新型双泥生物反硝化除磷脱氮系统中微生物的组成

研究了在稳定运行期,新型双泥生物反硝化除磷脱氮工艺(A2/O+N-2SBR)的A2/O-SBR反应器内活性污泥混合液中细菌总数、主要细菌组成及细菌的主要生化特性.试验结果表明①在稳定运行期,试验装置内活性污泥混合液中的细菌总数约为2×108个/mL;②活性污泥混合液中的主要细菌依次为假单胞菌属、莫拉氏菌属、肠杆菌科细菌、气单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、链球菌属、肠球菌属、葡萄球菌、微球菌属.其中前5类菌属占细菌总数的79.1%.     

淹没式生物膜法除磷生物膜特性研究

除磷生物膜特性的研究是探明生物膜除磷机理的前提。除磷反应器中的生物膜具有生物量大、污泥含磷量高的特性 ,污泥产率为 0 1996kgDS/kgCOD ;通过菌属鉴别试验 ,分析了除磷生物膜中微生物的特点和其在生物除磷过程中所起的作用 ,确定出淹没式生物膜法除磷工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属 ,其次依顺序为气单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、微球菌属、硝化杆菌属     

淹没式生物膜法除磷生物膜特性研究

除磷生物膜特性的研究是探明生物膜除磷机理的前提.除磷反应器中的生物膜具有生物量大、污泥含磷量高的特性,污泥产率为0.199 6 kgDS/kgCOD;通过菌属鉴别试验,分析了除磷生物膜中微生物的特点和其在生物除磷过程中所起的作用,确定出淹没式生物膜法除磷工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属,其次依顺序为气单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、微球菌属、硝化杆菌属.     

出厂水中耐氯细菌的筛选及其消毒剂耐受性研究

对北方某市3个水厂出厂水中筛选出的4株耐氯细菌进行2种常见消毒剂的耐受性测试。结果表明,在耐氯菌的去除效率上,次氯酸钠消毒剂消毒效率比氯胺消毒剂高,能在30 min左右达到消毒效果,而氯胺则是需要更长的时间来达到预期消毒效果。对于4株长时间经受0.7 mg/L次氯酸钠的环境下筛选出的耐氯细菌,氯胺的消毒效果略好于次氯酸钠。4株细菌中,1号鞘脂单胞菌与4号芽孢杆菌对两种消毒剂均有较强的耐受性,1号鞘脂单胞菌在两种不同浓度消毒剂作用下去除率均无法达到2个数量级(99%),4号芽孢杆菌则是仅对高浓度氯胺较为敏感,3.0 mg/L的氯胺去除率最高可达1.9个数量级,次氯酸钠消毒剂对其几乎没有影响;2号芽孢杆菌与3号假单胞菌对两种消毒剂耐受性相对较差,其中2号细菌在2种高浓度消毒剂作用下基本可以全部去除,3号细菌在高浓度氯胺下则最高能达到3.6个数量级的去除率。建议水厂根据实际运行情况,采用间歇性提高浓度次氯酸钠浓度或更换氯胺消毒剂,防止耐氯细菌的富集与繁殖。     

人工湿地基质细菌多样性研究

分别采用PCR-RFLP和高通量测序方法,分析自由表面流人工湿地基质细菌多样性。2种方法均显示人工湿地基质中细菌主要分布在变形菌门,其中γ-变形菌纲和β-变形菌纲属优势菌群,其次为δ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、厚壁菌门中的芽孢杆菌纲及酸杆菌门中的酸杆菌纲。但在优势种属水平上,2种分析方法得到的结果差异较大。人工湿地基质中存在亚硝化螺菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、Thioalkalivibrio、不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、放线菌属、海旋菌、海单胞菌属及鞘脂菌属等参与脱氮除磷和降解有机污染物的微生物种类;同时也存在绿脓杆菌、弧菌属及黄杆菌属等致病菌或条件致病菌。研究也说明,PCR-RFLP和高通量测序法对湿地基质微生物多样性分析显示出了方法的优越性。     

研究生论文摘要

饮用水中高效降解有机污染物菌株中药废水的应用研究研究生:刘桂芳导师:李圭白(哈尔滨工业大学市政环境工程学院150090)目前国内水厂采用的各种饮用水污染控制技术中,化学预氧化—生物活性炭技术处理效果较好,其中生物降解对水中有机污染物去除发挥了一定的作用。筛选出高活性菌株,形成高效生物活性炭,强化提高生物处理效率势在必行。对稳定运行半年的微污染水中试处理系统中生物活性炭上的微生物进行研究,分离纯化获得6株细菌,分别为:芽孢杆菌属(Bacillay)2株、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)2株、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)1株、微球菌属(Micro…     

