塑性混凝土三轴受压本构关系影响因素分析

基于15种配合比制作21组塑性混凝土立方体试件,进行定侧压三轴试验,实测三轴受压荷载作用下试件的应力应变曲线,分析不同因素对塑性混凝土三轴受压应力应变关系的影响。结果表明:当应力水平较低时,水胶比、砂率、黏土用量及膨润土用量对塑性混凝土的应力应变关系影响不大,塑性混凝土的应变随着围压的增大而增大;当应力水平较高时,在应力相同的情况下,水胶比、黏土用量、膨润土用量的增大导致塑性混凝土应变逐渐增大,砂率的增大导致塑性混凝土应变逐渐减小;当应变相同时,塑性混凝土应力水平随着砂率、水泥用量、围压的增大而升高,随着水胶比、黏土用量及膨润土用量的增大而降低。     

塑性混凝土双轴受压性能与破坏准则

基于塑性混凝土立方体试件的双轴压缩试验,研究了塑性混凝土的双轴受压性能和破坏准则。结果表明:当应力比较小时,塑性混凝土双轴受压破坏形态与单轴受压相似;随应力比增加,双轴受压破坏面龟裂现象明显;双轴受压下的塑性混凝土抗压强度显著提高,是单轴抗压强度的1.77~4.72倍;随应力比的增大,塑性混凝土抗压强度先增大后减小,应力比0.75时抗压强度的提高最大;单轴抗压强度越高,双轴受压时塑性混凝土抗压强度的增长越小。塑性混凝土八面体正应力应变曲线、剪应力应变曲线的斜率随应力比的增加有增大的趋势,其变形随抗压强度的增加有所降低。双轴受压各应力比下的八面体剪应力与正应力之间均具有线性关系,其斜率随应力比的增加逐渐降低。通过对试验结果的分析,建立了双轴受压下塑性混凝土抗压强度的包线方程以及双参数、三参数及考虑加载路径影响的破坏准则。     

冻融劣化混凝土循环加卸载外包络线及能量演化

对历经不同冻融循环次数的混凝土进行了不同应变速率的单轴循环加卸载试验,分析了试验所得应力-应变曲线外包络线的特征,定义了单轴循环加卸载的耗散能、弹性应变能和塑性应变能,研究了这3种能量与冻融循环次数和循环加卸载次数之间的关系。结果表明:混凝土应力-应变曲线外包络线整体上呈先升后降的趋势;随着冻融循环次数的增多,混凝土的峰值应力逐渐减小而峰值应变逐渐增大;应变速率不影响应力-应变外包络曲线的形状;冻融循环影响混凝土的率敏感性;随循环加卸载次数的增加,混凝土的耗散能、弹性应变能和塑性应变能整体上均呈先增后减的变化规律;冻融循环削弱了混凝土的脆性;外力做功90%的能量用于不可逆转的变化过程。     

基于声发射循环加卸载时侧压混凝土损伤特性研究

在水平单向侧压应力作用下,进行了竖向等应变步长循环加卸载的混凝土抗压性能试验。对不同侧应力状态下的外包络线、共同点轨迹线和循环加卸载全曲线进行了分析,研究了侧应力对累积残余塑性应变和刚度退化的影响,探索了混凝土在加载全过程中的能量释放特性,基于声发射事件数构建的损伤变量分析了混凝土的损伤规律。研究结果表明:①在整个循环加卸载试验过程中,声发射事件数主要集中在峰值应力以前,峰值应力以后出现较少,峰值应力后的声发射能量随侧向压应力的增大而增大;②混凝土刚度退化速度及累积残余塑性应变随侧压应力的增加而减小;③不同侧向压应力下混凝土损伤发展路径各异,侧压应力越高,损伤路径越短,水平与竖向荷载间的大小比例,决定了混凝土损伤的主导因素与损伤机制。     

混凝土冻融劣化后动态单轴抗压特性试验研究

为研究混凝土冻融循环后的动态力学性能,利用10 MN动静三轴仪对不同冻融劣化程度的混凝土在不同加载速率下进行单轴压缩试验,同时采集声发射数据分析试验过程中能量释放及损伤演化规律。最后,选用Weibull-Lognormal损伤本构模型,对试验数据进行拟合分析,并分析不同工况混凝土的损伤随应变的发展规律。研究结果表明:①相同冻融劣化程度时,随应变速率增加,峰值应力增大,峰值应变减小;冻融劣化程度会影响峰值应力的率敏感性;②在应变速率相同时,随冻融循环次数增加,峰值应力随之减小,峰值应变随之增大。③混凝土冻融劣化后应力应变关系峰前服从Weibull统计分布,峰后服从Lognormal统计分布。④在相同应变速率下,随着冻融循环次数的增加,混凝土的累计塑性应变整体呈增大趋势。     

