水体蒸发中瑞利分馏公式的模拟及实验验证

同位素水文学主要利用同位素技术解决水文学中的一些关键问题。本文简要介绍了同位素分馏的基本概念,对平衡条件下瑞利分馏机制进行了分析。以水体蒸发为例,用瑞利分馏模型模拟了水体平衡蒸发中稳定同位素的比率与温度、剩余水体积比的关系,结果显示水体平衡蒸发中稳定同位素比率是剩余水体积比的函数,随它的减小呈指数增大。通过室内外自由水体在天然条件下的蒸发实验,获得了氧同位素分馏因子与剩余水体积比的关系,其结果与瑞利分馏模型理论分析一致,实验还得出了时段分馏系数与时段蒸发量成反比的关系。     

Experimental study of relationship between average isotopic fractionation factor and evaporation rate

Isotopic fractionation is the basis of tracing the water cycle using hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. Isotopic fractionation factors in water evaporating from free water bodies are mainly affected by temperature and relative humidity, and vary significantly with these atmospheric factors over the course of a day. The evaporation rate (E) can reveal the effects of atmospheric factors. Therefore, there should be a certain functional relationship between isotopic fractionation factors and E. An average isotopic fractionation factor α* was defined to describe isotopic differences between vapor and liquid phases in evaporation with time intervals of days. The relationship between α* and E based on the isotopic mass balance was investigated through an evaporation pan experiment with no inflow. The experimental results showed that the isotopic compositions of residual water were more enriched with time; α* was affected by air temperature, relative humidity, and other atmospheric factors, and had a strong functional relation with E. The values of α* can be easily calculated with the known values of E, the initial volume of water in the pan, and isotopic compositions of residual water.     

Evaluating Infiltration Mechanisms Using Breakthrough Curve and Mean Residence Time

Determination of infiltration mechanism is crucial for the calculation of infiltration flux in the soil which would influence the water balance computation. Two infiltration experiments with different isotopic compositions of rainfall were conducted to analyze the infiltration type by measuring isotopic concentrations (deuterium and oxygen 18) of collected outflow water samples. Models with three transfer functions were used to simulate the isotopic variation of outflows in a soil column. The model performance was evaluated with the comparison of computed and observed isotopic values of outflow. Breakthrough curve based on the isotopic composition of rainfall, initial soil water and outflow, and mean residence time estimated on the best fitting transfer function model were applied to identify the infiltration type in the soil. The results show that infiltration type determination using the comparison between estimated and observed mean residence time and breakthrough curve are similar. Furthermore, we found that soil structure and isotope measurement error affected the determination of mean residence time. Results from this study may provide a framework for describing the infiltration processes in the soil column.     

太原地区大气降雨的氢氧同位素特征研究

大气降雨中氢氧同位素特征的研究是利用同位素理论研究水循环的基础。为了研究太原地区大气降雨的水汽来源、当地大气降水线及降雨过程中的蒸发效应,利用观测数据对太原地区大气降雨中氢氧同位素特征进行了分析。结果表明:在当地季风气候的影响下,大气降雨中的同位素组成具有明显的季节性变化;氘盈余值的变化范围较大,说明形成当地降雨的水汽来源区的空气湿度变化较大;研究区降雨主要来源于海洋,当地地表水体的蒸发对当地大气降雨几乎无影响;当地大气降水线的斜率小于全球大气降水线,但大于蒸发线,说明雨滴在降落的过程中发生了一定程度的蒸发。研究结果可为太原地区地表-地下水循环的研究提供一定的依据。     

流域初始状态对环境同位素法划分流量的影响

在使用同位素示踪剂划分流量时,流域初始状态会对事件水和事件前水分割产生影响。为研究流域初始状态对环境同位素法划分流量的影响,以和睦桥流域2015—2016年间4场降雨事件为研究对象,根据稳定同位素含量(δ¹⁸O)确定其在流域出口断面径流的不同水源组成比例,着重分析流域不同初始流量和前期土壤含水量对流量过程线划分的影响。结果表明:流域出口径流总量中事件前水占优,洪峰流量以事件水为主;流域不同初始状态下同位素分割结果不同,表明该流域存在多种产流机制,流域初始流量与总径流系数及事件水贡献比例呈负相关;前期土壤含水量与事件水贡献比例的影响模式复杂多变,但在前期土壤含水量较高或前期降雨较多的情况下,总径流中事件水贡献比例将降低。     

