry development activity with its stewardship objectives despite not having a formal role in watershed governance. Through investments in planning, characterization and monitoring, the city is well positioned now to further achieve facilitating interest-based solutions.     

WEAP21—A Demand-, Priority-, and Preference-Driven Water Planning Model

Abstract

The Water Evaluation and Planning Version 21 (WEAP21) Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) model seamlessly integrates water supplies generated through watershed-scale hydrologic processes with a water management model driven by water demands and environmental requirements and is governed by the natural watershed and physical network of reservoirs, canals, and diversions. This version (WEAP21) extends the previous WEAP model by introducing the concept of demand priorities and supply preferences, which are used in a linear programming heuristic to solve the water allocation problem as an alternative to multi-criteria weighting or rule-based logic approaches. WEAP21 introduces a transparent set of model objects and procedures that can be used to analyze a full range of issues faced by water planners through a scenario-based approach. These issues include climate variability and change, watershed condition, anticipated demands, ecosystem needs, the regulatory environment, operational objectives, and available infrastructure.     

Stakeholder evaluation of the feasibility of watershed management alternatives,using Integrated Lake Basin Management principles

Containing more than 90% of the liquid fresh water on our planet's surface, lakes are used for a wide range of human needs. Managing them for sustainable use also requires consideration of a multitude of scientific, socioeconomic and governance issues. Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) is a comprehensive approach for achieving sustainable management of lakes and reservoirs through gradual, continuous and holistic improvement of basin governance, involving sustained efforts for improvement of six governance ‘pillars’ (Policy; Institutions: Stakeholders; Knowledge; Technology; Finances). This study demonstrates that ILBM is applicable not only to lentic water systems (lakes, reservoirs), but also to the upstream and downstream water systems (rivers, tributaries) of which they are a part. Two watersheds in eastern Pennsylvania (USA), designated as ‘Critical Water Planning Areas,’ are used as a case study for this application, with a focus on the ILBM Stakeholder pillar. The primary objective was to rank the feasibility of alternative management options for these watersheds on the basis of watershed stakeholder perceptions and discussions. The results of this process and the analyses undertaken in this study are discussed, including the management options ultimately identified, the lessons learned in the evaluation process, and means for improving the process for future evaluations.     

Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon

Cameroon is blessed with abundant water resources. Rapid population increase, unplanned urbanisation, intensive industrial and socio-economic development have led to poor and unsustainable management of these resources. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a promising approach in ensuring sustainable management of Cameroon’s water resources. It entails management of water for various purposes and not for a single purpose which therefore involves different stake holders aiming at achieving sustainable water resources management. This paper seeks to evaluate recent efforts to implement in IWRM in Cameroon by examining the institutional framework for IWRM in Cameroon, conditions for the implementation of IWRM and proposes reforms for improving IWRM in Cameroon. The paper concludes that reforms such as public participation at local council levels, recognition of water as both an economic and a social good, putting IWRM within the larger context of Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) and the exploitation of mathematical models within hydrological basins will improve IWRM in Cameroon.     

Mathematical Modelling for the Integrated Management of Water Resources in Hydrological Basins

Mathematical models are tools that can facilitate the instrumentation of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The first basin models to be developed were completely hydrological; today, due to the urgent need to plan the sustainable use of water resources, new models are needed that in addition to hydrology also incorporate social, economic, legal, environmental and other aspects. The objective of this work was to identify the characteristics that mathematical basin models must have in order to satisfy the requirements of IWRM. To achieve this, the conclusions of the main international conferences on water and the environment were analyzed; these were conferences in which IWRM was promoted as a strategy to face the challenges of both sectors. IWRM considers social participation as a key element in the decision-making process; consequently, the models must be accepted and applied, and their results interpreted, by those who participate in the process even if they are not modelling experts. This requires a change of perspective in the scientific community for the development of new IWRM models, in government institutions regarding their role as water administrators, and in water stakeholders regarding their role as decision-makers. The results of the analysis indicate that models for IWRM must be accessible to non-expert users, integrate different viewpoints, representing adequately the problem to be solved, in addition be flexible and have a structure focused on practical solutions.     

国外跨界水污染治理的经验与启示

介绍莱茵河、五大湖、多瑙河等跨国界河流以及美国田纳西河、英国泰晤士河、意大利波河等跨省界河流的水污染治理机制,分析国外跨界水污染治理的发展趋势:从整体上把握水污染治理,建立一种跨界综合管理模式;进行以流域为单位的水资源综合规划,注重流域水环境容量与经济发展的相互关系;设立流域水资源管理协调与咨询机构,鼓励公众参与管理;水资源开发利用市场化。国外跨界水污染治理从4方面为我国的水污染治理提供借鉴:①水污染治理机构组成的多元化;②水资源管理体制的多层次;③消费者协会参与水资源管理;④公众参与水资源保护。建议中国的跨界水污染治理可从以下几方面着手:①建立统一管理、垂直领导的流域管理体制;②加快流域立法进程;③流域投资运行机制市场化;④建立流域企业化管理体制;⑤优化流域管理机构内部结构。