三维水流数值模拟

本文针对三维水流特性，引入通度概念处理不规则计算边界，用ＶＯＦ法追踪自由表面，采用修正的Ｋ－ε模型封闭Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程，分别计算了溢流坝水流及消力池中水跃．计算结果较好地与实验结果符合．     

多极子去奇异边界元法在三维水波问题中的应用

在众多水波问题，尤其是非线性水波问题求解中，巨大计算量和存储量一直是人们试图克服和解决的重点与难点。本文通过对简单Green函数基本解1／r做多极子展开，并应用到去奇异边界元法中求解三维水波问题。通过无限区域中水流对圆球绕射算例的数值计算，验证了多极子去奇异边界元法能给出高精度的满意结果，与传统边界元方法相比避免了边界积分中奇异性的单独处理并将计算量和存储量均降到了O（NIgN）和O（N）数量级，同时对完全非线性水波问题的时域模拟也得出了令人满意的结果，验证了该方法在处理大计算量问题中所具有的优势。     

长江口北支基于混合网格的通量差分裂水流水质计算模式

本文建立了基于三角形四边形混合网格的二维水流水质耦合数值计算模式。网格通过推进阵面法自动生成，控制方程采用有限体积法对守恒变量进行离散，应用通量差分裂格式(FDS)计算边界上的水量、动量和污染物法向数值通量。模型应用于长江口北支崇海公路大桥修建后的流场浓度场的数值模拟。网格根据工程实际需要分区布置．在工程外区域采用有结构的四边形网格布置，既可贴合实际岸线边界，又便于组织数据结构；在工程附近区域采用无结构的三角形网格布置，利用三角形网格的灵活性实现复杂地形边界和局部小尺度流场浓度场的精细模拟。模型计算出的流场和浓度场与实测值对比令人满意，较好地解决了复杂边界和工程网格尺度问题。     

边界元插值法在含水层参数连续性问题中的应用

对于含水层参数连续性问题,传统的参数分区法会带来较大的计算误差,且其计算过程也较为繁琐。本文提出了一种新算法——边界元插值法,即在区域内对含水层压力传导系数采用二维反距离加权插值法、边界元上采用一维线性插值法,推导出边界积分方程的解析解,从而在整个区域上达到参数的连续性和可微性。将该方法与传统的有限差分法和边界元分区法同时应用于华北平原衡水试验场。计算结果表明:边界元插值法的计算结果与观测值的拟合误差在±3%以内,其精确度要略高于传统的边界元分区法和有限差分法,且计算过程较为简单。边界元插值法基本能够有效地处理含水层参数的连续性问题。     

用蒙特卡罗法解有压隧洞出口段水流问题

利用不规则游动网格的蒙特卡罗法对有压隧洞出口段水流进行了数值模拟。根据数值计算与模型试验结果的比较，得出具有凸形曲面边界（包括折面底坡）负压区的存在不仅是边界层分离所致，边壁弯曲使过流产生的离心力也是产生负压的重要原因的结论。计算结果表明：蒙特卡罗法灵活简单、结果稳定，计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

非正交曲线坐标下二维水流计算的SIMPLEC算法

本文采用Laplace方程坐标变换方法生成正交曲线网格，并对浅水流动的控制方程进行坐标变换，方程离散时采用B型交错网格。利用“水位扫描法”结合壁面函数法来处理移动边界，用SIMPLEC算法解非正交曲线坐标下的κ-ε双方程紊流模型，修正了由网格的非正交性引起的误差，通过对美国Colorado洲Fall River的资料进行流场验证，计算结果与实测资料基本符合，显示了本模型在不规则水域计算中的实用价值。     

通量向量分裂格式及有限体积法在水流模拟中的应用

有限体积法（FVM）的方程是对控制体写出的积分形式的物理恒律，该法将计算域划发成若干不规划现状的控制体，对每个控制体分别进行水量和动量平衡计算，得出各控制体边界沿法向输入或输出的流量和动量能量，然后便可计算出时段末各控制体的平均水深和流速，该法的主要特色在于以高精度的通量向量分裂格式（FVS），通过求解局部黎曼问题来估算各网格边界上的法向通量，我们将以有限体积法为基础的二维水流模型应用于长江江苏段潮流数值模拟。同时，根据长江江苏段受弯道影响的特点对模型进行了一定的改进。结果证明：有限控制体积法（FVM）配合通量向量分裂格式（FVS）是一种具有高解析度的数值方法。     

溢流坝坝面水流数值模拟及其验证

采用修正的Ｋ－ε模型封闭Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程作为紊流控制方程，引入通度概念处理不规则边界，引用ＶＯＦ法追踪自由表面，对溢流坝坝面水流进行数值模拟。模型试验验证结果表明，采用本文建立的数学模型对溢流坝水流进行数值模拟是可行的。     

三维水流河床变形数学模型

本文针对三维水流所具有的紊动各向异性，不规则边界及自由表面和动床问题。采用修正的Ｋ－ε模型封闭Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程作为紊流控制方程；引入通度概念处理不规则边界；引用ＶＯＦ法追踪自由表面；根据冲刷过程的物理特性推得冲刷坑的发展规律并用前人公式及试验资料验证。最后，作为例子就南水北调中线方案名河渡槽河段的流场和河床变形进行数值模拟，给出了一些工程上有用的结果。     

三峡工程引航道通航水流数值模拟应用研究

采用二维非恒定流数学模型,模拟了三峡工程上游和下游引航道在不同布置方案和各种枢纽运行方式下的引航道内非恒定水流.研究了坐标变换、网格划分、数值离散、动水边界及干床处理、计算成果可视化等关键技术,提出了处理方法.计算表明该数学模型稳定性好、收敛快、精度高;计算成果与模型试验成果较为吻合.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。