南渡江流域旱限水位的确定

旱限水位的确定应遵循科学、简便、实用的原则,要结合当地实际,充分调研用水需求及供水任务,科学合理地确定指标。以南渡江流域松涛水库、龙塘水文站为例,通过调研其用水需要和供水任务,分析计算多年来水情况和用水指标,科学合理地确定了其旱限水位,为水库供水调度方案的制定,南渡江流域的抗旱指挥调度和水资源调度提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

Multi-Criteria Analysis of Water Allocation Scenarios in a Water Scarce Basin

In 2015, a “Post-2015 Development Agenda” is defined for future global developments in water management. The proposed goal is referred to as SDG’s or Sustainable Development Goals, which will balance the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development with a strong linkage between environment and socio-economic goals. One of the major concepts of SDG’s is water security, which is the basic element of the Global Goal on Water, now defined as: “Securing Sustainable Water for All”. The proposal for a Global Goal for Water is associated with targets and indicators to help countries reach the goal by 2030. Among the five main targets specified, two major ones emphasize “water allocation” as an important support of water security, particularly in conditions of water security. This paper focuses on this latter issue in the case of water scarce Gediz Basin along the Aegean coast of Turkey, where irrigation is the major water consuming activity. In addition to allocation of water among other water use sectors and irrigation, it is important in the basin how irrigation water is allocated to various crops, as previous droughts struck crop yields the most. Thus, 16 alternative allocation scenarios are developed to assess the crop yield produced by each scenario. These alternatives are represented by social, economic and environmental indicators as criteria for selection the most favorable alternative. The selection is realized by Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) methodology, using the Reference Point Approach (RPA). In terms of methodology, presented paper shows that RPA is a powerful tool to guide engineers and decision makers to rationally select among several possible alternatives in water allocation.     

Conjunctive Operation of Reservoirs and Ponds Using a Simulation-Optimization Model of Irrigation Systems

Water resource management in arid agricultural irrigation regions is a great challenge for managers and decision makers. In some of those regions, many ponds have been built to ensure an adequate water supply for irrigation. Therefore, reservoirs and ponds should be managed conjunctively to minimize shortages of water. In this study, a new integrated mathematical model of conjunctive, or integrated, operation of reservoirs and ponds to maximize the water supply has been proposed for a reservoir-pond irrigation system. This objective has been achieved via the use of two models: an optimal model, which is used to determine the optimal discharge of reservoirs, and a simulation model, which considers the regulatory role of ponds and reservoirs and simulates their water supply to the irrigation system. An adaptive genetic algorithm has been employed in this study to solve the nonlinear and multi-dimensional reservoirs optimization problem. This methodology has been applied to the Yarkant River Basin to demonstrate its applicability, and three scenarios are presented. The main objective of the simulation-optimization model in the Yarkant River Basin is to minimize shortages in meeting irrigation demands for nine sub-irrigation systems subject to the constraint of ecological water transfer to the Tarim River. The optimizing effect of the model was particularly prominent under the third scenario, i.e., the XBD, MMK, and ART Reservoirs and 16 ponds conjunctively operated to meet the water demand of the YKB. The frequency of success (FS) in meeting agricultural water demands reaches up to 75%, and the value for ecological demand is 50.98%. The results demonstrate the importance of the conjunctive combined use approach for management of water resources in irrigation system of arid regions.     

玛纳斯河灌区地表水与地下水联合调度模型

通过分析新疆农八师玛纳斯河灌区水资源供需状况,结合灌区的灌溉系统、农作物种类及灌溉制度,建立了以灌区地下水抽水总量最小为主要目标,以灌区农业经济总效益最大为次要目标的地表水与地下水联合调度模型,并采用目标规划法对模型进行了求解,得到了在不同保证率下灌区地表水和地下水联合调度方案及农作物种植面积。结果表明:灌区供需水高峰期不一致和灌溉系统的蓄水、输配水能力不足是产生灌区水资源供需矛盾的主要原因,应适当调整灌区农业种植结构,改造灌区水利工程。     

长江经济带供水安全保障战略研究

水安全保障是实现长江经济带高质量发展的基础。本文根据近10年长江经济带用水总量、用水结构和用水指标变化情况,分析长江经济带及各区域、典型城市、农业灌溉用水及农村饮用水特征及存在的问题,提出解决对策。研究表明：长江经济带用水总量虽已趋于稳定,但区域间存在差异,特别是中部地区用水指标偏高,仍然有较大的节水潜力;影响供水安全的主要问题是水质性缺水、干旱年缺水和供水保障率不高。建议：补齐水工程建设短板,加强水利工程联合调控,加大水污染治理和节水减排力度,提高水源地建设和保护;遇特殊年份,还需按用水类别实施应急管理以减小损失,保障长江经济带水资源可持续利用和生态环境良好。     

