基于环形旋转射流的预掺混扩散器水力特性试验研究

预掺混扩散器在污水出流前掺入其周围的水进行预先稀释,可增强初始稀释度,减小混合区范围。为进一步提高扩散器的稀释水平,本文提出了一种基于环形旋转射流的新型预掺混扩散器,在进流方式以及排放形式方面另辟蹊径,并系统地研究了该扩散器射流的温度场、流场和内部压力分布。研究结果表明:该预掺混扩散器稀释性能稳定,流量放大倍比约为2.5,排口处温升极值可降低约50%,1.2倍排口直径处可降低约80%;排口后环形旋转射流无速度核心区,存在内掺混机制,极值温升及流速沿喷距呈幂函数衰减规律,具有更短的射程和更强的掺混稀释能力,对迅速缩减污染带十分有利;水头损失系数较小,约为2.4。采用该预掺混扩散器,可在离岸较近的浅水区域获得较常规扩散器深排的稀释效果,进而缩短排污输水管道、降低工程投资。     

动水环境单喷口浮射流稀释扩散效果数学模型研究

本文结合上海市污水治理二期工程稀释扩散规律物理模型试验，通过建立并求解积分控制方程的方法，对动水环境下单喷口浮射流的近区稀释扩散特性进行了研究，拟合出长江口白龙港水域的掺混系数、绕流阻力系数以及施密特数，并建立了计算污水单喷口出流近区稀释扩散特性的数学模型，可为实际工程扩散器的设计提供依据。     

孟加拉湾巴瑞萨河口温排放初始稀释特性研究

为提高温排放的初始稀释度、减小排口近区超标区域,扩散器常被用于电厂排海工程。本文采用CORMIX经验模型与Realizable k-ε紊流模型相结合的方法,开展了孟加拉湾河口水域燃煤电厂排水扩散器的参数优化及温排水稀释特性研究。首先分析了扩散器长度、出流角度、出流流速等参数对初始稀释的影响,并对扩散器型式进行了比选,提出潮汐水域采用交错型扩散器有利于增大近区稀释度。针对推荐扩散器,研究依据准恒定假设,模拟了涨潮、高平、落潮、低平四个特征潮态的温排水稀释扩散过程。结果表明:不同潮态的温度场空间结构、温升分布及稀释效果具有显著差异,低平潮对温排水掺混稀释最为不利;涨潮与落潮时顺流向与逆流向的喷口射流结构也不尽相同,顺流向射流更加细长。研究成果可为电厂排放口工程设计与环境影响评价提供技术支撑,也可为浅水型海域扩散器选型提供参考。     

污水海洋处置近区初始稀释研究

通过物理模型试验和应用CORMIX专家系统、ROBERT模型 ,研究台湾高雄在现阶段规划排放污水量的情况下 ,高雄 6 0 0m长 ,设 15 0根上升管的交错式放流管在不同的排放量和不同的环境水流条件下 ,污水的初始稀释效果。研究结果表明 :高雄交错式放流管能取得较好的稀释效果 ,物理模型试验模拟和近区稀释模型系统数值模拟结果吻合较好 ;分析均匀环境下影响密排型多孔扩散器稀释效果的控制参数 ;根据减少上升管的根数 ,增加上升管上的喷口个数来取得相近的稀释效果的现代海洋放流管设计理念 ,对高雄第三期排海工程的设计方案提出改进方案 ,即每根上升管上设 6个喷口 ,6 0 0m长扩散器上设 5 0根上升管 ,并进行模型试验。研究结果表明 :改进后的扩散器大大减少了上升管根数仍能取得较好的稀释效果。文中对上升管上多个喷口的扩散器的近区稀释进行理论分析 ,推导出在类似长江口环境下上升管布设多个喷口的扩散器的近区稀释度公式。在试验研究和理论分析的基础上 ,根据实测及理论计算对长江口白龙港放流管系统的稀释状况进行后评估。运用长度尺度理论初步分析在盐度分层环境中污水经淹没多孔扩散器的初始稀释 ,在文中推导出多孔扩散器初始稀释特征参数的一般公式     

多孔射流扩散器在宽浅型江河中排放特性研究

多孔射流扩散器排放城市污水是充分利用天然水体环境容量和自净能力的有效途径，本文以水槽试验资料为基础，分析了流动水体中多孔射流扩散器排污下游流场和浓度场的主要影响参数，根据多孔射流与环境水体的掺混稀释特性，采用虚拟扰动源的处理方法，给出了描述扩散器排放下游流速与浓度的分布公式，该公布公式的计算结果与实测值吻合较好。     

