泄水建筑物推移质冲磨破坏修复技术

磨损冲击破坏是水工泄水建筑物常见的问题之一,尤其是当水流流速较高,水流中挟带砂石等推移质时,这种破坏现象更为严重。通过对原材料优选及配合比试验,研制了具有高弹性及良好抗冲击性能的高弹性抗冲磨砂浆,该材料与混凝土粘接强度高。针对推移质冲磨的破坏机理,提出了"以柔克刚"的复合式方案,通过吸收跳跃式推移质沙石的冲击能量,达到解决抗推移质冲磨破损的目的。在柳洪水电站3号孔闸室底板进行的冲磨破坏修复试验表明,环氧砂浆+高弹性抗冲磨砂浆+抗冲磨型SK手刮聚脲复合式方案经受住了一个汛期多次泄洪的考验,抗推移质冲磨效果良好。     

水工泄水建筑物抗冲耐磨高分子护面材料综述

水工泄水建筑物受高速夹沙水流冲刷及推移质撞击冲磨,是水利水电建设中有待解决的重大问题。结合实例阐述了现有高分子护面材料在水工泄水建筑物抗冲耐磨保护中的应用及研究动态,分析了聚合物砂浆、喷涂弹性体、耐磨涂料各自的优缺点。指出新型纳米耐磨涂料是抗冲耐磨护面材料的一个重要发展方向,讨论了其在水工泄水建筑物上应用需要解决的关键技术问题。介绍了一种能经受40 m/s流速的新型纳米抗冲磨面层涂料的制备方法,经高速圆环法试验表明,具有优异的抗冲磨性能。     

CW弹性环氧砂浆抗冲磨性能及工程应用

环氧砂浆涂层防护是提高水工建筑物抗冲磨性的有效途径之一。为改善普通环氧砂浆的抗冲磨性能,选用高韧性环氧树脂、低放热固化剂、级配填料等原料,制备出CW弹性环氧砂浆。比较了弹性环氧砂浆与其他环氧砂浆的力学性能,采用SEM分析弹性环氧砂浆的结构特点,并介绍了该材料的工程应用实例。研究结果表明:在冲磨72 h后,CW弹性环氧砂浆磨损较普通环氧砂浆降低40.5%,较改性环氧砂浆降低38.4%,抗冲磨强度提高72.4%;冲磨216 h后质量损失率仅为0.08%,216 h抗冲磨强度可达82.05 h/(kg/m²),远远大于普通环氧砂浆。冲磨前涂层较为光滑平整,冲磨后结构发生形变,出现较多褶皱界面与少量凹坑,但整体仍紧密结合,呈现较为完整的连续相,说明CW弹性环氧砂浆具有较好的抗冲磨性能,能够很好地抵御冲磨破坏。实践证明,CW弹性环氧砂浆在消力池、水垫塘等大流量、高水头建筑物的抗冲磨防护方面表现优异,具有良好的应用前景。     

水性环氧砂浆抗冲磨特性研究

水性环氧砂浆在水工建筑领域得到了越来越多的关注和应用,其物理力学特性尤其是抗冲磨特性是决定是否应用于排沙隧洞、溢流坝面等泄水建筑物的关键因素。针对水性环氧砂浆的抗冲磨性能,采用高速水下钢球冲磨仪模拟推移质对水性环氧砂浆的抗冲磨破坏,分析在不同转速、不同级配冲磨钢球下砂浆的抗冲磨特性,探索了适合于水性环氧砂浆的水下钢球法试验参数,提出了水性环氧砂浆抗冲磨寿命预测方法。     

高弹性修补砂浆的试验研究

水利水电工程泄水建筑物混凝土表面经常遭受高速含沙水流或携带推移质水流的冲刷,经过一段时间的运行,往往会出现不同程度的磨损及气蚀破坏,采用性能优越的抗冲磨材料修补缺陷尤为重要。通过对高弹性砂浆的配合比设计及其性能的试验,揭示了该材料的特点及优势,通过室外工艺性试验,总结了高弹性砂浆的现场施工工艺,为修补混凝土冲刷磨蚀破坏提供了一种新的材料选择。     

