琴键堰增设护墙对泄流能力影响的模型试验研究

为探究在堰顶增设护墙以及护墙高度对琴键堰泄流能力的影响,通过模型试验对比分析了8种不同高度护墙琴键堰的泄流能力,并通过数值模拟对5种不同高度护墙琴键堰各溢流前缘的泄流量、水面形态以及流速分布等特征进行了分析。结果表明:相较于基础体型,增设护墙提高了进口和出口宫室的泄流效率和泄流量占比,提高了侧堰泄流量,减少了侧堰溢流碰撞,提高了水流下泄流速,从而提升了琴键堰的泄流能力;增设护墙高度为堰高的13%时,泄流能力提升最大,当相对水头 H/P<0.20、0.20相似文献   

琴键堰泄流能力影响因素与计算分析研究

近年来特大洪水和超标准洪水频繁发生,已建水利工程泄流能力不足问题日益突出。琴键堰在适当低水头条件下具有高效泄流效率。归纳了琴键堰主要结构参数对其泄流能力的影响及最佳取值,总结了琴键堰流态对泄流能力的影响,分析了琴键堰发生低水头行为的条件参数。通过对比现有琴键堰泄流能力估算公式,并结合国内外已有试验数据,采用遗传算法拟合推导了基于溢流堰轴线长度L、堰宽W、堰长B、堰高P、进出水宫室宽度比W_i/W_o及上下游倒悬长度比B_o/B_i流量系数计算式,整体误差小于6%。该式计算简单,适用于琴键堰整体泄流能力估算,可根据实际需求选取合适的估算公式。琴键堰主要结构参数的最佳取值及泄流能力的计算方法可为超标准洪水条件下泄流建筑物设计或改建提供估算依据。     

不同上下游倒悬比琴键堰泄流特性试验研究

琴键堰是一种新型的迷宫堰,具有超强的泄流能力,受地形限制影响小等特点,被认为是目前解决水库泄流能力不足的有效方案之一。为了弄清楚琴键堰关键体型参数之一——上下游倒悬比(B_o/B_i)对其泄流能力的影响规律,在长16 m、宽0.5 m、深0.75 m的矩形钢化玻璃水槽中建立了三种不同上下游倒悬比的琴键堰模型并分别进行了19种不同流量工况下的过流试验,得到了对应工况时水面线的高清实拍照片和琴键堰的上下游水位等信息。结果表明:不同上下游倒悬比的琴键堰模型上的自由表面均呈现有随流量增大而由水平到弯曲再到大斜率倾斜的变化过程。对于B_o/B_i大于1的琴键堰模型,B_o/B_i越大,琴键堰的超泄比越大且泄流能力也越强。当B_o/B_i为2.5时,其泄流量最大比B_o/B_i=1时提高约16%。另外,通过量纲分析的方法,进一步拟合了含多参数、高精度的琴键堰泄流系数公式。     

某水电站琴键堰体型优化试验研究

琴键堰是一种新型的高效溢流堰,以曲折的堰顶结构来增加溢流前缘总长度,使得其泄流能力远超直线堰。针对某拟建水电站琴键堰泄流能力不足的问题,提出了增加展宽比(L/W)、增加堰高(P)和增加堰高且减少单元数(n)的优化方案,并通过物理模型试验进行验证,得到了满足设计要求的推荐方案。此外,本研究还探讨了水工模型类别(整体及断面模型)和比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响。通过对比分析优化方案可知：方案M1(展宽比L/W由7.75增至8.88)中,琴键堰泄流能力得到了一定程度的提高,但泄流能力仍不满足设计要求;方案M2(堰高由4.50 m增至6.50 m)和M3(堰高由4.50 m增至6.90 m,单元数由17.5个减至8.5个)中,琴键堰泄流能力显著增加,该两种方案皆可满足设计要求。试验结果表明：与琴键堰整体模型相比,其断面模型测得的泄流能力偏大约6%;对于琴键堰,当模型堰上水头大于2.50 cm时,比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响可以忽略。     

堰高对低堰泄流能力影响的分析

在洞庭湖平原众多水利工程中，溢流坝广泛采用了低堰作为泄流建筑物，结合湖南几个低水头工程的模型试验资料和实际运行资料，初步探讨了上游堰高对低堰泄流能力的影响，结果表明，当上游相对堰高小于0．4时，上游堰高的变化对低堰流量系数的影响较大，从提高泄流能力的角度出发，在外部条件允许的情况下，低堰上游堰高应尽可能不小于设计水头的0．4倍。     

