倒虹吸工程河段洪水与河床变形的数值模拟

本文利用平面二维水沙数学模型，采用水边界全区自动跟踪方法并考虑了河床局部冲刷与河道演变分析成果，对渠河交叉工程河段进行了洪水与河床变形的数值模拟。     

南宁过江隧道河段极限冲刷深度预测

对邕江南宁段过江隧道工程附近水文特征及近期河道演变特点进行了分析。同时,利用河工模型试验预测了不利水文条件下隧址河段河床的最大冲深。成果表明,在不利水文条件下,邕江大桥附近特别是左岸受弯道水流影响,河床冲刷较为明显;在上游水库运行及人工采砂影响下,工程河段局部冲刷更为明显,邕江大桥附近洪水后河床最低点高程约为44．75m,预测的最大冲刷深度可为过江隧道的合理埋设提供科学依据。     

高含沙洪水冲刷规律的探讨

本文就低含沙洪水与高含沙洪水对河床的冲淤模式进行了描述，在对洪水冲刷河床的力学机理进行分析的基础上，初步建立了来水来沙与河床基本相互适应的条件下洪水冲刷深度与来水来沙的关系，并用黄河干支流资料进行了讨论与验证。该公式考虑因素简单，计算方便同时适用于低含沙与高含沙供水，可以用来估算洪水黄河干支流河床的冲刷情况。     

汕头苏埃通道工程河床极限冲刷物理模型试验研究

通过建立物理模型,分析规划航道开挖前后工程附近区域水流流态与流速的变化情况,并选择最不利的水文组合对规划航道疏浚后的工程附近河床进行极限冲刷试验。结果表明:航道按规划疏浚以后,水流流态变化不大,100年一遇洪水下工程线位河床最大冲深约为4.36 m,300年一遇洪水下工程线位河床最大冲深约为6.74 m。工程设计应以规划航道标高为基础,综合考虑物理模型试验结果及防冲刷措施,确定工程的设计埋深。     

新建铁路桥对跨越河道的冲刷影响研究

文章采用非粘性土河床冲刷公式计算,对敖海营子中桥新建工程桥下一般冲刷及桥墩局部冲刷特征进行了计算分析。成果表明,现状两岸滩地平坦开阔,20年一遇洪水冲刷对两岸农田无影响;100年一遇洪水冲刷时,新建铁路桥一般冲刷加局部冲刷为6.3 m,远小于桥墩基础埋深30~32 m,桥墩基础设计满足防冲要求。     

鄂北地区水资源配置工程夹河套段倒虹吸防护研究

针对鄂北地区水资源配置工程的唐白河夹河套段倒虹吸工程防护问题,建立了唐河、白河一维及夹河套区域二维水动力学耦合模型,综合考虑溃堤和漫堤等多种极端不利因素,计算分析了不同设计洪水标准下唐河和白河堤防溃决、漫溢等条件下的洪水影响范围及程度。选择最不利方案进行了无防护和有防护等不同情况下的物理模型冲刷试验,研究溃漫堤洪水对工程线路的冲刷影响。数学模型计算成果表明:溃堤洪水大流速主要分布在溃口附近区域,溃口位于工程线路附近时对工程的冲刷影响较严重。综合数学模型计算和物理模型试验结果,根据格栅石笼的冲刷变形程度及范围、冲刷坑范围及抗冲流速影响范围,确定了工程沿线不同的防护等级与范围,为夹河套倒虹吸工程防护方案设计提供支撑和依据。     

南渡江过江隧道河段极限冲刷深度预测

南渡江是我国唯一的一条大型热带河流，其水文等自然条件与我国其他大型河流存在较大差异，河口更是经常受到风暴潮的影响。结合对南渡江海口段过江隧道工程附近水文特征及近期河道演变特点进行分析，利用河工模型试验手段，预测不利水文条件下隧址河段河床的最大冲刷深度。成果表明，工程段河床冲刷主要发生在现状主槽内及司马坡岛的两岸附近，河道等高线总体趋势表现为向两侧推进，主槽宽度加大；受司马坡岛分流、堤防硬边界以及紊乱水流的综合影响，断面最大冲刷深度向下游有增大趋势。预测的极限冲刷深度可为过江隧道的科学埋设提供依据。     

杭州市高新区自来水厂取水口附近河床冲刷研究

取水口附近河床冲刷深度主要包括水流引起的自然冲刷、因过水断面缩窄产生的一般冲刷以及桩基阻水形成的马蹄形漩流引起的局部冲刷三部分.杭州市高新区自来水厂位于钱塘江闻家堰河段,由于其结构复杂,难以用公式计算,因此采用实测地形资料分析了工程附近河床的自然冲刷,由水槽模型试验探讨水流作用下取水口附近的一般冲刷和局部冲刷,为工程建设、运行的安全性及经济性提供了技术支撑.     

