全国水库防洪调度决策支持系统集成技术

国家防总办公室组织了全国范围内的水库洪水调度系统的试点建设工作．试点水库基基本配置了雨水情遥测及计算机局域网络系统，实现了数据采集、数据传输、洪水预报与调度等功能．在我国水库的防洪调度工作中发挥了巨大作用。但随着试点水库的不断增加和新技术的不断涌现，对信息和数据的实时性及共享、集中化管理和控制要求都越来越高，按照国家防总办公室的要求和部署，组织进行了“全国水库防洪调度决策支持系统工程”的设计、开发与建设。系统介绍的即是一个网络化、多用户、支持网络浏览和上传下载、能进行信息和数据的二次处理以及数据的实时自动刷新功能的防洪调度决策支持系统工程。     

水库调度决策研究综述

回顾水库调度决策的研究现状,包括水库优化调度、水库决策支持系统等.认为目前有关水库调度决策的研究还不够系统,没有形成一个完整的理论体系,随着水资源利用的深入,防洪要求的提高,水库调度在向规模化、流域化方向发展,水库对调度决策的要求也越来越高.     

防洪调度决策支持系统投影显示部分的设计与应用

潘家口水库防洪调度决策支持系统投影显示部分，由气象卫星云图实时静、动态显示模块，潘家口水库水文遥测系统数据库及显示模块，大屏幕投影显示硬件系统模块，图形库模块等组成。本系统在潘家口水库的防洪调度工作中发挥了巨大的作用。     

湖南省大型水库防洪调度决策支持系统开发与应用

从湖南省的防洪体系，大型水库的防洪作用及水库防洪调度现状出发，论述了建立我省大型水库防洪调度系统的必要性，对开发湖南省大型水库人调度系统决策支持系统的总体结构进行了分析，在此基础上介绍了开发的调度决策支持系统的功能及应用情况。     

音河水库防洪决策支持系统

以水库多年积累的防洪经验、形成的防汛体制、工作流程为基础，以防洪专家系统为重点，进行了黑龙江省音河水库防洪决策支持系统的设计与开发。该系统由系统总控、信息查询子系统、洪水预报子系统、防洪调度子系统和综合数据库组成，具有信息检索与显示、洪水预报、防洪调度方案的设计、评价与优选等多层次信息服务和支持功能。     

黄河防洪调度软件系统分析与结构设计

黄河防洪调度系统，是黄河防洪决策支持系统的一个子系统。黄河防洪决策是一个复杂的，半结构决策过程，防洪调度是整个决策过程的关键环节。该系统在实时汛情信息处理系统，防洪工程数据库，地理社经数据库等外部系统的支持下，分析雨情，水情，工情实况，预测未来的发展趋势；根据暴雨，洪水预报，制定防洪工程运用方案，进行方案优劣及风险分析，为防洪决策提供信息支持。本文通过对黄河防洪调度决策过程和决策问题的初步分析，探     

漳泽水库实时洪水预报调度决策支持系统

文中介绍了防洪决策支持系统的基本概念，并且叙述了漳泽水库实时洪水预报调度决策支持系统的组成和应用情况。     

水库洪水调度系统

自1998年开始,国家防汛抗旱指挥部办公室组织国内3所重点大学、3个科研所、4个省防汛抗旱指挥部的数百名科研人员和工作人员,开展了深入调查研究,在总结归纳水库防洪调度经验的基础上,以实时、实用、先进、可靠为原则,以典型水库为重点研究对象,以开发建设水库及水库群防洪调度决策支持分中心为突破口,先规范、后开发,先设计、后建设,先试点、后推广,实现了开发建设工作由单库到水库群,再至流域水库群的逐步推进,设计开发了由155个决策支持分中心、2000多个实时信息采集点组成的全国水库防洪调度决策支持系统。运行实践证明,系统层次清晰,结构合理,功能齐全,运行稳定,实现了系统结构标准化、软件模块化、全程自动化、决策智能化、软硬一体化。仅在运用初期的1998年-2002年就取得防洪效益12·73亿元,创收1·21亿元,增加灌溉用水11·4亿m3、城镇供水1·8亿m3,缓解了部分地区水资源不足问题。水库洪水调度系统     

广东粤电水电厂群防汛调度决策系统

为提高水电厂的防洪、抗洪能力，指导水库做好预报、调度、防汛决策等工作，建设了粤电水电厂群防汛调度决策系统。该系统由粤电中心站和所属8个水电厂分中心站组成，是一个集实时数据采集与处理、水务计算与管理、水文资料整编、水库水文预报、水库防洪调度、水库优化调度、防汛业务管理等功能于一体的水电厂群防汛调度决策系统。文中简要介绍该系统的建设过程、网络结构、系统功能及应用情况。     

基于 GIS 技术的油车水库三维防洪调度运行管理系统

为实现油车水库数字化、信息化、现代化的科学管理,采用地理信息系统、虚拟仿真、网络通信及数据库等信息技术,开发了与各应用子系统相互独立、信息共享、联合运用的油车水库三维仿真及防洪调度运行管理系统,为水库防洪调度方案分析与决策等方面提供辅助支持。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.