琴键堰水力特性数值模拟

为了探究琴键堰水力特性,采用VOF模型模拟了琴键堰运行时的三维流场,采用Lempérière的试验结果验证了VOF模型数值模拟方法的可靠性。通过不同几何结构的琴键堰进行的正交数值试验,确定了影响琴键堰泄流效率的主要几何参数;并针对这些几何参数,进行了数值仿真计算和理论分析,推导了琴键堰的新流量计算公式,经验证,该公式最大相对误差为6.7%,平均相对误差为3.7%。研究成果可为琴键堰的设计和工程应用提供可靠理论依据。     

堰塞坝溃坝数学模型研究与应用

针对堰塞坝坝体土石料的宽级配特性,引入与水流方向垂直的附加作用力来考虑粗颗粒对细颗粒的阻拦、遮蔽作用以及细颗粒对粗颗粒的包围、填实作用,提出了一个可模拟堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程溃口发展规律与流量过程的数值模型和相应的计算方法,利用该模型对唐家山堰塞坝泄流过程进行了模拟,得出的泄流槽发展规律与洪水流量过程与实测资料接近,验证了该模型和计算方法的合理性。进一步,利用笔者建议的数学模型及数值计算方法,比较分析了唐家山堰塞坝除险过程中泄流槽断面型式对堰塞坝泄流过程的影响,发现堰塞湖在采用泄流槽引流除险时,泄流槽深度与断面型式对其泄流过程具有重要影响,增加泄流槽深度,可明显提高泄流效率,但堰塞湖下游将承受更大的风险。对于同样深度的梯形泄流槽,如果将槽底部断面减小,形成复合梯形泄流槽,不仅可减少开挖工作量,而且没有明显降低泄流效率,同时后者的泄流过程更为平缓,最大洪峰流量减小,出现的时间滞后,堰塞湖下游承受的风险也将降低。     

侧壁角对梯形琴键堰泄流能力的影响

梯形琴键堰(T.P.K堰)是琴键堰(P.K堰)的进一步发展,具有泄流能力强、受地形限制影响小等优点。为了研究不同侧壁角对T.P.K堰泄流能力的影响,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型VOF法追踪自由表面,对5种不同侧壁角的堰型进行三维数值模拟。结果表明:α＜0°对T.P.K堰的泄流能力产生不利影响;随着侧壁角的增大,泄流能力得到了提升,当α=9°时,泄流量不再提高。利用数值模拟的优点,分别对T.P.K堰不同溢流前缘的泄流能力进行研究,并且揭示了侧壁角对泄流能力的内在影响机理。     

琴键堰过流水力特性数值模拟

琴键堰是一种新型的迷宫堰结构形式,其特点是相同堰宽、水头条件下泄流能力提升显著,采用RNG k-ε型湍流数学模型,VOF法处理自由水面,建立三维数学模型。通过对不同工况琴键堰体型的模拟计算,获得三维流场水流流态、流速等信息。结果表明:(1)采用Fluent软件对琴键堰进行数值模拟的适用性强,并验证了琴键堰的泄流效果显著;(2)琴键堰的三维流场流态复杂,具有三元水流的性质,堰上水头的变化影响琴键堰的泄流能力;(3)上、下游处水流呈明渠流状态,速度最小,为0.2m/s,流经堰体时形成水舌,流速增大,水舌与堰壁间空腔处有通气孔掺气,形成漩涡区,气体流速2m/s,水舌入水后有水气混掺。利用数值模拟技术,使获得的流场信息更加详尽,为进一步研究琴键堰流场特性奠定基础。     

琴键堰泄流能力特性分析

琴键堰(P.K堰)是目前水库大坝溢洪道升级改造新技术中出现的堰型,它能有效解决现有水库极端致灾因子条件下泄流能力急剧增加的问题。设计P.K堰首先要研究其泄流能力特性,它直接关系到PMF条件下最大水库水位或库容的确定。本文首先对最近两年发表的P.K堰泄流能力公式进行了对比,然后结合已有试验数据,通过量纲分析和多参数优化,给出了推荐公式,并利用该公式对P.K堰的泄流特性和超泄能力进行了研究。结果表明,当上游水头较小,一般H/P0.2时,P.K堰流量系数较大,超泄比系数大于3,泄流量增量比较明显,随着上游水头的增大,堰的总宽度对泄量起主要作用,其泄量增大的优势也越来越弱,实用范围内的超泄比在1.2~3.5之间。本文给出公式的预测值跟已发表的试验值符合良好,平均误差在5%~8%,比Machiels公式误差更小,该公式可供P.K堰泄流能力评估和优化设计时参考。     