Application of the Colorado River Simulation System Model to Evaluate Water Shortage Conditions in the Central Arizona Project

Central Arizona Project (CAP) is currently enhancing its water resources modeling capabilities to improve water resources management and planning activities and to better understand the inherent complexities of the Colorado River Basin system. CAP modeling activities in the Colorado River Basin extensively utilize the Colorado River Simulation System (CRSS) model. CRSS is a sophisticated object-oriented surface water model developed under the RiverWare modeling environment and maintained by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). CRSS incorporates important aspects of the Colorado River Basin: main stem, reservoirs along the river, water inflows to the river, and points of water deliveries. By using the object-oriented and rule-based capabilities of RiverWare, CRSS has embedded the rules of the Law of the River. These set of rules guide the operation and management of the Colorado River Basin’s surface water supply. This analysis executes CRSS short term simulations to evaluate the vulnerability of water deliveries to CAP from the Colorado River under different extreme hydrological and policy conditions. In the future, this type of analysis will provide key input for other CAP models, aimed to improve a quantitative understanding of the impacts of different uncertain and complex scenarios: drought conditions, future user demand behavior, reservoir operation, and optimize water recovery as a part of Arizona Water Bank Authority (AWBA), among others.     

Linking Drought Indicators to Policy Actions in the Tagus Basin Drought Management Plan

One crucial aspect of drought management plans is to establish a link between basin drought state and management actions. Basin state is described by a drought indicator system that includes variables like precipitation, streamflow, reservoir inflow, reservoir storage and groundwater piezometric levels. Basin policy consists on a catalogue of management actions, ranging from enforcing demand reduction strategies to establishing priority of users to allocate scarce water or approving emergency works. In this paper, the methodology applied in the Tagus Basin Drought Management Plan to link operational drought indicators to policy actions in regulated water supply systems is presented. The methodology is based on the evaluation of the probability of not being able to satisfy system demands for a given time horizon. A simplified model of every water resources system in the basin was built to evaluate the threshold of reservoir volume that is required to overcome the drought situation without deficit. For each reservoir level, a set of policy actions is proposed with the goal of guaranteeing essential demands during drought conditions. The methodology was validated with a simulation of system behavior for 60 years of historic streamflow series, finding acceptable results in most systems.     

茅洲河流域再生水的综合优化配置

对深圳市茅洲河流域工业生产、农业灌溉、城市绿地浇灌、道路广场浇洒以及居民冲厕等方面的再生水需求进行分析,建立包括4个再生水厂、35个再生水用水片区的再生水优化配置模型,并运用LINGO求解其全局最优解。结果表明:①茅洲河流域再生水厂的生产能力为59.4万m3/d,仅能满足该流域污水处理需求的51.7%;②农业灌溉、工业回用、城市绿地浇灌、道路广场浇洒、居民冲厕等行业使用再生水的边际收益分别为3.7元/m3、21.6元/m3、4.1元/m32、.1元/m3、1.3元/m3。     

Farmers' Perception of Water Management under Drought Conditions in the Upper Awash Basin,Ethiopia

A survey was conducted in the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia, to assess agricultural water management practices adopted by the farmers under drought conditions. The results show that on average drought prevails in the area once every two years and causes damage to both crops and livestock. Consequently, under such drought conditions, the farming communities have adopted various coping strategies and important among them are the sale of labour and sale of livestock and their products. The survey results also reveal that farmers in the rainfed agriculture areas practise mainly contour bunding to mitigate drought impacts.     

耦合流域-区域用水总量红线的供水优化模型及应用

为细化流域-区域耦合的用水总量指标及优化供水方式,基于流域用水总量红线与区域用水总量红线的共同约束,建立了耦合供给侧和需求侧用水总量红线的多水源多目标水资源系统供水优化模型,并应用于浏阳河-捞刀河流域,分析不同水源分配到不同行政区的最优供水方案以及最大供水量。现状年浏阳河-捞刀河流域存在一定的过度供水或供水不足;供水优化模型压缩了两流域平水年和丰水年的超红线供水,提高了枯水年和特枯年供水量;两流域规划特枯年比现状特枯年的缺水率降低了11.63%。这表明供水优化模型能较好地优化流域供水方式,确定不同频率年流域耦合区域的用水总量细化指标,相关成果可为用水总量控制的过程监管及超标预警提供有效技术支持。     