基于稳定同位素的策勒河流域山区河流蒸发损失估算

为探究昆仑山北坡山区流域水体蒸发损失垂直变化情况,基于2016年5-12月昆仑山北坡中段策勒河流域不同水体同位素数据,运用蒸发富集模型和稳定同位素（¹⁸O和²H）方法,研究了流域内不同水体的同位素时空变化特征,分析了策勒河流域的补给来源,并根据蒸发富集模型估算了流域内不同海拔地区同位素的蒸发损失。结果表明：流域内不同水体同位素的特征呈高山区贫化、荒漠区富集的趋势;策勒河河水与地下水存在密切的水力联系;策勒河流域在不同海拔的平均蒸发损失：高山区为24.99%、中山区为29.04%、荒漠区为35.00%。研究结果对理解区域水平衡及其对山区生态系统气候变化的响应具有重要意义。     

武汉市大气降水δD和δ~(18)O变化特征及水汽来源

为了确定长江流域中游大气降水特征和水汽来源,以全球大气降水观测网(GNIP)武汉站点多年大气降水稳定同位素数据为基础,探讨了长江中游武汉地区大气降水稳定同位素随季节变化特征。通过建立当地大气降水方程,结合气象因素和降水氘盈余变化,揭示了武汉地区不同季节大气降水水汽来源。结果表明:大气降水在降落地面之前经历了非平衡分馏过程,且平衡程度接近于东部季风沿海地区;大气降水稳定同位素表现出明显的季节性特征,且冬季和夏季降水δD和δ~(18)O值与雨量之间负相关,表现出明显的"雨量效应";大气降水水汽来源主要受季风活动的控制,冬季水汽主要来自北方大陆冷湿气流,而春季降水表现出局地蒸发来源,夏季和秋季降水来源受西南季风和东南季风的双重影响。     

怒江源区那曲干流河水稳定同位素沿程变化特征

为了识别那曲流域的水循环过程,基于2016年8月,2017年1月、7月、8月、12月那曲流域采集的河水和湖水样品δ_D和δ_(18O)的测试结果,运用最小二乘法得到那曲流域夏季和冬季地表水线(surface water line,SWL)(夏季:δ_D=6.29δ_(18O)-18.01,冬季:δ_D=5.39δ_(18O)-33.54),分析了研究区河水和湖水稳定同位素时空分布特征。结果表明,河水中氢氧稳定同位素的变化具有显著的季节性差异,这可能是由河水的水源补给和蒸发作用引起的。错那湖湖水中,δ_(18O)值最大,其平均值为-9.28‰,受到不同程度蒸发分馏作用的影响,导致湖水富集重同位素。湖水对于河水中同位素和过量氘的分布具有重要的调节作用。干流河水中δ_(18O)平均值为-12.70‰,支流河水中δ_(18O)平均值为-14.88‰。以错那湖为分界点,干流河水中δ_(18O)值呈现为先增大后减小的变化趋势;过量氘(D-excess)值则呈现为先减小后增大的变化趋势。     

贵州纳朵洞滴水氢氧同位素变化特征及气候意义

通过对贵州关岭纳朵洞洞内滴水和池水及洞顶上方土壤渗透水、表层岩溶泉点和大气降水的水文水化学特征及氢氧同位素2个水文年的动态观测,结合当地气象数据,分析了纳朵洞洞穴滴水δ~(18)O和δD变化特征及其对地表气候变化的响应。结果表明:1纳朵洞4处滴水点的δ~(18)O和δD均分布在靠近当地大气降水线的右下方,说明滴水的δ~(18)O和δD体现了当地大气降水δ~(18)O和δD的平均水平;2纳朵洞大气降水和土壤渗透水中δ~(18)O和δD存在明显的季节变化,冬春偏重,夏秋偏轻;3纳朵洞滴水、池水和表层岩溶泉的δ~(18)O和δD季节变化不明显,但变化趋势趋于一致,记录了年际降水量的变化,反映了研究区的旱涝情况。研究结果可为利用洞穴石笋研究古气候特征提供依据。     

基于Delta方法的淮河流域气候变化预测分析

为了预测气候变化对区域水文要素变化的影响,以淮河流域蚌埠以上区域为例,利用全球气候模式CSIRO和HadCM3,分别预测了同一情景下,淮河流域3个未来时段的降雨和温度变化。通过Delta变换对未来3个阶段的数据进行降尺度处理,运用曲线拟合的方法提出了蒸发函数模型。将预测出的气温作为蒸发函数模型的输入因子,模拟了淮河流域未来的蒸发过程。结果表明, 该区域未来时段的降雨、气温和蒸发量均比历史观测值有所上升。     

Changes in isotope ratios during domestic wastewater production.