不同期龄塑性混凝土力学性能试验研究

对养护期龄为7,14,28,90 d的塑性混凝土进行三轴压缩试验,实测不同围压状态下试件的应力-应变曲线及强度参数,分析不同养护期龄及试验围压对强度、应力-应变关系的影响。试验结果表明:塑性混凝土在低围压时表现出软化性,破坏偏应力与破坏应变较小,随着围压提高塑性混凝土应力应变曲线软化趋势减弱,并且随着围压的提高其破坏偏应力显著提高。塑性混凝土在不同围压下均表现出先剪缩后剪涨的特点,且随着围压升高其剪缩的趋势增大剪涨的趋势减小。双曲线模型参数K值随养护期龄的发展而增大,双曲线模型参数n、F、破坏比Rf值随养护期龄的发展而减小。相同养护期龄内塑性混凝土破坏偏应力随围压的增大而增大,相同围压下其破坏偏应力随养护期龄的发展而增大。凝聚力随期龄发展而增大,内摩擦角受养护期龄变化影响较小。     

再生砖粗骨料混凝土基本力学性能试验研究

为深入了解再生砖粗骨料混凝土的基本力学性能,测试了5种再生砖粗骨料替代率的混凝土棱柱体抗压强度、应力-应变关系和静力受压弹性模量等基本力学指标。结果表明:再生砖粗骨料混凝土棱柱体受压破坏过程与破坏形态与普通混凝土类似;随着再生砖粗骨料替代率的增加,棱柱体抗压强度先增大后减小、静力受压弹性模量逐渐降低、单轴受压应力-应变曲线的峰值应变逐渐增大;提出了再生砖粗骨料混凝土棱柱体抗压强度与立方体抗压强度的换算关系以及单轴受压应力-应变曲线的拟合公式,为再生砖粗骨料混凝土的进一步研究提供了重要依据。更多还原     

真三轴试验下真实应变对塑性混凝土应力 －应变特性的影响

目前国内外学者对于塑性混凝土的研究工作大部分都是基于其小应变假定的基础上进行的, 为了分析塑性混凝土大极限应变对其应力－应变特性的影响,设计了4组塑性混凝土配合比及12个围 压环境进行真三轴试验。研究了塑性混凝土的峰值强度及峰值后曲线特征。结果表明:小应变假定和 真实应变下峰值强度与围压环境的相对变化关系一致,当第三主应力相同时,塑性混凝土的峰值强度随 第二主应力的增大而增大,但增幅越来越小;当膨润土掺量为零时,小应变假定和真实应变下应力－应 变峰值后曲线特征一致,呈现近似塑化或理想塑化特征;当膨润土掺量不为零时,真实应变下塑性混凝 土应力－应变曲线峰值后出面明显下降段,出现明显峰值点。     

历经荷载后受硫酸盐侵蚀的混凝土力学性能

通过对历经荷载后受硫酸盐侵蚀的混凝土进行单轴压缩试验,研究了荷载水平和溶液浓度对混凝土力学性能变化规律及侵蚀机理的影响,并与历经荷载后受硫酸盐侵蚀高强混凝土的力学性能进行了对比分析。分析结果表明:随荷载水平的增大,未侵蚀试件的峰值应力、弹性模量和峰值应变均有减小趋势,而受浓度为5%和10%侵蚀试件的峰值应力和弹性模量均减小,峰值应变增大;相同荷载水平时,随溶液浓度的增大,混凝土的峰值应力和弹性模量减小,峰值应变增大;随着荷载水平和溶液浓度的增大,普通混凝土和高强混凝土的应力-应变曲线均有变饱满的趋势,普通混凝土的主要力学指标比高强混凝土变化更显著。研究结果可为在硫酸盐侵蚀环境下的受损伤混凝土结构设计提供一定的参考依据。     

冻融循环对钢纤维混凝土动力性能的影响研究

通过对冻融循环劣化后的钢纤维混凝土试件进行动态三轴压缩试验,分析了冻融循环及钢纤维掺量对混凝土轴向极限抗压强度、轴向峰值应变和应力-应变曲线的影响。结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析冻融前后钢纤维混凝土的微观结构。目的在于探明冻融循环对钢纤维混凝土动态力学性能的影响规律,为寒冷地区钢纤维混凝土在实际工程中的应用提供理论参考。结果表明:增加冻融循环次数导致轴向极限抗压强度下降且100次冻融循环后下降速度明显增大,而轴向峰值应变基本呈线性增大。应变速率的增加导致轴向极限抗压强度增大且轴向峰值应变逐渐减小。冻融循环破坏了钢纤维混凝土内部结构,导致应力-应变曲线包围面积减小,钢纤维混凝土吸收能量的能力降低。钢纤维掺量对冻融劣化后混凝土动力性能影响较大,本试验中1%的钢纤维掺量下冻融劣化后混凝土最优。SEM微观结构揭示了钢纤维增强混凝土抗冻性的强化机理,以及过量掺入钢纤维对抗冻性的弱化机理,与宏观试验结果一致。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。