黄河流域灌溉农业节水技术模式及发展对策

针对黄河流域灌溉农业的特点，分别对渠灌区、井灌区、井渠结合灌区、机电提水灌区、集雨灌溉、城郊灌溉、抗旱灌溉等提出了各自的灌溉农业节水技术模式，并指出黄河流域灌溉农业节水发展应加强对黄河水资源的统一规划、调度和管理，必须建立稳定高效的投入保障机制，制定鼓励管理机构发展灌溉农业节水的政策。依靠科技创新促进灌溉用水方式的改革，推进农业经济结构调整和改革传统的农业生产方式。     

黄河水权转换的探索与实践

在黄河水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐的情况下，为实现工业项目建设与农业灌区灌溉渠系节水改造的“双赢”，水利部黄河水利委员会与流域内有关省（自治区）积极进行了黄河水权转换的探索与实践，初步建立了水权转换的管理体系、技术体系和监测体系，取得了水资源利用与管理的新成效，但此项工作仍有进一步探索的理论与制度空间。     

灌区两部制水价政策的经济分析

在对两部制水价政策效应的理论分析基础上，运用湖北漳河灌区农业水价改革调查资料，分析了灌区水价改革的实践效果及其成因。研究表明，两部制水价政策强化了农田灌溉中的水量限制，而忽视了在既定制度约束下农民对水利工程供水的理性需求和灌溉系统的有效供水能力的现实约束。在农业用水交易充满不确定性和水权制度尚未形成的现实条件下，水市场交易的不确定性、水市场信息的不对称性和农田水利投资的滞后性，导致农业两部制水价改革难以达到节约用水和改善水资源分配效应的预期目标。因此，提出灌区两部制水价改革成功的关键在于以交易合约化为核心的农业水市场建设。     

Estimating the Potential Impacts of Irrigation Water Pricing Using Multicriteria Decision Making Modelling. An Application to Northern Greece

A great challenge of the current European water policy is the implementation of volumetric water pricing in the agricultural sector, especially of Mediterranean countries, where irrigation is a necessary precondition of agricultural production and farmers’ income, but also the major consumer of water. The overall aim of the present work is to develop a methodology that will be suitable for the estimation of the potential environmental, economic and social impacts of irrigation water pricing. For this purpose, Multi-Attribute Utility Theory is implemented in order to simulate agricultural decision making at various water pricing scenarios. Water demand functions are then elicited, by means of the best crop and water allocation (farmers’ decisions) in each scenario. The European Water Framework Directive recommends that any issue concerning water resources management (including water pricing policies) should be developed at the river basin level. In this framework, a cluster analysis is performed to partition the river basin area (namely, Loudias River Basin, located in Northern Greece) into a small number of homogeneous sub-regions. The differential impact of water pricing in each region is then analyzed, and finally, an average water demand function is formulated for the whole river basin.     

Water Balance within Intensively Cultivated Alluvial Plain in an Arid Environment

The Tuoshigan–Kumalake River alluvial plain is an oasis located in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang, China. Large water consumption reduces the discharge and jeopardizes the ecosystem of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Therefore a recent regulation is enacted to limit water use in the plain. The objective of this paper is to investigate the hydrological cycle inside an intensively cultivated plain at upstream Tarim River. A conceptual water balance methodology was used for evaluating groundwater movement among riverway, irrigation ditches, irrigation area and non-irrigation area, based on the recorded water diversion. Results show that both irrigation area and non-irrigation area are supported by the water from river way in hyper-arid environment. Irrigation area is supported by surface water through canal system and non-irrigation area is supported by groundwater from canal loss and irrigation area. Nearly half of the water in the non-irrigation area comes from the irrigation area in the form of groundwater. This indicates that water supply of natural plants relies on the water from agricultural ecosystem. Tight water connection between irrigation area and non-irrigation area suggests that natural ecosystem needs to be considered in agricultural management in arid environment.     

European Union policy for improving drought preparedness and mitigation

The European Water Framework Directive 2000/60 (WFD), does not appear fully adequate to address drought risk. A Group on Drought and Water Scarcity has developed some proposals to improve the strategy for coping with drought and water scarcity issues. The main proposal consists in supplementing the River Basin Management indicated by the WFD with a specific Drought Management (sub)Plan aimed at minimizing the negative drought impacts on the economy, society and the environment. Also a list of indicators to identify prolonged droughts which permit a temporary suspension of the requirements of good ecological status in water bodies has been proposed. Some specific recommendations that the EU should issue to national governments, are discussed. Several criteria are suggested to achieve an effective drought management strategy.     