This paper presents considerations for the application of the natural water isotope method on catchment areas. For the estimation of the amount of infiltration and inflow in sewer systems the paper shows two applications in the Netherlands: one successful application on a relatively small catchment area with a simple geo-hydrological groundwater system and one unsuccessful application in an area that shows a large heterogeneity of delta 18O values in groundwater. Also, the paper focuses on the validity of the assumption that the isotopic ratios of drinking water are equal to those of strict domestic wastewater. In the transition from drinking water to strict wastewater it is shown that changes in isotopic composition of the water due to evaporation in common household appliances and effects inside the human body are insignificant. However, the presence of high-efficiency condensing boilers in an area can significantly influence the delta 18O value of strict wastewater, especially in winter months. This effect should be taken into account when applying the isotope method in such areas.     

Inflow of surface and groundwater to Lake Ladoga based on stable isotope (2H, 18O) composition

Stable isotope (deuterium – ²H and oxygen-18 – ¹⁸O) surveys of water in Lake Ladoga and several rivers and small lakes within its watershed were conducted during 2012–2018. Over these 6 years, specific spatial and time differences in water isotope composition of Ladoga and small water bodies and streams were found. These differences depended firstly, on wetland type and the lakes distribution on the watershed and secondly, on groundwater discharge and type of lithological substrate (geological sediments or crystalline rocks). Besides landscape, climate (air temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration) is a main physical factor which controls all scales of the stable isotope variations. In modern times, the sub-latitudinal gradient of climate but also presence of permafrost in the past effects the stable isotope variation. The isotopic composition divides the tributaries of Ladoga into three groups with a wide range of δ¹⁸O seasonal variations, and a significant atmospheric component. The isotopic composition of Ladoga water is generally stable ranging from δ¹⁸O = ?11.7 to ?9.5‰ (average δ¹⁸O = ?10.6‰), δ²H = ?84 to ?74‰ (average δ²H = ?78‰). The effect of evaporation is clearly seen due to accumulation of deuterium and oxygen-18 and a shift to the right from the Local Meteoric Water Line of δ²H versus δ¹⁸O diagram. In Lake Ladoga there is a local deviation of δ¹⁸O which can be explained by subaqueous discharge of groundwater from Riphean sediments.     

Application of isotopic information for estimating parameters in Philip infiltration model

Minimizing parameter uncertainty is crucial in the application of hydrologic models.Isotopic information in various hydrologic components of the water cycle can expand our knowledge of the dynamics of water flow in the system,provide additional information for parameter estimation,and improve parameter identifiability.This study combined the Philip infiltration model with an isotopic mixing model using an isotopic mass balance approach for estimating parameters in the Philip infiltration model.Two approaches to parameter estimation were compared:(a) using isotopic information to determine the soil water transmission and then hydrologic information to estimate the soil sorptivity,and(b) using hydrologic information to determine the soil water transmission and the soil sorptivity.Results of parameter estimation were verified through a rainfall infiltration experiment in a laboratory under rainfall with constant isotopic compositions and uniform initial soil water content conditions.Experimental results showed that approach(a),using isotopic and hydrologic information,estimated the soil water transmission in the Philip infiltration model in a manner that matched measured values well.The results of parameter estimation of approach(a) were better than those of approach(b).It was also found that the analytical precision of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes had a significant effect on parameter estimation using isotopic information.     

稳定同位素方法在湖泊水量平衡研究中的应用

介绍了稳定同位素质量平衡方法,根据青海湖各水体的实测稳定同位素值和相关的水文气象资料,利用稳定同位素方法计算的青海湖多年平均蒸发量和地下水入湖水量分别为40.9亿、6.40亿m3,与实测值40.5亿、6.03亿m3相比十分接近,结果表明利用稳定同位素方法估算湖泊水量各收支项的方法是可行的。     

