明渠水流流速横向分布抛物线律及其应用

依据室内试验和田间实测资料,分析了明渠水流横向流速分布特点,建立了明渠水流横向流速分布抛物线律,给出了参数的确定方法,并结合明渠垂向流速双幂律提出了明渠测流方法。实测资料验证表明:用抛物线律表达明渠水流横向流速分布具有较高的精度,在(1-2x/Bi)>0.1范围内,除个别点外,计算流速相对误差小于5%;利用抛物线律及双幂律建立的明渠测流方法,精度较高,对不同形式及断面尺寸的渠道具有较强的适应性。     

考虑滩地横比降漫滩水流二维流速解析解研究

黄河下游河道滩地横比降较大,大洪水时漫滩行洪,滩槽水沙交换剧烈,考虑滩地横比降的影响既符合实际又具有较强的理论意义。漫滩水流流速是研究河流横断面形态调整的重要水力参数,目前对其二维解析解的研究均未考虑滩地横比降的影响。在前人研究基础上,推导出考虑滩地横比降影响的漫滩水流运动方程,拟合无因次横向涡黏性系数计算公式,求解滩地垂线平均流速横向分布的解析解,并利用实测资料进行验证。验证结果表明该解析解可以用来计算滩地垂线平均流速横向分布。     

明渠弯道水流运动规律研究现状

自然界中河流经常是弯曲的,使得弯道环流研究成为水力学及河流动力学最重要的课题之一。明渠弯道水流运动规律的研究主要包括弯道水面横比降、横向环流垂线分布和环流流速沿程分布等方面。本文对这三方面的研究成果进行了归纳与分析,并对弯道水流运动规律的研究现状进行了评述。通过罗索夫斯基的实验资料对弯道环流流速分布公式和环流流速沿程分布公式进行了检验比较,向工程界推荐出相应的计算公式。     

高分辨率粒子示踪测速技术在光滑明渠紊流黏性底层测量中的应用

在光滑明渠紊动水流的研究中,黏性底层具有重要的作用,壁面剪切应力与涡量均源于此流区。由于充分发展明渠紊流的黏性底层的物理尺度在0.1 mm量级,常规方法难以实际测量该区内的速度分布。本文构建了测量黏性底层的高分辨率HR-PTV与测量全流区的普通PIV的耦合测量系统,对光滑明渠紊流黏性底层的流动特性进行了研究。HR-PTV系统采用阈值递增法、灰度截断、椭圆度与充实度指标等方法进行图像处理得到清晰的粒子图像;使用匹配几率法对粒子坐标进行匹配,计算粒子速度。得到了明渠紊流黏性底层(0.3 mm以内)的平均流速、紊动强度、偏态系数和峰度系数的垂线分布。从拟合的平均流速分布得出摩阻流速u*,结果与牛顿流体本构方程一致;黏性底层与全流区的时均流速、紊动强度和雷诺应力均能用拟合所得的u*合理无量纲化,并能光滑连接,表明由此得出的u*适用于全流区。将明渠紊流的各种分布与封闭槽道流DNS数据进行对比,验证了HR-PTV在黏性底层所得各阶速度矩的准确性。     

矩形断面明渠流速分布的研究及应用

通过对矩形断面明渠流速分布的理论分析与试验研究，建立了明渠沿垂线流速的分布公式和沿横向流速的乘幂函数分布公式以及相关系数的确定方法。经不同水槽、渠道流速资料的验证，表明提出的明渠流速分布律与实际分布特点一致，测点流速相对误差比较小，可以很好满足明渠流量测量的精度要求。在此基础上提出了对明渠渠道进行流速、流量连续测量的计算方法，对简化明渠测流工作量、提高明渠测流精度具有实际应用价值。     

漫滩挟沙水流流速横向分布研究

在建立漫滩挟沙水流掺混区横向涡粘性系数表达式的基础上，根据水深平均的水流运动方程，得到掺混区流速横向分布公式，经验证，该公式与实测资料基本上吻合。     

水力光滑明渠流流速分布的新公式

采用一个新的湍流黏性模型研究水力光滑明渠流的流速分布,得到的结果与以往在明渠中所测的实验数据吻合较好。基于这个湍流黏性模型,推导出一个新的光滑明渠流外部区域的流速亏损规律,该表达式可以推广到内部区域,并提出一种新的确定内部区域流速分布的近似方法。运用本文给出的公式计算结果与由多普勒激光流速计所测的实验数据吻合良好。在只给出平均流速和水深的情况下,根据本文给出的公式可求得内外区域流速分布。     

