电吸附除盐后续工艺电解水催化还原去除硝酸盐的研究

针对碳气凝胶电极电吸附除盐工艺去除硝酸盐过程中存在的问题,采用电解水催化还原工艺作为其后续工艺,在原碳气凝胶电吸附除盐工艺装置上,进行了一系列平衡试验,对其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,可以在不增加任何设备的情况下,大幅提高碳气凝胶电极电吸附除盐工艺去除硝酸盐的效果,并使电极得到再生.     

电吸附除盐技术进展及其应用

评述了石墨、活性炭和炭气凝胶三类主要电吸附材料除盐技术,通过电吸附系统的开发研究,提出炭材料电吸附除盐工艺具有较大优势,在去除各种盐类阴、阳离子方面有独特的优势和功效。     

电吸附技术在饮用水深度处理中的应用

电吸附水处理技术（EST）利用带电电极表面吸附水中离子的现象，使水中溶解的盐类在电极表面富浓缩而实现水的净化和淡化。它具有运行成本低，操作使用方便可靠、维护工作量小、应用领域广阔以及不产生导致环境污染的二次排放物等特点。以EST模块为核心组装而成的处理系统可用于水的除盐、去硬、淡化及其他饮用水深度处理（除氟、除砷）等。与现有水处理技术相比，EST展示出一系列优越性和可在大多数工艺过程中发挥作用的可行性。[编者按]     

电吸附技术对水中盐类及氨氮去除的研究

回用与循环冷却水中的氨氮浓度过高,会导致循环系统管道内微生物大量繁殖以及水中颗粒物和无机沉淀物形成垢体,影响冷却水效果,产生大量的酸腐蚀管道。尤其铜管会发生电化学腐蚀,造成循环冷却水系统危害,甚至导致人员伤亡。电吸附技术的深度除盐为污水再生回用与工业提供可能,电吸附设备对氨氮、化学需氧量有一定的去除效果。因此,针对电吸附设备对不同氨氮浓度的处理效果以及含盐量的增大对电吸附处理氨氮效果进行分析和研究。     

含铁矿物吸附剂除磷机理研究及中试应用

研究了含铁矿物吸附剂吸附含磷废水的各项性能,通过静态试验得出此吸附剂的最佳吸附条件,并以此为依据进行了动态小试试验和中试试验。结果表明,含铁矿物吸附剂的吸附平衡时间为45h,吸附等温线较符合Freundlich方程,pH约为5时吸附量达到最大,除铁离子和铝离子外,水体中无机阴离子和阳离子对磷酸盐的吸附影响不大。用1mol/L的NaOH溶液对饱和吸附剂解吸再生,解吸率达到90%以上。在合适的填充体积和进水流速下,含铁矿物吸附剂连续吸附除磷可以达到良好的效果,中试试验装置连续运行了约105d,出水TP达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)(Ⅲ类湖、库)要求。     

三效蒸发除盐—臭氧氧化—生化工艺处理香料废水

采用三效蒸发除盐—臭氧氧化—活性炭吸附—生物接触氧化—曝气生物滤池工艺处理某企业香料生产废水,经过6个多月的试运行,COD和SS去除率分别为98.8%和75%,该工艺的处理费用为24.12元/m~3。同时,介绍了系统中三效蒸发器结垢和曝气生物滤池堵塞问题的解决措施.工程验收监测结果显示出水水质可达到江苏省《化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》(DB 32/939—2006)一级标准。     

天然沸石的改性及其除氟性能

于研究天然沸石的改性及其除氟性能,可以达到使除氟的方法既经济又高效。实验采用优质天然沸石,对其进行高温焙烧、酸、碱及盐的处理,使其对氟离子的吸附容量大大提高,并对其吸附机理进行研究,通过各种仪器检测其微观结构。     

两种氮肥浓度条件下小桐子生长和水力结构对氯盐胁迫的响应

为了探究两种氮肥条件下小桐子生长和水力结构对氯盐胁迫的响应,设置3种盐胁迫水平(土壤含盐量为S_1:2 g/kg,S_2:4 g/kg,S_3:6 g/kg),2种氮肥水平(N_1:260 kg/hm~2,N_2:520 kg/hm~2)和对照组CK(无盐无氮)开展温室大棚试验。结果表明:小桐子对土壤盐胁迫有一定的耐受力,但其生长均受到不同程度的盐胁迫影响,表现为基茎截面面积、总叶面积、干物质质量、导水率和水分利用效率均显著小于CK处理,各处理下的总干物质质量较CK处理减少9.99%～72.85%;高氮肥施用量可显著缓解土壤低盐胁迫对植物的伤害,与N_1相比,N_2水平下小桐子的基茎截面面积、总叶面积、总干物质质量分别增加了20.91%、24.56%和24.35%(P 0.05)。胡伯尔值和根冠比随着土壤盐胁迫程度增加而增大,盐胁迫对冠层的生长抑制大于根系的生长抑制;比导率随着土壤盐胁迫程度增加而显著降低,植物输水难度增加,生长受阻。可见,当土壤盐胁迫程度为中低水平时(2～4 g/kg),提高土壤氮肥浓度可显著提高种植小桐子的导水率和水分利用效率值,进而促进小桐子生物量积累,达到修复土壤的目的。     