气候对森林-径流关系的影响

为了揭示气候对森林-径流关系的影响,利用已有的不同地区森林集水区试验结果分析森林-径流关系空间变化规律,然后在生物物理/动态植被模型SSi B4/TRIFFID与TOPMODEL的耦合模型对长江上游梭磨河流域不同温度下植被演替及蒸发与径流的动态变化过程的模拟结果基础上,通过分析水热条件对净光合速率、冠层湿润分数、蒸腾、冠层截留蒸发以及土壤蒸发的影响,分析水热条件对森林-径流关系的影响。主要结论有:水热条件通过控制森林的净光合速率、蒸腾、冠层截留蒸发和土壤蒸发影响森林-径流关系;随着温度增加,森林蒸散发增加幅度大于其它植被类型和裸地,使森林-径流关系发生变化,水热条件的空间变化决定了森林-径流关系和水分利用效率的空间变化;受气候垂直地带性和水平地带性影响,随着海拔高度下降或从北到南随着温度增加,水分利用效率减小,森林-径流关系存在从增加径流量到对径流量没有明显影响再到减小径流量的变化,水分胁迫或高温将抑制森林蒸腾从而减小森林对径流量减少的作用,森林集水区比较试验结果体现了森林-径流关系这种空间变化规律。     

武汉市大气降水的氢氧同位素变化特征

为了解武汉市降水同位素组成,收集武汉市2011—2013年大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素,并结合气象资料和国际原子能机构(International Atomic Energy Agency,简称IAEA)提供的1986—1998年的数据资料,建立了武汉市地区大气降水线方程,分析了武汉地区大气降水中稳定同位素的变化特征。结果表明:武汉市地区降水线为δD=8.29 δ¹⁸O+7.44,与中国大气降水线相接近;降水中氢氧同位素组成季节变化明显,春季降水中δ¹⁸O值最大,而夏季最小;武汉市降水中δ¹⁸O值呈现上升趋势,降水中δ¹⁸O与气温和降水量均呈现负相关关系,且在时间上是多变的。水汽源是控制武汉市大气降水中氢氧同位素组成的重要因素。     

土壤蒸发强度随土壤溶液盐分的变化研究

采用室内试验方法,研究不同种类盐分在相同土质、相同供水条件以及相同外界环境条件下,土壤蒸发强度随土壤溶液盐分的种类和浓度的变化规律。研究结果表明:在同等条件下,含盐土壤蒸发强度小于不含盐土壤,而且随着盐分浓度的增加,其蒸发强度逐渐减小,但各试验组蒸发强度随盐分浓度的变化规律有所差异;在一定的浓度条件下盐分浓度的增加对蒸发速率影响不大,超过了一定浓度范围,盐分浓度越大,蒸发速率越小。不同种类含盐试验组处于相同的初始盐分浓度情况下,蒸发速率呈现出比较明显的差异,即KCl > CaCl₂ > NaCl > MgSO₄。     

陡河流域地表水与地下水转化关系

通过对陡河流域地表水-地下水水样的氢氧同位素分布特征进行分析,发现研究区河岸带第Ⅰ含水层除了受大气降水、灌溉回归水入渗补给外,还接受河水早期的渗漏补给,第Ⅱ含水层对第Ⅲ含水层有越流补给,第Ⅱ含水层同时也受大气降水和灌溉回归水的影响,而远离河岸带的第Ⅳ含水层与上覆各含水层稳定同位素组成显著不同,河岸带水库附近的第Ⅳ含水层可能受地表水库渗漏影响。河岸带地下水与地表水水力联系的变迁严格受河岸带地下水水位变化控制,如景庄子剖面的地下水埋深为5m,雨季时河水补给地下水,旱季时地下水补给河水,而靠近地下水漏斗中心的越河乡剖面地下水水位埋深达25m,其常年受地表水补给。     

黄河内蒙古段干流水面蒸发量变化特征

采用气象趋势系数和气候倾向率方法,分析了黄河内蒙古段河道形心点处E601蒸发皿蒸发量的变化特征,并计算了近55 a黄河内蒙古段水面蒸发量。结果表明:黄河内蒙古段年、季水面蒸发量均呈减小的趋势;多年平均水面蒸发量为3.27亿m3,其中春、夏两季的蒸发量在全年蒸发量中占主导地位;水面蒸发量的变化趋势是由气象因子综合作用所致,并不随着气温的升高而增大。     

华北山前平原不同含水组垂向水循环规律

地下水是华北山前平原的主要供水水源,其资源属性一直存在争议。以正定试验基地为研究区,通过分析地下水化学、氘氧同位素、14 C测年等在垂向上的变化特点,对比不同含水组地下水与大气降水的氘氧同位素含量关系,研究华北山前平原典型研究区504m深度内不同含水组地下水在垂向上的循环规律,确定360m为该区地下水含水系统的内部界限,其上构成浅层含水系统,其下构成深层含水系统。