Study of Flow Over Side Weirs Under Supercritical Conditions

The present study focuses on the application of momentum principle to the analysis of spatially varied flow under supercritical conditions. Experimental studies were conducted on rectangular side weirs of different lengths and sill heights fitted in the test section of a rectangular aluminium channel that was built in a tilting flume. Measurements of discharges in the main channel and through the side weir were done separately. A pitot tube with direction finder was used to determine the velocities and angle of spill flow with the side weir. Depths of flow were measured both in longitudinal and transverse directions at regular intervals and their profiles were studied. Experiments were conducted with different test plates and flow conditions in the main channel. Coefficients of discharge were computed using momentum principle for different Froude numbers (between 1.5 and 3). The variation of discharge coefficient of the side weir as a function of Froude number was found to exhibit a non-linear relationship. Discharges over side weirs were computed using the computed coefficients of discharge for different Froude numbers and it was verified with the observed discharges. Coefficients of discharge were also computed using energy principle for different Froude numbers. Chi-square test was done between observed discharges over side weirs and discharges computed using momentum and energy principles, it was found that momentum principle is fitting better. Variation of the ratios of longitudinal components of velocity vector of spill flow to the mean velocity of the main channel flow at upstream end of the side weir with Froude number was found to exhibit a non-linear relationship. Variation of the discharge ratios of spill flow and main channel discharges with Froude number was also studied.     

To swim or to jump? Passage behaviour of a potamodromous cyprinid over an experimental broad‐crested weir

Physical stressors, such as man‐made obstacles, are considered one of the main causes that negatively affect freshwater fish. Even small weirs may impact fish populations, including potamodromous cyprinids, by partially or totally blocking upstream migratory movements. Some studies have addressed the effect of key hydraulic parameters on upstream movements past small weirs, but little is known on how these parameters interact to induce swimming or jumping behaviour in negotiating such obstacles. This study aims to evaluate the passage behaviour (swimming vs. jumping) of Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei), a potamodromous species, over an experimental small broad‐crested weir, considering the effect of different plunge pool depths (D), waterfall heights (H), and weir discharges (Q). Results revealed that passage behaviour was highly dependent on combinations of plunge pool depths and waterfall heights. Barbel navigated most configurations by swimming (overall outcomes: 81.5% swimming vs. 18.5% jumping), except the ones with the higher waterfall heights (25 cm) tested. Therefore, higher waterfalls proved to be preponderant in the switching of passage behaviour from swimming to jumping. Regarding the discharge over the 1‐m‐wide weir (overall outcomes: 85% swimming vs. 15% jumping), contrary to what was expected, there was no evidence that passage behaviour was discharge‐related, for the range of discharges tested (25–100 L/s). These results are useful to identify potential migration obstacles and should be taken into consideration in river restoration projects and when designing fishways for potamodromous cyprinids.     

改进型深筒式消力井过流能力的水力计算

为研究改进型深筒式消力井的过流能力,通过理论分析得到了影响改进型深筒式消力井流量系数的主要因素:多喷孔出水口的孔数、相对孔径比、距径比以及溢流堰相对高度。运用模型试验的方法探讨了各因素与流量之间的定量关系,通过测量试验相关数据,建立了改进型深筒式消力井流量系数和流量的计算公式,将不同相对开孔面积和不同相对溢流堰高度的流量系数实测值与计算值进行对比,结果表明二者吻合情况较好。因此,建立的改进型深筒式消力井的流量系数计算公式可以用来计算消力井工程的过流能力,能为改进型深筒式消力井开孔面积及溢流堰高度的设计提供依据。     

低堰体型与泄流能力关系的初步研究

低堰广泛应用于平原闸坝枢纽,其泄流能力直接决定了低水头枢纽工程的建筑物布置形式和工程效益的大小 , 而实际工程中,影响低堰泄流能力的因素很多。通过对多种数据的整理、分析,从各种不同堰型、上下游堰高、上下游堰面坡度等方面,对低堰体型与泄流能力的关系进行了研究,并结合工程实例提出了实际工程运用过程中,不同条件下低堰选型和设计应注意的有关问题。     