盲肠河段口门紊动掺混区水流运动的相似分析

本文应用湍流模式，建立了盲肠口门紊动掺混区水流运动的数学模型，在定常流动中，近似具有自相似性。利用相似理论，给出了流函数和流速的相似函数，对掺混区的水流运动进行了模拟计算。并分析了掺混区横向流速梯度及涡粘性系数的变化特性。     

部分植被明渠水流流动特性三维数值模拟研究

利用在sigma坐标下含有植被明渠水流三维数学模型,湍流模型采用鲁俊修正的Smagorinsky模型,用分步算法和有限差分离散求解控制方程,数值模拟研究了部分植被化明渠水流流动特性。分析了植被区域内流速和切应力分布特征以及明渠水流的流量和植被密度的关系,数值计算表明植被密度增加,明渠水流的流量减小,但随着植被密度增加超过一定定值,明渠水流的流量不变。     

复式断面河槽流速横向分布及其对滩唇形成的影响

通过对水流微小控制体进行受力分析,建立了复式断面流速横向分布模型,该模型考虑了侧向副流惯性力的影响。采用实验资料对该模型进行检验,模型计算值与实测值符合较好。运用该模型计算了不同条件下复式断面流速和挟沙力的横向分布,并定量分析了横向分布特性对滩唇形成的影响。分析表明,水流漫滩时,复式断面的横向挟沙力变幅较大,尤其是在主槽和河漫滩交界处,挟沙力减小迅速,而含沙量减小相对较小,泥沙发生淤积,容易形成滩唇。单从水流挟沙力角度考虑,水流漫滩后水深越小、滩槽的糙率差越大,越容易形成滩唇。     

Simulation of flow in compound open-channel using a discontinuous Galerkin finite-element method with Smagorinsky turbulence closure

The small-scale spatial variability of eddy viscosity which is characteristic for the turbulent shear stress in compound open-channel flows was studied and investigated in this paper. Different options including a constant value, zero-equation, one-equation, two-equation, and Smagorinsky turbulence models for parameterizing the eddy viscosity were developed in the framework of the discontinuous Galerkin finite-element SLIM model and applied for presenting the complex velocity profile in two different experimental data sets of laboratory flumes. A very good qualitative agreement was achieved between numerical results and measurement data for both velocity and flow depth of all experimental data sets in general. In addition, the calculation results showed that the turbulent Smagorinsky empiricism allowed a better presentation of non-uniform velocity in the floodplain and transition regions between plain and main channels than the others in all calculated cases. This empiricism predicted a very close variation of eddy viscosity in comparison with the results calculated by the depth-averaged Reynolds' stress and the lateral gradient of longitudinal velocity. The eddy viscosity varies significantly in the channel section; in particular the small values often occurred around the middle location of floodplains and the central location of the main channel while the large values appeared in the transition regions, presenting different minimum and maximum values of eddy viscosity in each flow region. The effects of eddy viscosity variation on lateral distribution of velocity profile were also investigated and discussed.     

明渠岸边横向取水口的三维数值计算

本文是在明渠岸边横向取水口的试验研究基础上的配套数值模拟。采用雷诺平均的N—S方程，以各向异性的雷诺应力模型(RSM)封闭方程组，用SIMPLEC算法对压力—速度场求解。计算结果与试验实测结果吻合较好，反映了此项模拟的可信性，可籍以扩大、分析一些运动规律。数值计算结果启示了横向取水口水流的复杂三维流动特性，据之对取水口附近水流各区的划分、水流的分离和反向流动、螺旋流以及床面剪应力的分布等复杂水力和泥沙输移物理现象有了进一步认识。     