南水北调中线总干渠穿河倒虹吸河工模拟及优化设计

南水北调中线工程总干渠河北省段与多条河流相交叉.其中与滹沱河、唐河、沙河(北)相交叉的倒虹吸工程均为总干渠重要的穿河建筑物.由于在修建倒虹吸工程后,河道水流受工程影响将发生较大改变,其上下游及倒虹吸附近河床将相应地进行调整.通过这3个倒虹吸工程的模型试验及综合分析,着重研究了倒虹吸口门位置、宽度、壅水高度、两岸连接型式及河道下游冲刷等主要问题.     

南水北调倒虹吸工程裹头附近河床变形研究

对白马河倒虹吸工程河段河床演变分析知,人类活动对近期该河段有重要影响。通过动床模型试验得到了倒虹吸工程轴线附近以及两岸裹头的河床冲刷深度,表明倒虹吸埋置深度是安全可靠的。试验数据分析表明裹头工程根部设置铅丝石笼防护带,对保护工程、减轻边岸冲刷非常重要。借助理论与实测资料分析,对裹头附近局部冲刷发展规律进行了研究,提出了裹头附近局部冲刷发展模式,推求了局部冲刷深度随流量变化的模拟方程。     

数字水系分级对流溪河模型中小河流洪水预报的影响

为了探讨流溪河模型在中小河流洪水预报中的适用性,以及基于DEM的数字水系提取和分级对流域洪水预报的影响,构建了江西省龙华江流域洪水预报流溪河模型,采用PSO算法优选模型参数,最后验证模型并讨论了数字水系分级对流域洪水预报的影响。结果表明:随着数字水系分级变多,流域洪水峰值增大、峰现时间提前、径流系数越大、模拟过程越接近实测值;采用流溪河模型进行中小河流洪水预报时,不能采用1级数字水系构建模型,适宜采用3级水系构建模型;流溪河模型采用PSO算法的自动优选模型参数,实际应用中只需要一场具有代表性的实测洪水过程就可以优选模型参数,有效提高了模型的性能;基于3级水系构建龙华江流域洪水预报流溪河模型,采用PSO算法优选模型参数,对50场洪水过程的模拟结果与实测值吻合很好,模型可用于龙华江流域实时洪水预报。     

坝体溃决过程与溃坝洪水演进耦合数值模拟

研究坝体的溃决过程与溃坝洪水演进对于处置由溃坝引起的洪水灾害、提升水利安全具有重要的意义。鉴于目前大多模型均将坝体溃决过程与溃坝洪水演进分别进行模拟,不能反映土体与水流相互耦合的特点,模拟结果精度有限。基于对土体有限抗冲能力的考虑,选取双曲线型冲蚀速率表达式描述坝体冲蚀、采用简化Bishop法搜索临界滑裂面描述溃口边坡坍塌和具有总变差不增特性的MacCormack有限体积法离散控制方程,建立了坝体溃决过程与溃坝洪水演进耦合的平面二维数值模型。实际算例表明模型合理地模拟了溃口的发展过程与洪水演进过程,在溃口急缓流转换区展现了较强稳定性,守恒性良好,可作为溃坝洪水风险评估与洪灾预报的有力工具。     

Induced climate change on surface runoff in Kelantan Malaysia

There is ample evidence indicating that the climate is changing and the average world temperature is rising. Peninsula Malaysia which is 90% surrounded by sea is likely to be affected by such changes. This paper discusses possible changes that could occur in Kelantan, Malaysia based on expected global climatic change. A computer model was used to predict possible change in the flow of Kelantan River, one of three major rivers in Peninsula Malaysia. The model simulates the flow for the ‘flood years’ of 1972–74 by using daily maximum flows and also by varying the rainfall. It was found that a 15% increase in rainfall increases the flood peak from an equivalent of a 28‐year flood to that of a 35‐year flood. The model also simulates the flow with a 10% increase of evaporation for 1979. The increase in evaporation (10%) which is related to global increase in temperature is not sensitive enough to affect the river flow.     

蓄滞洪区洪水演进模拟

系统地研究了描述洪水在蓄滞洪区内演进过程的一不恒定流模型和二维流模型，突出对河流与沿河堤外洼地间水流交换的描述和对淹没区各蓄水单元间水流交换的描述及河流与调蓄区水流连接的描述，最后简要介绍了实例。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LEVEE BREACH FLOWS UNDER COMPLEX BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Levee or dam failure can cause a significant disaster in most cases. A good prediction of the flood process especially in a real complex terrain is necessary for working out emergency plans for levee or dam breaches. Numerical simulations of levee or dam breach flow were carried out often with constant flow parameters and in relatively simple channels rather than in natural rivers with complex boundaries. This article presents our dedicated studies on the 2-D numerical model of levee or dam breach hydraulics with finite difference schemes. The good performance of the model is demonstrated by comparisons with the theoretical solution of an idealized dam-break flow over a frictionless flat rectangular channel. The model is also validated through its stability and conservation properties. The model is applied to simulate the flood propagation under complex boundary conditions, and the unsteady flood process in a river and in the dry floodplain with a complex bed terrain simultaneously. Furthermore, with respect to engineering practice, the numerical solutions can give special guidance to the effects of parameters such as the flood depth at different sites and the inundated area at different time periods after the levee breach and the travel time of the flood waves, which may be very important for practicing engineers in an efficient flood management.     