研究生论文摘要

酵母菌处理啤酒发酵废水同时生产单细胞蛋白的研究研究生:刘红霞导师:马放副导师:于秀娟(哈尔滨工业大学市政环境工程学院150090)利用啤酒废水生产单细胞蛋白可以高效地降解啤酒发酵工业废水,减少环境污染,同时可获得单细胞蛋白(SCP)。研究了啤酒厂发酵车间废水中微生物菌群的特性,分离出主要优势菌群,包括3株细菌和3株酵母菌,通过鉴定分别属于芽孢杆菌属、短杆菌属、动胶菌属、酵母属、假丝酵母属和毕赤酵母属。研究了3株酵母菌降解废水和单细胞蛋白生成能力,确定上述3株酵母菌不适于单细胞蛋白的生产。研究了3种市售酵母菌处理啤酒废水…     

高效脱氮除磷工艺(NPR)中试研究

NPR工艺是将A2/O和BAF工艺经改进后有机结合形成的一种新型的更为高效的生物脱氮除磷技术.通过中试规模的试验,研究了该工艺处理生活污水时的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,该工艺成功地解决了好氧段硝化菌与聚磷菌对泥龄的不同需求、厌氧段反硝化释氧与聚磷菌释磷之间矛盾的难题;NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到92.6%、68.3%和82.4%,同时CODCr和SS去除率分别达到93.4%、95.8%,且运行效果稳定.     

原位生成羟基氧化铁凝聚吸附除磷影响因素研究

将不同摩尔比的Fe3+与OH-反应([Fe3+]∶[OH-]=1∶0、1∶1、1∶2和1∶3),获得原位生成的羟基氧化铁(In situ FeOxHy),研究Fe3+与OH-摩尔比、水样pH对磷酸盐去除效果的影响,并对羟基氧化铁吸附磷前后表面的物化特征进行分析表征。结果表明:[Fe3+]∶[OH-]摩尔比为1∶3时,单位质量羟基氧化铁对磷的去除率最大;pH为6~7时,羟基氧化铁除磷率最大;OH-比例越大,羟基氧化铁对原水酸碱度的适应性越强,在pH为4~9时,对磷酸盐均有较好的处理效果;不同摩尔比条件下生成的羟基氧化铁呈无定形态,可通过吸附和共沉淀等化学作用完成对磷的去除。     

生活污水高效降解混合菌群的研究

从下水道中筛选5株COD高效降解菌,经初步鉴定,这5株菌分属于假单胞菌属(2株)、芽孢杆菌属(2株)和短杆菌属(1株)。将这5株高效菌组成混合菌群,对该菌群的COD和BOD降解能力及其生长条件进行了研究。结果表明,该菌群对有机物的降解效率很高,CODCr的降解率平均为92.94%,BOD5的降解率平均为92.36%。该菌群的最适碳源为甘蔗汁,最适氮源为蛋白胨;其pH和温度范围较广,适宜pH为5～8,最适pH为7;温度为25℃～40℃,最适温度为35℃。该菌群适于好氧处理。     

三河口水库消落带植物水解氮磷释放特征研究

以三河口水库5种消落带优势植物青蒿、艾、醴肠、菵草、酸模叶蓼的地上茎叶部分为样本,库水为实验原水,进行室内水解模拟实验。通过测定上覆水的基本水质指标及氮磷养分浓度,探明消落带植物经过水解后,对水体水环境的影响及不同形态氮磷养分的释放特征和负荷。结果表明：5种植物水淹后均引起上覆水颜色加深且产生异味,pH值下降,浊度增大,电解率增大,溶解氧降低;氮、磷养分得到释放,总氮和总磷的平均释放量分别为4.06和0.78 mg/g,其中颗粒态氮、磷相应占总氮和总磷的43.2%和36.2%;在水库的蓄水初期（30 d）,消落带植被向水体释放的氮、磷负荷可达40.4和7.6 kg/hm²,这些将对三河口水库的水环境安全造成影响。     