液流式电容器除盐技术的探讨

介绍了液流式电容器除盐技术的原理、动力学方程和影响因素,并探讨在采用电吸附技术进行净水处理时不同运行和操作方式对电路和能耗的影响,最后介绍了国外液流式电容器研究的最新进展.     

碳气凝胶电极电吸附除盐工艺研究

采用两种不同孔径分布的碳气凝胶,通过一系列平衡试验,对碳气凝胶作为电极的电吸附除盐工艺进行了研究。结合试验结果以及双电层的特性和碳气凝胶的微观结构,对碳气凝胶孔径分布、溶液浓度和外加电压等工艺影响因素进行了分析,给出了此工艺的适用进水浓度、操作电压和材料孔径分布选择等。     

To desalinate or divert? A comparative supply cost analysis for north coastal China

Seawater desalination is largely presented as a last resort to address water scarcity in closed basins. The question of whether seawater desalination can substitute for other costly measures, specifically large-scale diversion, has not been adequately assessed. To this end the full unit cost of supplying water to Beijing from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the largest in the world, is compared to desalination. Desalination appears to be much more cost-efficient than diversion, even when the diversion’s environmental externalities are excluded. By implementing desalination and water management options, China could substantially reduce water costs; this suggests that desalination should not be viewed only as a last resort.     

河北省海水淡化产业化发展态势分析

海水淡化是实现水资源利用的开源增蛳技术,可以增加淡水总量,而蓄水、调水、开采地下水等方式,只能实现水资源的时空位移,总量并没有增加.河北省属资源性缺水省份,但位于渤海湾西岸及北岸,海岸线总长487km,海水资源丰富,同时,国内外海水淡化技术日趋成熟,成本逐渐降低,这些均为我省实施海水淡化产业化奠定了坚实基础.另外,海水淡化及其设备制造还可形成新的产业和经济增长点.因此,海水淡化产业化,是解决河北省沿海地区水资源短缺的有效途径,同时也是河北省未来充满生机、颇具潜力的朝阳产业.     

Conjunctive use of Inter-Basin Transferred and Desalinated Water in a Multi-Source Water Supply System Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis

Water shortage has forced coastal cities to seek multi-source water supply with a focus on inter-basin water and desalinated seawater. The differences of water supply costs pose a challenge in the optimal use of multiple water resources. This paper aims to understand the impact of desalinated seawater’s variable costs on multi-source water supply through a cost-benefit analysis method based on a multi-objective optimization model, considering different combination scenarios of desalination yield, streamflow condition, seawater desalting plant (SDP) scheme, water shortage index and utilization ratio of the SDP. The application in the coastal city Tianjin, China shows that the desalination yield has an impact on the tradeoff between the water shortage index and the total water supply cost and an optimal desalination yield can be determined at a turning point. And where the turning point appears is influenced by the utilization ratio of the SDP and streamflow conditions of inter-basin water. Moreover, a single centralized SDP is found to have an overall lower water supply cost than several decentralized small-sized SDPs. Lower water shortage index leads to higher cost, and the unit decrease of shortage index will need more added cost when the shortage index is very low. This method is proven to be effective in identifying the best conjunctive use of inter-basin water and desalinated seawater, which can contribute to relieve urban water shortage.     

厌氧—接触氧化渠—垂直潜流型人工湿地处理农村生活污水研究

选择厌氧—接触氧化渠—垂直潜流型人工湿地工艺处理农村生活污水,分析比较了各工艺段DO水平,接触氧化渠充氧效果明显.通过对COD、NH3—N和TP浓度及去除率的研究发现,厌氧池去除率较稳定,对各污染物去除率最高可达72％、49.54％和66.36％,接触氧化渠和人工湿地对各污染物也有较高去除率,但并不稳定.系统运行稳定后,出水水质整体可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级标准,部分时段可达一级B标准.     