在流动水体中周边射流的稀释

本文提出用带活动盖板的喷口形式防止海水与泥沙入侵甚至破坏水下放流系统,并增加污水出口初始稀释度。应用自相似假说分析得到了这种喷口形成的水平周边射流的最大速度衰减率为r~(-1.5),由此根据运动叠加原理推导了在流动水体中近区污水场形状和稀释度的计算公式。同时从紊动混合的机理出发推导了污水场后续扩散与稀释的计算公式。实验证明水平周边射流比垂直自由射流初始稀释度大很多,且污水出露点大为远移。     

弯道流水域热浮力排放扩散器参数优化物理模型试验研究

弯道河流水域排放口布置常选择在弯道凹岸侧,以充分利用弯道环流加快稀释,然而弯道环流条件下排放口近区稀释特性与均匀流条件下存在较大差异,相关研究较少。本文在大比例尺物理模型试验中模拟复杂地形和弯道流动条件下扩散器热浮力排放近区稀释规律,采用平面激光诱导荧光(Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF)技术进行断面浓度测量,分析了弯道环流对近区浮射流稀释扩散的影响,对扩散器出流仰角、出流水平方位角和离岸距离等进行了优化,在此基础上提出了适用于弯道水域地形条件热浮力排放的近水平非等高多喷口离岸向排放型式。研究结果对于类似弯道水域热浮力排放扩散器优化研究具有参考意义。     

河口海岸污水稀释扩散特性的试验研究

通过环形水槽排污试验,对河口海岸地区污水的掺混和输移特性开展试验研究,研究污水的喷射方向、排放高度、温度对污水在环境水体中输移扩散特性的影响,旨在为研究污水在河口海岸地区的掺混和输移特性提供参考依据。结果表明,污水在环境水体中的稀释扩散效果主要受水平方位角和竖直射流角度的影响,污水排放方向与环境水体流向夹角越小,在水体中完全扩散均匀所需距离越长。高温污水完全稀释扩散的距离要长于常温污水。在试验的有限水深范围内,污水的排放高度对污水的稀释扩散没有显著影响,污水在排放近区均未扩散到水深7.5 cm以上区域。     

弱环境流速水域内陆核电厂液态流出物排放设计优化研究

理论和实践经验均表明,内陆核电厂采用多孔扩散器有利于加快近排放口区域液态流出物的掺混稀释。基于美国环保署推荐的近区模拟工具——CORMIX专家系统,对低环境流速水文条件下的内陆核电厂的多孔扩散器开展了研究。分析表明:对于近岸布置的多孔扩散器,在低环境流速、相对较强射流以及水深较深条件下,(1)扩散器主管长度Ln与排放口下游断面的最小相对稀释比例H呈正相关,喷口直径D与H呈负相关,喷口水深HD与H呈正相关;在排热量相同的情况下,流量Q与H呈正相关。(2)对于排放口下游1 000 m断面处的最小相对稀释比例H1 000 m,各几何参数灵敏度由高到低排序为,喷口直径D、喷口数量n、主管长度Ln。研究结论可供内陆核电厂液态流出物排放工程的设计及优化参考。     

近区模型用于污水海洋排放扩散器结构概念设计的研究

污水海洋排放处置污水时需要分析排放口近区的稀释特性和水质，近区的稀释和污水场的形成与扩散器结构密切相关。提出用近区模型对污水海洋排放扩散器结构进行概念设计的方法，将扩散器结构与近区的稀释紧密联系。分析近区水质的各种要求以确定合适的扩散器结构，同时结合扩散器水力学和工程上的要求，优化扩散器的结构。概念设计对于工程的设计具有指导作用，采用概念设计优化扩散器结构的同时尽量减小对环境的影响。此外，作者还开发了用于概念设计的应用软件。     

A novel pre-dilution,swirling jet diffuser to enhance effluent mixing: Hydrodynamics and dilution performance

Diffusers are widely-used to quickly dilute effluents in receiving water bodies. This study proposed a novel diffuser that pre-mixes effluent with ambient water before discharging and that uses the swirling jet to further enhance near-field dilution. The nozzle of the diffuser was examined in two ambient flow conditions: co-flow and counter-flow that are commonly-met in the environment such as oceans due to tidal effect. Physical experiments were first conducted in co-flow on its dilution performance and hydrodynamics, using heated water as the effluent. A 3-D CFD model was developed and calibrated the co-flow scenarios, and then used to investigate the diffuser in counter-flow. The results showed that the nozzle can effectively reduce the maximum temperature rise of the effluent by about 50 % before discharging. The swirling jet from the outlet has a larger shear area, half-width and entrainment rate, enabling the effluent to be rapidly diluted to a minimum of around 10 times at x/D = 6 in co-flow, whereas the dilution for conventional nozzles is about 1 because of the potential core. The flow amplification ratio (α) decreases gradually with increasing velocity ratio in co-flow but increases with increasing velocity ratio in counter-flow. The counter-flow reduces the water drawn into the device; however, the pre-dilution effect at the outlet remains stable. The near-field dilution in counter-flow was significantly enhanced than that in co-flow. Environmental regulations at outfalls and mixing zones can be more easily met using this novel diffuser.     

