铵氮对滨海含水介质胶体释放的影响

以天津滨海地区3种含水介质粉砂、细砂、粉土为研究对象,采用室内试验研究当有铵氮存在时,滨海含水介质胶体的释放浓度、粒径和Zeta电位的变化情况,探讨了铵氮对滨海地区含水介质胶体释放的影响。结果表明:存在一个临界铵氮浓度值,将3种含水介质释放胶体的浓度、粒径和Zeta电位变化分为"降低"和"平稳"两个阶段,而且3种含水介质的临界铵氮浓度值都为70 mg/L;当水溶液铵氮浓度小于临界浓度时,随铵氮浓度增大释放的胶体浓度、粒径和Zeta电位都呈减小趋势,大于临界浓度时,水溶液中铵氮浓度变化对含水介质胶体浓度、粒径和Zeta电位的影响很小;临界浓度的出现主要是由胶体体系中引力和斥力进入平衡状态时铵氮的浓度决定的;DLVO理论、双电层理论等很好地揭示了含水介质释放的胶体浓度、粒径和电位的变化规律。     

NaCl对细颗 粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降动力学模式的影响

细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降对泥沙输移、土壤渗透性以及污染物迁移有重要作用. 在泥沙初始浓度为5g/L、10g/L、20g/L时, 作者用吸管法研究了不同浓度NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降的影响, 认为细颗粒泥沙相对浓度随时间的变化符合双曲线型动力学模式, 泥沙絮凝沉降越快, 研究发现泥沙中值沉速(中值粒径)随泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度的增大而增大, 但泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度较高时渐超缓慢; 细颗粒泥沙絮凝度与分散粒径呈幂函数关系, 细颗粒泥沙絮凝临界粒径为0.0245mm.     

NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降动力学模式的影响

细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降对泥沙输移、土壤渗透性以及污染物迁移有重要作用。在泥沙初始浓度为5g/L、10g/L、20g/L时，作者用吸管法研究了不同浓度NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降的影响，认为细颗粒泥沙相对浓度随时间的变化符合双曲线型动力学模式，泥沙絮凝沉降越快，研究发现泥沙中值沉速（中值粒径）随泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度的增大而增大，但泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度较高时渐趋缓慢；细颗粒泥沙絮凝度与分散粒径呈幂函数关系，细颗粒泥沙絮凝临界粒径为0．0245mm。     

盘龙江金鱼藻的氮耐受性研究

通过实验室模拟,在室温25℃下,设定0、0.5、2、5、10、15mg/L6个不同的氮浓度,测定不同氮浓度下金鱼藻的株高、鲜重、存活率、相对生长量,从而研究盘龙江金鱼藻氮的耐受性。结果表明,氮浓度在0.5—5mg/L下,金鱼藻可正常生长,氮浓度在0.5mg/L时金鱼藻的鲜重最大,长势最好。当氮浓度达到10mg/L时,金鱼藻的生长受到抑制,叶片变黄脱落,在氮浓度超过15mg/L时,金鱼藻的叶片腐烂且植株逐渐死亡。     

悬浮泥沙环境下微塑料颗粒的絮凝特征研究北大核心CSCD

微塑料颗粒与悬浮泥沙的絮凝特征研究,尤其在天然水体环境中生物膜附着的情况下,对于微塑料颗粒在紊动水体中与悬浮泥沙的沉积动力学过程具有科学意义。选用高岭土作为悬浮泥沙的代表,与聚乙烯微塑料颗粒在紊动剪切率可控的搅拌槽中进行絮凝试验,并采用非侵入式絮凝体观测系统进行观测,分析絮团在不同悬浮泥沙浓度及不同紊动剪切率条件下的絮凝特征。试验结果表明,随着紊动剪切率和悬浮泥沙浓度的增加,絮团的特征粒径总体呈现出先增大后减小的规律。利用Winterwerp模型对试验数据进行拟合,数值模拟结果较好地印证了试验的结果。     