Large-scale 3D numerical modelling of flood propagation and sediment transport and operational strategy in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Sediment deposition carried by flood flow is the main cause of reservoir sedimentation. This can be reduced by an appropriate operational strategy of flood flow and sediment in the reservoir. High-precision and large-scale hydrodynamic models to predict flood propagation and sediment transport in reservoirs are extremely important for an efficient flood forecasting and real-time joint regulation of water and sediment in reservoirs. In the present study, the three-dimensional (3D) numerical semi-implicit cross-scale hydroscience integrated system model (SCHISM) was adopted to model the flood propagation and sediment transport in the approximately 280-km-long reach in the Three Gorges Reservoir. This model is mainly focused on analysing the asynchronous movement characteristics of flood propagation and sediment transport and the operational strategy of sediment peak regulation. The flood event in July 2013 was reproduced by the numerical model, which was validated by a comparison with the measured data. The results indicated that the numerical model has the ability to accurately simulate the flood propagation and sediment transport processes. The time that the sediment peak lags behind the flow discharge peak increases as the flood waves propagate downstream, reaching 8.1 days at the dam site. During the rising period of the flood, the discharged flow is lowered to reduce the flood peak, and when the sediment peak reaches the dam, the discharged flow is increased to release high concentration sediment during the flood recession period so as to reduce sedimentation in the reservoir. The model results agreed well with the measured results. The 3D numerical model can be used for the real-time prediction of the arrival time of the flow discharge and sediment peaks for the joint regulation of water and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

多源洪水耦合模型在防洪保护区洪水分析中的应用

针对防洪保护区单一洪水风险分析的不足,以一、二维非恒定流基本控制方程为理论基础,采用有限体积法对网格进行离散求解,建立溃堤洪水和暴雨多源洪水耦合的数学模型。在一、二维模型的链接处选用堰流公式实现河槽与保护区水流的实时交互,借助干湿水深理论对模型进行优化,利用遥感影像解译处理保护区内复杂地形条件下糙率对洪水演进的影响,概化处理区域内道路和过水涵洞对洪水的阻水或导水作用,并利用历史实测洪水资料进行模型验证。将验证后的模型应用于淮河干流凤台段防洪保护区多源洪水运动耦合模拟,分析了单一洪水与多源洪水对防洪保护区的损失比较结果,说明该区域受暴雨内涝影响较为严重。     

Flash flood hazard mapping: A pilot case study in Xiapu River Basin,China

Flash flood hazard mapping is a supporting component of non-structural measures for flash flood prevention. Pilot case studies are necessary to develop more practicable methods for the technical support systems of flash flood hazard mapping. In this study, the headwater catchment of the Xiapu River Basin in central China was selected as a pilot study area for flash flood hazard mapping. A conceptual distributed hydrological model was developed for flood calculation based on the framework of the Xinanjiang model, which is widely used in humid and semi-humid regions in China. The developed model employs the geomorphological unit hydrograph method, which is extremely valuable when simulating the overland flow process in ungauged catchments, as compared with the original Xinanjiang model. The model was tested in the pilot study area, and the results agree with the measured data on the whole. After calibration and validation, the model is shown to be a useful tool for flash flood calculation. A practicable method for flash flood hazard mapping using the calculated peak discharge and digital elevation model data was presented, and three levels of flood hazards were classified. The resulting flash flood hazard maps indicate that the method successfully predicts the spatial distribution of flash flood hazards, and it can meet the current requirements in China.     

河道洪水流量预测方法研究

及时准确地预报某区域内河道指定区段洪水流量及发生时间,对合理实施该区域的防洪预案、落实抗洪抢险措施、组织调度人员及防汛物资具有重要意义。目前河道洪水预报普遍采用马斯京根流量演算法及加里宁—米尔加科夫洪水演进法,两种方法的参数率定存在局限性,对应支流的河道分段处理也存在问题。本文依据最小二乘法,建立含有预测河段上游干流、支流水文站（或水位站）流量或水位预测模型,该模型不受其他水文参数的率定精度影响,直接利用以往洪水及当次洪水上游、下游站的观测资料建立回归预测模型,并通过递推方式完成当次洪水预测,表达形式简单直观、便于实际应用。利用该模型完成了嫩江干流齐齐哈尔水文站2013年洪水流量预测,经与实测成果比较,洪峰流量最大拟合误差小于5.2%,具有较好的计算精度。     

基于Google Earth的分蓄洪区水沙模拟与演示系统研究

基于Google Earth软件平台,建立了分蓄洪区平面二维水沙演进模拟系统。系统采用数字高程模型(DEM)地形数据插值技术,能快速、简单地完成模型的数据处理;模型采用非结构网格的有限体积算法,能进行快速计算并保持水量和动量的守恒;后处理基于Google Earth软件平台,能实现计算成果在三维虚拟场景中的动态演示。模型系统在荆江分洪区得到成功运用,能适应紧急情况下的快速计算,可为分蓄洪区防洪决策与抢险提供参考。