清水冲刷宽级配河床粗化机理试验研究

本文在前人研究基础上,选用粒径为0.05～20.00mm的煤屑及天然沙,在长30m、宽0.5m、深0.6m的变坡水槽内,首先进行清水冲刷河床粗化试验方法研究,然后进行了二十九组试验, 在分析本试验及前大水槽试验、河流实测资料基础上,探讨了清水冲刷宽级配河床粗化机理(包括平整床面的粗化及沙波床面的粗化),得到了粗化过程中及粗化稳定后的阻力规律,     

挟沙水流床面冲刷深度试验研究

在清水冲刷粗化层极限冲刷深度研究的基础上,结合室内概化水槽试验,探讨了挟沙水流床面冲刷问题。不同来沙条件下床面冲刷深度水槽试验观测成果表明,随着上游单宽加沙率的增加,挟沙水流床面冲刷深度减小,挟沙水流相对冲刷深度与相对来沙条件呈线性变化趋势。参考爱因斯坦推移质输沙率公式,建立了一个能够综合反映来水来沙条件以及床面条件的床面冲刷深度计算公式。该公式计算值与试验实测值吻合良好。     

清水冲刷河床粗化研究

根据永定河的野外观測資料和室內試驗結果,对卵石夹沙河床經清水冲刷后所形成的抗冲粗化层的特性进行了探討,提出計算河床极限冲刷深度的公式,及粗化完成后的河床糙率系数与粗化顆粒下限粒径的关系式。沙貭河床受清水冲刷后将通过床沙与悬沙间的不等值交換发生粗化。冲刷段、冲淤平衡段及淤积段上都将发生粗化現象。但其粗化层不是稳定的,不能抗拒水流的推移,在一般情况下,以沙浪形式向下游运动。这一粗化层的出現加大了河床阻力,減小了水流輸沙能力,从而减緩含沙量沿程恢复速度,加长冲刷段及延长河床比降調整过程。     

非均匀沙床面粗糙度的分形特征

本文在分析非均匀沙床面颗粒随机分布特性的基础上，对床面颗粒暴露度函数关系进行了分析，通过简化颗粒的排列方式，利用分形理论研究了初始及粗化床面糙度的分形特征，结合实验资料讨论了床面糙率n与糙度分维数D的关系，并与床面糙率n和代表粒径(d50、d90)的关系进行了比较，初步认为对于初始床面分维数与床面糙率具有更好的相关关系，而粗化床面两者代表性基本一致，为更好地研究床面糙率、泥沙起动及其输沙过程提出了一种新的研究方法。     

堰塞坝泄流冲刷平衡形态的影响因素研究

根据模型试验观测可知,堰塞坝泄流过程大致可分为溯源冲刷、下切展宽、粗化稳定三个阶段,冲刷稳定后床面形态可分为头部粗化区、细沙落淤区、粗化床面区、推进细沙区、原河道区.分析不同入库流量、坝体级配、坝后坡度对堰塞坝泄流冲刷平衡形态的影响,结果表明:入库流量对堰塞坝泄流冲刷平衡形态影响不大,而坝体级配、坝后坡度对堰塞坝泄流冲刷平衡形态有较大影响.     

三峡水库运行初期坝下近坝段河道冲刷对河床糙率影响分析

三峡工程蓄水运行后,坝下河段出现较为剧烈的冲刷,但宜昌枯水位并未出现预期的大幅度下降.研究表明,宜昌枯水位稳定的主要原因之一是河床糙率增大.根据实测水文河道资料,分析了三峡水库运行初期坝下近坝段河道冲刷对河床糙率的影响,并进一步估算了河床糙率变化对宜昌枯水位的影响程度,认为河床粗化对宜昌枯水位下降有明显的补偿作用.     

床面粗化层粒径级配的研究

本文研究了清水冲刷条件下宽级配非均匀床沙粗化的规律性。研究中不仅考虑了水流的紊动性和泥沙非均匀性对其起动规律的影响,而且还考虑了不同粒径泥沙起动引起水流相对脉动强度的变化。通过试验,分别就单峰型和双峰型初始床沙级配,给出了粗化后床面层粒径组成的计算方法,并与已有的试验资料和计算结果进行了比较。     

丹江口水库库尾推移质运动及冲淤变化研究

丹江口水库汉江库尾处于推移质强输移河段,推移质受水库回水的影响,平均运动速度沿程减小、分维特性沿程减弱;受坝前回水、上游来水来沙和库区边界条件等因素的综合影响,形成了4个不同的淤积分布段.充水冲刷与消落冲刷是推移质经过歇息后的再次运动和淤积分布的再分配过程,冲刷的结果使上游的推移质向下游输移和河槽发生粗化;库尾推移质淤积所引起的库容损失和沿程水位抬升应引起注意.     

沙质河床清水冲刷粗化的研究

研究了沙质河床清水冲刷粗化机理，即它不是靠推移质冲刷，而主要是靠悬移质冲刷，在粗化过程中产生沙波，形成与水和条件相适应的稳定的沙波运动，建立新的平衡。据此，提出了河质河床粗化物理模式和计算方法。     

涉河工程影响下长江中游河道演变及水力特性变化研究

三峡工程运行后，长江中下游河道发生了长距离、长历时的冲刷，河道水位及形态出现显著调整，对长江中游河床的影响最为明显。以三峡大坝下游宜昌至螺山站河段为研究区域，探究了长江中游河床冲淤、深泓变化、横向调整、床面糙率变化以及岸滩植被生长等在三峡水库运行前后的变化规律，并分析其与同流量下洪、中、枯水位变化之间的联系。结果表明：三峡水库蓄水后，河床横向形态变化有助于岸线的展宽；2001～2009年间河床糙率显著增加，并自2009年以来河段粗化作用基本完成；而河段沿程深泓变化则与相应的中、枯水位的变化规律一致。该研究成果可为长江中游河道治理、防洪规划及蓄滞洪区的利用等提供理论参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．