多沙河流闸门过流面抗冲磨防护环氧砂浆的研制及性能研究

研制一种适用于多沙河流闸门过流面抗冲耐磨防护的环氧砂浆,通过环氧树脂体系的工作性能初选配方,选用正交试验研究不同因素对环氧砂浆抗压强度和抗折强度影响的显著性,分析胶砂比和水泥掺量对砂浆力学性能的影响,通过核磁共振技术研究不同配比环氧砂浆内部孔径大小和分布情况,并通过高速水下钢球冲磨机测试不同配比环氧砂浆抵抗推移质冲磨的性能。结果表明：胶砂比对环氧砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度影响显著,随着胶砂比的增加,环氧砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度先快速增加后有一定程度的回落,当石英砂∶水泥∶环氧树脂为5∶1∶3时,环氧砂浆流动性好,养护7 d后内部孔隙分布均匀,抗压强度为119.0 MPa,抗折强度为42.24 MPa,216 h高速水下钢球法冲磨厚度损失为0.063 mm。结合数据分析,高强高韧环氧砂浆粘结强度高、施工难度小、抗冲磨效果较好,适用于闸门过流面防护。     

超高性能混凝土抗冲磨性能试验研究

针对新疆水利工程抗冲磨部位应用的抗冲磨混凝土冲磨破坏问题,采用混凝土抗压强度试验及水下钢球法对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的抗冲磨性能等进行试验研究,同时与普通硅粉混凝土、HF抗冲耐磨混凝土的抗冲磨性能进行对比研究,结果表明:UHPC具有极高的力学性能,28 d抗压强度可以达到130.59 MPa,抗冲磨性能明显提高,抗冲磨强度是普通硅粉混凝土的4倍以上;UHPC具有极高的流动性,具有自流平效果,兼备良好的施工性能。     

CW改性环氧砂浆在西藏地区抗冲磨防护中的应用

针对西藏地区水工建筑物劣化问题,根据溢流坝段闸墩部位水流冲磨破坏特性及高海拔地区强紫外辐射的气候特点,采用2种不同性能的环氧砂浆对闸墩混凝土缺陷部位进行修补及抗冲磨防护,其中深度缺陷修补采用高黏度环氧砂浆补平,面层防护采用自主研发的CW高耐候改性环氧砂浆,该砂浆适用于强紫外辐照条件下高速过流区混凝土表面防护.经过蓄水后半年时间的水流冲磨及强辐射考验,表明改性环氧砂浆对闸墩混凝土抗冲磨及耐久性防护具有良好效果.     

水利工程抗冲磨混凝土的实验研究及其应用

高速水流对水工建筑物的冲磨破坏极大,这就对水工混凝土的抗冲磨性能提出了很高的要求。合理选用混凝土的组成材料,能够提高混凝土的抗冲磨强度,避免冲磨破坏,保证工程正常运行就有着极其重要的意义。通过对混凝土拌合料中加入适当的橡胶粉材料进行试验,研究了胶粉材料对混凝土抗冲磨性能的影响,并对其原理进行了分析。     

泄水建筑物抗冲磨防空蚀设计

以长江葛洲坝水利枢纽为例，分析挟沙水流对混凝土的冲磨特征，总结出泄流建筑物表面抗冲磨的经验关系式，认为对于抗悬沙中磨，表面抗冲磨层厚度与水流流速，水中挟沙量，１年内冲磨天数，检修年限成正比，与混凝土材料抗压强度成反比。根据已建工程经验，提出泄流底表面抗悬沙冲磨层厚度不应小于０．４－０．５ｍ；对于抗石碴，推移质冲磨，其表面抗冲磨层厚度以０．５－０．６ｍ为宜，抗冲磨层材料强度在Ｃ５０左右。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。