Application of analytical solutions in trapezoidal compound channel flow

The accuracy of predictions using an analytical model for a lateral depth varying open channel flow can be affected by the friction factor and the dimensionless eddy viscosity. In this paper, different approaches to determine these two parameters are discussed by comparing analytical results with experimental data obtained from a symmetrical trapezoidal compound open channel. To reflect different hydraulic characteristics along the wetted perimeter, the trapezoidal cross‐section was divided into several sub‐sections, and the friction factor in each sub‐section was calculated with Manning's formula by adopting local hydraulic parameters. The wetted perimeters of main channel and side slope included the interface between panels to reflect the effects of the lateral momentum exchange. This approach is shown to be effective once the roughness coefficients and hydraulic radius in different sub‐regions have been determined. The results show that the friction factor is the major parameter affecting the accuracy of the analytical solution. The effect of dimensionless eddy viscosity on the precision of predictions is much smaller, which means that for practical applications, the dimensionless eddy viscosity can be determined empirically. Inclusion of a term for secondary flows in the model can improve the prediction, especially in the transition from main channel to the floodplain. A reasonable prediction of the lateral distribution of depth mean Reynolds' stress in this region is obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large eddy simulation of water flow over series of dunes

Large eddy simulation was used to investigate the spatial development of open channel flow over a series of dunes. The three-dimensional filtered Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations were numerically solved with the fractional-step method in sigma coordinates. The subgrid-scale turbulent stress was modeled with a dynamic coherent eddy viscosity model proposed by the authors. The computed velocity profiles are in good agreement with the available experimental results. The mean velocity and the turbulent Reynolds st...     

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN TRAPEZOID-SECTION OPEN CHANNEL FLOW WITH A NEW REYNOLDS-STRESS EXPRESSION

By considering that the coherent structure is the main cause of the Reynolds stress, a new Reynolds stress expression was given. On this basis the velocity distribution in the trapezoid-section open channel flow was worked out with the pseudo-spectral method. The results were compared with experimental data and the influence of the ratio of length to width of the cross-section and the lateral inclination on the velocity distribution was analyzed. This model can be used the large flux in rivers and open channes.     

TRANSVERSE MIXING IN A TRAPEZOIDAL COMPOUND OPEN CHANNEL

Transverse mixing characteristics of solute in the open channel flow can provide useful information for river environmental management. The lateral mixing coefficient is a crucial parameter for reproducing the transverse mixing either by numerical simulation or by analytical prediction. Since the solute mixing can be greatly affected by the lateral variations in water depth, mixing coefficient should be determined in each sub-section （i.e., the main channel, side slope and flood plain） separately. In this article, the transverse mixing in a symmetric trapezoidal compound channel was studied based on laboratory measurement of longitudinal and transverse velocity components and lateral distribution of solute concentration. The lateral mixing coefficient was estimated by adopting different Schmidt numbers in different sub-sections divided according to the developing trend of the eddy viscosity, and finally a piecewise linear profile of mixing coefficient was adopted to analytically predict the transverse solute concentration. The comparison between the analytically predicted data and the measuring solute concentration proved that this is an effective way to estimate the lateral mixing in the open channel flow with lateral variations in water depth,     

波流相互作用下沿垂向的水流结构及其实验验证

本文研究了波流相互作用情形下波浪对水平流速沿垂向分布的影响。作者从Navier Stokes方程出发，用涡动粘滞系数模型来封闭波流相互作用下的流动方程，提出了一个求解整个水深内的断面流速分布的方法。理论计算与实验结果基本一致。     

三维明渠流动数值模型

本文对经典的SIMPLE方法进行了改进,在模拟具有自由表面的湍流问题时,摒弃了对自由表面常作的“刚盖”假定。通过求解k-ε模式闭合的三维雷诺方程及自由表面运动方程,得到了渠道槽沟区水流速度、涡粘性系数、湍流切应力、湍动能的分布规律和自由水面位置的变化规律,计算结果与实测值十分吻合。     

桩墩影响下的水动力数值模拟

建立平面二维数值水槽模型,将桩墩作为不透水边界处理,利用三角形加密网格精确模拟桩墩形状,计算分析缓流河道中单排桩墩影响下水位和流速的变化,并探讨了方墩与圆墩对水流变化的影响差异以及糙率与紊动黏性系数对壅水数值的敏感性。研究结果表明:①桩墩引起的水流变化沿纵、横向呈现出不同的分布形式,沿横向呈波状分布。墩身上游主要表现为水位壅高,流速减小;墩身下游则表现为水位跌落,流速在墩间区域增加,而在墩后区域减小。②方墩对水流变化的影响比圆墩大;上游壅水随糙率变化较小,但对紊动黏性系数的变化较为敏感。