阶跃型位移特征滑坡的预测预报研究

针对以往滑坡预测预报模型对于阶跃型变形特征滑坡破坏时间预测精度较低的缺点,需建立以位移作为目标函数来反映滑坡位移变化规律的预测模型。基于时间序列分析方法将滑坡位移分解为趋势项位移和波动项位移,并采用移动平均法分离趋势项位移和波动项位移。然后分别采用多项式拟合和自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型对滑坡趋势项位移和波动项位移进行预测,最后叠加两个位移分量得到总位移预测值。将此方法应用于三峡库区某典型阶跃型变形特征滑坡,预测值曲线与总位移观测值曲线基本吻合,较好地反映了滑坡阶跃型的演化特征,表明该模型预测阶跃型变形特征滑坡位移精度较高。且该方法计算原理清晰明确,计算过程容易实现,具有较强的工程实用性。     

清江杨家槽滑坡监测及三维有限元分析

将滑坡体数值分析计算成果与滑坡监测数据结合起来对滑坡稳定性进行综合分析评价,是近年来的一大进步.利用概化设定的计算模型,使用非线性三维有限单元法,采用Marc软件并进行二次开发,计算出清江隔河岩水库杨家槽滑坡体的应力和位移值,并将计算的位移值与监测位移值进行比较,确认了所选用滑坡体计算模型的合理性.最后在此计算模型的基础上,综合考虑各种不利荷载情况,对杨家槽滑坡的整体稳定性作了分析评价.     

基于外因响应的滑坡位移预测模型研究

根据滑坡位移序列的单调性和非线性,将滑坡位移分为趋势项和偏离量,建立曲线回归-BP神经网络模型对滑坡位移进行动态预测。以三峡库区树坪滑坡为例,首先通过曲线回归提取滑坡位移趋势项;然后在选取滑坡位移动态变化影响因子的基础上,建立BP神经网络模型逼近位移偏离量;最后将趋势项和偏离量预测值叠加,得到滑坡位移预测值。结果表明,该模型可更好地反映影响因子动态变化对滑坡位移发展的关键作用,预测的平均相对误差为3.3%,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。     

穿越管道滑坡地表位移预警阈值及预警模型研究

为了解决管道穿越滑坡区地表位移预警阈值难以确定的问题，运用弹性地基梁模型和滑坡位移控制方法推导了滑坡区管道位移和应力力学模型，获取了管道能承受的最大位移；通过管道最大位移和地表位移的耦合关系，定量化确定了滑坡地表位移预警阈值计算方法；结合地下水预警阈值与管道应力阈值，构建了管道滑坡多因素耦合预警模型；并将其运用到贵州K0937+050管道滑坡灾害。结果表明：K0937+050滑坡灾害地表位移蓝、黄、红色预警阈值分别为15.00,232.74,508.32 mm,地下水各级阈值为0.63,1.73,2.28 m。现场监测数据显示，地表位移达到29.978 mm,触发蓝色预警，地下水位高度为1.80～2.10 m,达到黄色预警，综合预警级别达到关注级。根据地表位移动态预警、地下水预警与管道应力预警构建的管道滑坡灾害动态耦合预警模型，能在一定程度上为管道滑坡灾害提供合理的预警，保障管道安全运行，提高预警成功率。     

偏最小二乘回归在大坝安全监控中的作用

针对统计回归计算中出现的水压因子难以入选和入选以后计算结果不合理的困难，本文应用偏最小二乘回归建立坝顶水平位移的统计模型。计算结果表明，相对于逐步回归和多元回归，基于偏最小二乘法的回归模型，取得较合理的结果。     

基于GIS的管道工程滑坡危险性区划研究

根据逻辑回归模型和某油气管道工程沿线已发生滑坡的确定性系数CF,统计回归滑坡发生概率与其影响因子之间的函数关系。首先,根据影响因子子集中滑坡灾害面积和影响因子子集面积来计算滑坡发生的确定性系数CF;其次,将滑坡灾害是否发生作为因变量,影响因子子集中发生滑坡的确定性系数CF作为自变量,应用逻辑回归模型统计分析它们之间的函数关系;然后,利用GIS技术计算研究区内各独立属性单元发生滑坡的概率p,按概率p值范围,将研究区划分为5个危险性等级,并绘制滑坡危险性区划图;最后,用滑坡灾害的分布数据来检验滑坡危险性区划的效果。研究结果表明:基于逻辑回归模型和确定性系数CF的滑坡危险性区划方法是有效的,并适用于油气管道工程沿线滑坡的危险性区划工作。     

基于CEEMDAN-BA-SVR-Adaboost模型的白水河滑坡位移预测

为提高白水河滑坡位移预测精度,提出一种新的预测模型,即基于自适应噪声完全集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)-蝙蝠算法(BA)-支持向量回归机(SVR)-自适应提升算法(Adaboost)的模型。以该滑坡为研究对象,利用CEEMDAN将滑坡位移分解为趋势项以及由IMF分项构成的波动项。首先采用BP神经网络对趋势项位移进行预测,随后利用CEEMDAN-BA-SVR-Adaboost模型对波动项进行预测,并将预测结果与CEEMDAN-PSO-SVR-Adaboost、CEEMDAN-BA-BP-Adaboost、CEEMADAN-BA-SVR、BA-SVR-Adaboost模型预测结果进行对比分析,验证本模型在位移预测方面的优越性。此外,利用CEEMDAN-BA-SVR-Adaboost模型对ZG118波动项位移进行预测,同时计算ZG93监测点最终累计预测位移。结果表明,对白水河滑坡位移进行预测时,CEEMDAN-BA-SVR-Adaboost模型具有较高的准确性和适用性。     

基于主成分回归的大坝位移模型

位移监测是大坝安全运行过程中一项重要的工作。在建立大坝位移预报模型的过程中，常会出现影响因子之间存在严重相关性的情况，会影响模型系数的稳定性，采用主成分回归分析的方法可以很好地解决这个问题。在简述主成分回归分析原理的基础上，结合工程实测数据，建立了坝体位移量与相关因子的主成分回归模型和逐步回归模型，并对两者进行比较，取得了良好的效果。     

基于EMD-TAR组合模型的滑坡位移预测研究

针对非线性波动性发展的滑坡,为了提高其位移变化的预测精度,以经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition)方法对滑坡监测地表位移的时间序列进行处理,将不规律变化的位移序列转化为存在一定规律变化的模态分量,得到不同频率的位移分量,对每一分量单独预测,避免误差相互影响,通过预测所有分量的变化趋势来综合预测位移序列的变化趋势,利用改进门限自回归模型(Threshold Auto Regressive)对非稳态谐波描述性较好的优势预测滑坡位移分量,最后模态叠加得到最终预测位移,建立了基于经验模态分解和门限自回归模型的组合预测模型,结合白水河滑坡实例数据验证该模型的预测精度,通过与BP神经网络模型、长短时间记忆网络模型进行预测对比,提出的组合模型预测精度较高,为滑坡位移的预测提供了一种新的方法。     

偏最小二乘回归在大坝安全监控中的应用

针对统计回归计算中出现的水压因子难以入选和入选以后计算结果不合理的困难，本文应用偏最小二乘回归建立坝顶水平位移的统计模型。计算结果表明，相对于逐步回归和多元回归，基于偏最小二乘法的回归模型，取得较合理的结果。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。