Priority Water Rights for Irrigation at the River Basin Level. Do They Improve Economic Efficiency During Drought Periods?

This paper assesses the potential efficiency gains of reforming the water rights regime in the Spanish agricultural sector by replacing current allocation procedures based on the proportional rule with a priority allocation procedure based on two tiers of security-differentiated water rights. This assessment is useful for evaluating whether said change in water rights can be considered a suitable policy instrument to improve water management during droughts events. For this purpose, a mathematical programming model is built to simulate the performance of the proposed reform. The empirical analysis is implemented at the basin scale, where water rights holders are highly heterogeneous, considering different climate scenarios accounting for changes in water supply reliability. The Guadalquivir River Basin (GRB) in southern Spain is used as a case study. The results obtained show that this change in the water allocation regime would yield only modest economic efficiency gains under the current climate scenario. However, it is also evidenced that this policy instrument could play a more relevant role as an efficiency enhancer in a climate change scenario, given that more frequent and intense drought episodes are expected. Moreover, priority rights represent an interesting risk management instrument for farmers, allowing the most vulnerable farmers to reduce income volatility. These findings suggest that the combined implementation of the proposed shift in the allocation regime with spot or allocation water markets would lead to successful outcomes, significantly improving drought management in the irrigation sector.

     

基于AquaGIS模型的盈科灌区制种玉米农业用水效率分析

盈科灌区是黑河流域中游绿洲典型灌区之一,该灌区农业用水效率较低,农业用水矛盾十分突出。制种玉米是灌区主要种植作物,研究制种玉米的优化灌溉制度对实现该区域农业用水可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。利用分布式作物模型AquaGIS模型,基于盈科灌区土壤质地的空间变异性对该灌区制种玉米灌溉制度进行了优化,提出了适合灌区实际配水情况的最佳灌溉制度。通过灌溉制度优化,灌区制种玉米蒸散发量减少36~53mm,水分生产率WPET增加5%左右,灌溉水生产率WPI增加25%~48%,极大地提高了灌区农业用水效率。同时,对该灌区不同水文年灌溉制度进行优化,综合对比灌区制种玉米WPET、WPI和产量,其中丰水年灌溉3次、平水年灌溉4次、枯水年灌溉5次可以实现农业用水效率最高,为灌区高效节水灌溉提供理论指导。     

塔里木河流域基于作物水分生产函数的农业水价需求效应分析

基于不同作物(棉花、玉米、小麦)的水分生产函数,构建塔里木河流域农业水价的需求效应模型和水价需求弹性系数模型,并依据塔里木河流域的农业水价资料分析了塔里木河流域农业水价调整对塔里木河流域灌水量的节水效应。研究结果表明,塔里木河流域水价大幅调整是提高农业水价田间作物节水效应的重要经济手段;作物价格也是影响农业水价田间作物节水效应的重要因子之一;通过农业水价调整促进节水技术应用是提高农业水价田间作物节水效应的关键。     

DSS Application to the Development of Water Management Strategies in Ribeiras do Algarve River Basin

Within the Project – “Developing Strategies for Regulating and Managing Water Resources and Demand in Water Deficient Regions (WSM)” funded by the EU in fifth Research Framework Program, the Ribeiras do Algarve River Basin was chosen as a case study to develop a DSS for planning purposes. Located in the southern stretch of the Portuguese territory, crucial conflicts do exist between tourist and agricultural water uses within the river basin. Additionally, there are important deficiencies in urban secondary water supply. Also inadequate irrigation methods and poor quality of water existing in some areas urge the implementation of management measures. Different ways to improve the water management situation were analysed: (a) structural options, (b) demand management options and (c) socio-economic measures. These options were analysed using a range of combinations of extreme demand and availability scenarios and ranked based on indicators reflecting the perception of the local stakeholders towards economic development and social and environmental sustainability. On a second phase, the formulation of strategies using the available options was addressed and two different strategies, resulting from a tentative timeframe of water management options combination, were applied aiming to achieve goals defined with regional stakeholders, namely: (a) on a first stage, the optimization of the domestic and irrigation water demand coverage and aquifer’s groundwater exploitation use ratio; (b) on a second stage, the determination of the water pricing increase necessary to achieve economical sustainability, aiming at cost recovery goals in accordance with the Water Framework Directive compliance.