水动力扰动对天然胶体在多孔介质中行为及效应的影响

研究天然胶体在多孔介质中迁移沉积及环境效应,对土壤及地下水污染防治措施的选择与实践具有重要意义。以天然胶体作为实验材料,结合土柱实验和水槽搅拌实验,研究三种强度的水动力扰动对天然胶体的迁移和沉积特性及铜行为的影响。结果表明:胶体浓度一定时(土柱63mg/L),水动力扰动越强(最大流速约330mL/h),天然胶体越易穿透,达到平衡的时间越短,且平衡浓度越高;水动力扰动作用下,天然胶体对铜在多孔介质中的迁移起促进作用,而铜的吸附降低了天然胶体的迁移性。     

电还原/原位絮凝耦合陶瓷膜去除地表水中Cr(Ⅵ)

针对地表水中Cr(Ⅵ)对水环境产生的威胁,采用电还原/原位絮凝耦合陶瓷膜超滤工艺去除地表水中的Cr(Ⅵ).考察了不同浓度的HA、高岭土以及CaO投加量对Cr(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响.结果表明:在电流密度为18 A·m-2,通电时长t=90 s同时快速搅拌(G=495 s-1),随后进行15 min慢速搅拌(G=32 s-1)絮凝的工艺条件下,电还原/原位絮凝耦合陶瓷膜超滤工艺可对2 mg/L及以下浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)实现100％去除.同时发现HA和颗粒物对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除有一定的促进作用.CaO的投加对中性含铬地表水的处理存在抑制作用.此外,场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和粒径测试结果表明电还原/原位絮凝作为膜前预处理手段可有效增大絮体尺寸(平均粒径98.97 μm),与陶瓷膜法进行耦合能充分截留絮体颗粒物,缓解膜污染的同时保证出水水质和产水性能.     

砂石骨料加工废水电絮凝处理实验研究

针对利用传统絮凝沉淀法处理水电工程砂石骨料加工废水效果不理想的问题,通过室内实验研究了电絮凝处理砂石骨料加工废水中高浓度悬浮物的性能,并优化了相关的工艺参数。结果表明,铝适合用作电絮凝阳极材料,最佳电流强度和电解时间分别为0.08 A和4 min,初始悬浮物浓度宜控制在50 000 mg/L以内。电絮凝前,自然沉降能够有效去除粒径在8 μm以上的悬浮颗粒和总体悬浮物负荷,最佳的自然沉降时间为2 h。通过比较絮凝前后及自然沉降后的悬浮物颗粒粒径分布,发现电絮凝对粒径1~2 μm的细颗粒去除性能优异。若采取沉淀+电絮凝的措施,对砂石骨料加工废水高浓度悬浮物的处理效果更佳。     

盐度对伊利石不等速沉降絮凝的影响

盐度是影响粘性泥沙絮凝沉降的重要因素之一。将胶体化学中的XDLVO理论引入颗粒沉降三维格子玻尔兹曼模型,模拟黏土矿物质絮凝沉降过程,研究伊利石在不同盐度条件下的不等速絮凝沉降过程。模拟结果表明,伊利石黏结概率随着盐度先增加后保持不变,最佳絮凝盐度在5左右;伊利石絮凝形成的絮团粒径呈现双峰分布,盐度对粒径分布有一定影响。盐水中双电层排斥力受到抑制,起主要作用的是范德华吸引力,使得伊利石颗粒更容易产生絮凝,三维数值模型从细观尺度揭示了盐度对伊利石不等速沉降絮凝的影响机理。     

江阴城区河道沉积物氮磷吸附(解吸)特征分析

以江阴城区河道沉积物为研究对象,选取6条河道,设置6个检测点,通过84组吸附(解吸)试验研究了沉积物的氮、磷吸附(解吸)等温线特征。结果表明:在试验浓度范围内,沉积物的氮、磷吸附(解吸)等温线呈显著相关;沉积物对氨氮的吸附(解吸)平衡浓度为1.58～3.33 mg/L,对磷的吸附(解吸)平衡浓度为0.02～0.58 mg/L;沉积物对氨氮的本底吸附量为48.784～75.684 mg/kg,对磷的本底吸附量为1.070 6～37.270 mg/kg;沉积物对氨氮的吸附效率为17.627～40.599 L/kg,对磷的吸附效率为54.048～95.559 L/kg。各河道沉积物对氮、磷的吸附能力均差别不大。     

Colloidal transport and agglomeration in column studies for advanced run-off filtration facilities--particle size and time resolved monitoring of effluents with flow-field-flow-fractionation.