无坎宽顶堰水噪声产生机理物理模型试验研究

为降低城市水利景观设施给人们生活带来的水噪声影响,利用物理模型试实验,研究了无坎宽顶堰在不同上游流量、不同下游水深、不同堰高的条件下水噪声的产生机理。对下泄水流产生的水噪声及堰趾产生的水压力进行测量,分析了水噪声和水压力的产生规律及二者之间的关系。结果表明：噪声值与压力值均会随上游流量和堰高的增加而增加,随下游水深的增加而减少。通过对试验数据进行分析,推测城市水利景观设施的水噪声主要是由两部分组成：一部分为下泄水流对堰趾冲击作用产生的水噪声;另一部分为水流自身紊动产生的水噪声。今后将分别对冲击水噪声及紊动水噪声展开研究,找出针对无坎宽顶堰的水噪声主动降噪措施。     

Z形薄壁堰过流能力试验

鉴于Z形堰的水流特性及过流能力尚未见到相关报道,为研究Z形堰的过流能力,采用概化水工模型,进行了6个堰型方案、12组流量的水工模型试验。结果表明,Z形堰的过流能力大于直线堰,且Z形堰的展宽比越大,流量扩大倍数越大;Z形堰的流量计算可采用通用的堰流公式,其综合流量系数与堰上水深、堰高、展长、前堰宽、后堰宽等因素有关,展宽比、前后堰宽比越大,流量系数越大;堰上水深与堰高之比越大,流量系数越小。利用试验数据给出了考虑堰上水深与堰高之比、展宽比、前后堰宽比等因素的Z形堰流量系数估算公式。     

低水头折线型实用堰泥沙淤积影响研究

采用物理模型试验和数学模型计算相结合的方法,研究了上游堰高对折线型实用堰堰面泥沙淤积的影响。结果表明:上游堰高为3 m时,由于上游堰高值较大,且堰顶高程未高于上游河床高程,堰面检修门槽处的底流速和紊动能较大,泥沙不易淤积停留,对检修闸门正常启闭的影响较小。试验结果对类似工程设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Experimental and Numerical Study of Discharge Capacity and Sediment Profile Upstream of Piano Key Weirs with Different Plan Geometries

Piano key weirs (PKWs) are an improved form of labyrinth weirs, which are becoming popular as a more hydraulically efficient and cost-effective type of weir over its counterparts for both spillway and river flow conditions. More than thirty PKWs are already in construction worldwide, with constructions in India at Swara Kuddu. More than twenty parameters influence the flow over a PKW, and as such, the flow hydraulics near PKW is complex. It is imperative to study the performance of different shapes of PKW to know which shape offers more hydraulically and cost-effective advantages over other shapes. The present study combines the experimental and numerical study of discharge capacity and sediment carrying capacity of the different plan geometries of PKW. The experimental study of the discharging capacity of PKW has been carried out at eighteen discharge points for three plan geometries of PKW. A numerical study using ANSYS FLUENT has also been carried out at five discharges and compared with the experimental results. Vertical velocity near a weir is an essential factor facilitating the uplift of sediment. Sediment profile in the channel has been studied at three discharges experimentally for two types of PKWs: RPKW and TPKW6, all for free-flow conditions. The numerical study has also been carried out at these experimental discharges for studying the vertical component of velocity (v) upstream of PKW. An attempt has been made to isolate critical areas where the sediments are being lifted by the turbulence mechanism, thus helping them pass over the weir. The study shows PKW with a rectangular plan (RPKW) to be more hydraulically efficient than TPKWs with six-degree and thirteen-degree lateral crest variations (TPKW6 & TPKW13). The study also shows RPKW to be more self-cleaning in nature than its trapezoidal counterpart (TPKW6). Numerical study shows a close resemblance to the experimental results with errors well within permissible limits implying its greater use in ascertaining complex flows around hydraulic structures.

     

墩头超长实用堰泄洪安全分析及模型试验验证——以缅甸DAPEIN(Ⅰ)水电站工程为例

以缅甸DAPEIN(Ⅰ)水电站工程为例,论述了将WES实用堰的闸墩墩头向上游超长延伸之后,对泄洪安全所造成的影响。针对WES实用堰流量系数、堰面动水压力容易受边界因子影响的特点,对设计断面的堰顶布置和墩头形状进行了优化。根据堰面空化数计算公式及水流特性推导出计算的关键部位,对空化数进行计算。采用几何比尺为1∶60的物理模型对溢流堰的泄流能力和堰面动水压力进行了试验测试。试验结果表明:溢流堰的模型试验泄流能力和设计泄流能力非常相近。堰面动水压力除工况2的B4测点出现了-1.2 k Pa的微小负压值外,其余堰面时均压强值均大于0。从而,在泄流能力和堰面动水压力两方面都验证了这种设计方案的合理性。该工程所遇到的结构布置问题在中低溢流坝工程中属常见问题,解决思路可为今后类似工程建设借鉴参考。