白龙港污水处理厂生物处理污泥产量分析与预测

准确了解城市污水处理厂的污泥产量,不仅对污水处理厂的运行管理有指导意义,也有利于后续污泥的处理与处置。对上海白龙港污水处理厂生物处理工艺污泥产量的设计值、实际运行值进行计算,分析不同污泥产量计算方法的特点。并对重新启用初沉池后污泥产量的变化进行了详细的测算和分析,结果表明,重新启用初沉池后污泥产量比超越初沉运行时有所减少,减轻了后续污泥处置负荷。     

微咸水淡化技术研究进展

微咸水淡化是解决水资源短缺、提高水资源供给保障能力的可行途径。我国微咸水资源蕴藏丰富且主要集中在淡水资源短缺的西北和华北地区,总量约200亿m3,具有重要淡化利用价值。在综述国内微咸水脱盐及淡化利用领域的技术优缺点、应用范围及相关经验的基础上,从脱盐技术特征、能源供给、数值模拟辅助工艺优化、数字管理等方面进行总结国外先进微咸水淡化处理工艺,并提出我国微咸水资源化利用技术对策及发展方向。     

Desalination of Seawater using Geothermal Energy to Meet Future Fresh Water Demand of Saudi Arabia

The future economy of the Middle East countries (GDP growth) depends on the availability of fresh water for domestic and agricultural sectors. Saudi Arabia, for example, consumes 275 L/day per capita of water that is generated from desalination process using 134 x 10⁶ kWh of electricity. With 6 % population growth rate, demand for fresh water from fossil fuel based desalination plants will grow at an alarming rate. It has been reported that Saudi Arabia’s reliance on fossil fuels to generate electricity and generate fresh water through desalination using the same energy source is economically and politically unsustainable. This may lead to destabilisation of the global economy. However, Saudi Arabia has large geothermal resources along the Red Sea coast that can be developed to generate power and support the generation of fresh water through desalination. The cost of fresh water can be further lowered from the current US$ 0.03/m³. Among the gulf countries, Saudi Arabia can become the leader in controlling CO₂ emissions and mitigating the impact on climate change and agricultural production. This will enable the country to meet the growing demand of food and energy for the future population for several decades and to reduce food imports.     

Water policy in Jordan

The primary problems in water quality and availability in Jordan stem from poor long-term planning. This paper looks at past and current policies related to water management, considers their weaknesses, and suggests means of improving the management and planning aspects and the need for desalination infrastructure. The major water issues in Jordan can be attributed to both policy implementation failure and a lack of on-the-ground application of regulations. This study indicates that desalination of Red Sea water can be a long-term viable option to meet the growing domestic water needs within Jordan.     

The future sustainability of water supply in Kuwait

Abstract

The main natural source of water available in Kuwait is the brackish groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam aquifers, where the salinity ranges from 4300 to 10200 mg/l and from 2500 to 10000 mg/l, respectively. Limited fresh groundwater resources in Al‐Rawdhatain and Umm Al‐Aish fields, which have a salinity of 359 ‐1737 mg/l, are also available. Most of the groundwater in Kuwait is used for irrigation, domestic purposes, small‐scale industries and for blending with distilled water. Because rainfall is seasonal and less than annual evaporation, the recharge of the groundwater from rainfall is negligible. The objective of this paper is to assess the different water resources in Kuwait in order to make an integrated management plan and to focus on future sustainability. Generally, in the State of Kuwait, there is increasing pressure on the natural water resources because of the exploitation of the aquifers at a rate exceeding that of both the groundwater recharge and population growth (from 1.4 million in 1980 to 2.55 million in 2003). This has lead to the observed decline in groundwater level and to the deterioration of water quality. In the early 1950s, a plan was endorsed in Kuwait to establish seawater desalination plants. By 2005, six desalination plants have been established, with a total capacity of distillation units of 1434.72 ×103 m³/d (315.6 MIGD). However, the gross maximum consumption for the year 2003 reached a value of 1440.17 ×103 m³/d (316.8 MIGD), which is higher than the total capacity of the available distillation units. Given the limitation of conventional water and the shortages of non‐conventional water, along with the increasing population, Kuwait must consider the recycling of wastewater for irrigation, industrial or any other unrestricted non‐potable purpose.     

膜法水处理技术在农村饮水安全中的应用研究

膜法水处理技术已经成为西部缺水地区进行苦咸水淡化、解决生活饮用水的主要方法之一。本文讨论了在农村饮用水处理中的几种膜工艺流程,分析了农村饮水处理中8套反渗透或纳滤膜苦咸水淡化系统的工艺参数。结果表明膜法淡化高含盐量苦咸水,出水水质均可达到或优于国家生活饮用水卫生标准,可以解决缺水地区的生活饮用水问题。