The efficiency of road run-off filtration facilities based on ion-exchange materials is reduced by pollutants which are transported bound to particles. To quantify the factors governing particle transport phenomena, a simplified model consisting of quartz sand-filled columns representing the filter/soil was set up. Suspensions of artificial clays, cold water-extracted natural clays, and real run-off were used as model effluents. Five experiments were performed: breakthrough of a natural soil suspension, remobilization of a natural soil suspension after ionic strength-drop, the same two experiments with a suspension of the artificial clay mineral Laponite, and the remobilization of run-off accumulated on a column at high ionic strength with an ionic strength down-gradient. Short-interval effluent fractions were analysed by flow-field-flow-fractionation (F4) to obtain the size distributions of the colloids present. The size distributions of subsequent fractions were then plotted in a staggered arrangement to give three-dimensional graphs that are time- and particle size-resolved. With this method the subsequent release of different agglomerate sizes formed on the column could be shown for the artificial clay mineral, questioning its use as a model colloid. The combined particle size- and time-resolved plots proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring colloidal solids in column effluents.     

Flocculation morphology: effect of particulate shape and coagulant species on flocculation.

Flocculation morphology is a new concept that investigates the morphological characteristics of colloidal particles and coagulants in water during the flocculation process, and the influence that these characteristics have on flocculation process efficiency. This paper is a summary of advances in research on this topic over several years. Morphological characteristics of colloids in natural waters and different kinds of hydrolysed coagulants are investigated, and their effect on colloid stability, flocculation kinetics and efficiency is analysed. It is confirmed that the traditional theory has some deviations in coagulation of nonspherical particles, and these deviations are revised by the flocculation morphology model. Flocculation morphology can not only promote research about flocculation theory, but also instruct the production, application and flocculation control. It can be foreseen that more progress will be made in research and application of flocculation morphology in the near future.     

城市地表径流胶体对重金属下渗迁移行为的影响

为了解城市地表径流胶体对重金属在下渗设施中迁移行为的影响,提取道路雨水径流中的胶体,采用下渗柱试验研究了存在径流胶体时Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的下渗迁移出流质量浓度变化,分析进水流速、pH值、Na~+浓度、重金属离子共存和胶体粒径对胶体携带重金属迁移行为的影响。结果表明:径流胶体能够促进重金属离子的下渗迁移;进水流速越高,径流胶体对重金属离子的携带迁移作用越明显;弱酸性条件更有利于径流胶体对重金属离子的携带迁移;雨水径流中存在Na~+或多种重金属离子共存时,胶体携带重金属离子的下渗迁移过程会受到抑制,且离子浓度越大,其受抑制作用越明显;胶体粒径会显著影响径流胶体对重金属离子的携带迁移能力,胶体粒径越小,越容易携带重金属离子下渗迁移。     

Effects of leachate infiltration and desiccation cracks on hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay

Both cracks in clay liner and the complex composition of landfill leachate might have effects on the hydraulic conductivity of a compacted clay liner. In this study, the hydraulic conductivities of natural clay and bentonite-modified clay with and without desiccation cracks were measured, respectively, using three types of liquids as permeating liquid: 2 500 mg/L acetic acid solution, 0.5 mol/L Ca Cl2 solution, and tap water. When tap water was adopted as the permeating liquid, desiccation cracks resulted in increases in the average value of hydraulic conductivity: a 25-fold increase for the natural clay and a 5.7-fold increase for the bentonite-modified clay. It was also found out that the strong selfhealing capability of bentonite helped to reduce the adverse impact of cracks on hydraulic performance. In contrast to tap water, simulated leachates(acetic acid and Ca Cl2solutions) show no adverse effect on the hydraulic conductivities of natural and bentonite-modified clays. It is concluded that desiccation cracks and bentonite have more significant effects on hydraulic performance than simulated leachates.     