竖管式扩散器排放近区数值模拟研究

结合我国排放口设计的发展方向，通过数值模拟方法研究了竖管式多孔扩散器排放近区的稀释特性和数值预报模型。针对前人二维当量长孔浮射流理论不能考虑扩散器附近单个浮射流的混合特征的不足之处，提出了多孔浮射流混合前后的耦合模拟方法，建立了竖管式扩散器排放近区单侧混合的数值模型，并通过模型试验加以验证。结果表明，数值计算成果与模型试验成果基本一致，可以直接用于竖管式扩散器表层初始稀释度的预报。     

去离子冷却水系统布水器的数值模拟及试验研究

稳态强磁场实验装置(Steady High Magnetic Field Facilities,SHMFF)的运行需要10℃以下的去离子水带走磁体内的热负荷。通过优化蓄冷罐内的布水器类型和尺寸提高分层蓄冷效率,增加磁体装置的运行时间,在理论指导下以设计计算为基础选取5种径向型布水器,且采用数值模拟的方法研究了同一蓄冷罐内八角型和径向型布水器的斜温层厚度。定义布水效率的计算方法,并以布水效率为评价指标,分析了布水器的布水效果。研究表明:相同Re下径向型布水器的布水效果优于八角型,更易形成稳定的斜温层;相同出口流速型号为200-7.5径向型布水器的布水效率为89%;而型号为375-4的径向型布水器的布水效率为84.2%;径向型布水器的径高比是影响蓄冷罐内斜温层厚度的重要因素。研究成果可为蓄冷系统径向型布水器的优化设计提供指导依据。     

Full scale evaluation of diffuser ageing with clean water oxygen transfer tests

Aeration is a crucial part of the biological wastewater treatment in activated sludge systems and the main energy user of WWTPs. Approximately 50 to 60% of the total energy consumption of a WWTP can be attributed to the aeration system. The performance of the aeration system, and in the case of fine bubble diffused aeration the diffuser performance, has a significant impact on the overall plant efficiency. This paper seeks to isolate the changes of the diffuser performance over time by eliminating all other influencing parameters like sludge retention time, surfactants and reactor layout. To achieve this, different diffusers have been installed and tested in parallel treatment trains in two WWTPs. The diffusers have been performance tested in clean water tests under new conditions and after one year of operation. A set of material property tests describing the diffuser membrane quality was also performed. The results showed a significant drop in the performance of the EPDM diffuser in the first year which resulted in similar oxygen transfer efficiency around 16 g/m3/m for all tested systems. Even though the tested silicone diffusers did not show a drop in performance they had a low efficiency in the initial tests. The material properties indicate that the EPDM performance loss is partly due to the washout of additives.     

Assessment of diffuser pressure loss on WWTPs in Baden-Württemberg

Aeration of activated sludge is a critical treatment step for the operation of activated sludge plants. To achieve a cost effective treatment process, assessing and benchmarking of aeration system performance are important measures. A simple means of gauging the relative condition of a fine bubble diffused aeration system is to evaluate the pressure loss of the diffusers as oxygen transfer tests are rarely applied during the lifetime of an aeration system. This paper shows an assessment of fine bubble diffuser systems in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, based on the results of a questionnaire sent to 941 WWTPs. Apart from the results with regards to the diffuser pressure loss, this paper also presents information on the current state of diffuser technology such as types and materials as well as the diffuser cleaning methods used in Baden-Württemberg. The majority of the WWTPs were equipped with tube diffusers (71%) with 50% of all plants having EPDM membranes installed. Regular mechanical cleaning is the most common cleaning method followed by regular pressure release/air-bumping programs during operations. With regard to the diffuser pressure loss it was found that 50% of the evaluated plants had a diffuser pressure loss that was twice as high as measured for new diffusers.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MUL-TIPLE JETS IN SHALLOW FLOWING RECEIVING WATERS

NOTATIONSA,B,C　　 coefficients in Eq.8b jet radiusCN,CSCW,CECB,CFCPhybrid finite analytic coefficientsD discharge portdiameterFr densimetric Froude numberg gravitational accelerationG production term for turbulent energyH ambient flow depthh height of portcenter line above bedk turbulentkinetic energyK =uj/ ua,velocity ratioL discharge portspacing distanceRm =V 1 ,mixing ratioqa average ambientdischarge perunitwidth in cross-sectional region assignedto single diffuser portqj di…