生物接触氧化流化床处理氨氮污水的实验研究

为了提高生物接触氧化流化床处理氨氮污水的脱氮效果,采用生物接触氧化流化床在自然温度下处理人工配制模拟生活污水实验的方法,研究了氨氮污水脱氮处理的可行性、方法与效果。实验结果表明:氨氮被氧化成硝酸可由两类独立的细菌分别催化完成;反应的适宜温度为20~35℃;亚硝酸菌的最适pH值为7~8.5之间,硝酸菌为6~7.5;亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌溶解氧质量浓度在0.5 mg/L以上才能取得较好的硝化效果。反应器内填料粒径在10 mm左右有利于提高氨氮的去除效率;间歇式进水方式使活性污泥具有良好的沉降性,可为氨氮的去除提供良好的环境条件。     

Measurements of the sediment flocculation characteristics in the Three Gorges Reservoir,Yangtze River

The flocculation of fine sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was confirmed in previous studies, but the flocculation characteristics have yet to be fully clarified. In this study, field measurements were conducted in the TGR to investigate the sediment flocculation characteristics. First, the instantaneous flow velocity and sediment concentration were measured through Acoustic Doppler velocimeter and sediment sampling. Then, the effective settling velocity was calculated based on the sediment diffusion theory to deduce the floc size and flocculation degree. Finally, the influences of particle size, flow velocity, and sediment concentration on flocculation were analyzed. Results showed that flocculation occurred in more than half of the sediments in the TGR, and the maximum flocculation degree was between 10 and 30. Flocculation weakened as particle diameter increased, with the critical particle size being approximately 0.018 mm, meaning that flocculation was unlikely to occur when the particle size exceeded the critical value. As the flow velocity increased, the flocculation degree first increased and then decreased, with the critical flow velocity being approximately 0.7 m/s, but the critical flow velocity increased with an increase in sediment concentration and tended to be a constant. The flocculation degree also increased with increasing sediment concentration and tended to be constant when the sediment concentration exceeded approximately 0.5 kg/m³. The results provide new information on the flocculation characteristics of the TGR and should be useful for understanding and simulating fine sediment transport in the TGR.     

沸石吸附水体中氨氮的热力学和动力学过程研究

随着近年来各大自然水体富营养化程度的加重,废水中氨氮的处理显得尤为重要。我国浙江缙云有丰富的沸石矿藏,研究其对于沸石的吸附过程有着明显的应用价值。实验结果显示:在288～318 K范围内的温度对沸石吸附氨氮过程影响较小,在氨氮初始浓度为30 mg/L的条件下,小粒径沸石对氨氮的48 h吸附容量为1.13±0.06 mg/g,去除率为91%。大粒径沸石对氨氮的48 h吸附容量为1.10±0.06 mg/g,去除率为87%。沸石对氨氮的吸附过程遵循二级吸附动力学方程,Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程均适用于描述沸石吸附氨氮的热力学过程。本研究表明天然沸石是一种合适的吸附剂,可用于废水或者天然水体中氨氮的去除。     

再生水回用于景观水体磷营养盐对叶绿素a和藻密度的影响研究

以北京市某再生水厂出水为研究对象,人工配制各浓度梯度的营养盐,试验研究补给再生水后景观水体水质指标的变化,重点考察磷对叶绿素a和藻密度的影响情况.试验结果表明叶绿素a和藻密度主要受水体中氮磷比和磷酸盐浓度的影响.在磷酸盐保持在1 mg/L以下,氨氮在2 mg/L以下,硝酸盐氮在8 mg/L以下,将再生水一次性补给景观水体是完全可行的,不会产生藻类暴发;当磷酸盐浓度增加至1.5 mg/L,藻密度将显著增加.