羟基磷酸钙结晶法回收大型水生植物发酵液中磷酸盐研究

为有效回收大型水生植物发酵液中磷,选择挺水植物西伯利亚鸢尾(Iris sibirica L.)和圆币草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)进行发酵试验,分析不同pH值下发酵液中磷回收的效率和纯度,探索羟基磷酸钙(hydroxyapatite,HAP)结晶法回收水生植物发酵液中磷酸盐的可能性。结果表明:西伯利亚鸢尾和圆币草发酵液中钙磷摩尔数比分别为2.7和10,镁磷比分别为1.4和1.6,适合采用HAP法回收磷酸盐。不同水生植物发酵液调节pH值回收磷曲线相似,在pH为8.5时西伯利亚鸢尾和圆币草发酵液磷酸盐回收率分别达到89%和91%,产生的羟基磷酸钙沉降性能良好。X射线荧光光谱分析分析结果表明pH为8.5时沉淀物中P2O5质量分数超过25%,羟基磷酸钙为主要成分。pH调节超过8.5后沉淀物中碳酸钙含量会随着pH上升而不断增加,影响羟基磷酸钙的纯度,因此,回收磷酸盐适合的pH值为8.5。     

Lake Jabel restoration project: Phosphorus status and possibilities and limitations of diversion of its nutrient-rich main inflow

External and internal phosphorus loading was studied in 1996 in the anthropogenically eutrophicated Lake Jabel, which is located in Mecklenburg (north‐eastern Germany). It has a dimictic 23‐m‐deep northern basin, a 19‐m‐deep middle basin and a 6‐m‐deep polymictic southern basin. The main tributary, Grabowhöfer Grenzgraben, which enters via a leaching field from a waste‐water treatment plant, has been identified as the major nutrient discharge (80% of total phosphorus loading) into the northern basin. The sediment is the second largest source of phosphorus for Lake Jabel, contributing 25.7%, 27.4% and 2.4% of the overall phosphorus load to the northern, middle and southern basins, respectively. Although the favoured diversion of the Grabowhöfer Grenzgraben would contribute to a reduction of 1.22 t P and 20.94 t NO₃^‐–‐N per year, it is mainly rejected for the following reasons. If the extreme monthly nitrate supply, between 4.84 and 189.6 mg N m^‐2 day^–1 ceased, the release of redox‐sensitive phosphorus in the northern basin would increase by a factor of 0.54, which is with 41.1% total phosphorus, twice as high as that in the middle basin. In addition, the nitrate supply can substantially lower the seasonal precipitation of stable iron sulphides, which would otherwise lower the concentration of redox‐sensitive phosphorus, but cannot change the phosphorus retention in the long term. Because of internal phosphorus sources, the diversion of the Grabowhöfer Grenzgraben would result in no substantial changes in the level of trophy.     

Water quality response to a pulsed‐flow event on the Mokelumne river,California

Controlled water releases from reservoirs (i.e. artificial floods) are used as a management technique to remove fine sediments and detrital materials from spawning gravels, mobilize gravel bars and clear encroaching brush from stream banks. The effects of a managed release event on water quality were investigated on the lower Mokelumne River in the western Sierra Nevada, California. The managed release was characterized by an increase in flow over a 4‐day period (from 11 to 57 m³ s⁻¹). Automatic pump samplers were used to collect samples for water quality from 0.7, 16.4, 37.4 and 54.4 km below Camanche Dam. These sampling sites provided water quality data for three distinct stream reaches: a gravel and sand‐textured substrate reach (0.7–16.4 km), a reach characterized by lentic conditions associated with a small reservoir (16.4–37.4 km), and fine sand and silt‐textured substrate reach (37.4–54.4 km). Water samples were analysed for total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen, ammonium (NH₄‐N), nitrate (NO₃‐N), total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), foecal coliforms and E. coli. Chemographs for all constituents exhibited spikes in concentration with each increase in streamflow for the rising limb. Fluxes of TSS, total P and total N released from the 0.7 to 16.4 km reach were 322, 0.32 and 0.70 Mg, respectively. The small reservoir acted as a sink for particulate materials retaining about 50% of TSS, 48% of total P and 43% of total N. However, the reservoir acted as a source of dissolved nutrients (NO₃‐N = 0.28 Mg and SRP = 0.055 Mg). The stream reach below the reservoir (37.4 to 54.4 km) was a source of particulate materials, dissolved nutrients and bacteria, possibly due to agricultural and urban inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sediment phosphorus characteristics in the clearwater state of Lake Mogan, Turkey

This study examined the vertical distributions of total phosphorus (TP) and phosphorus fractions, and the iron and organic matter, in the littoral sediment in a macrophyte‐dominated, clearwater state in Lake Mogan between September 2005 and August 2006. Benthic macroinvertebrates and total bacteria in the sediment also were determined. No clear seasonal or depth‐related (0–20 cm) patterns were found in sediment concentrations for the measured parameters. The phosphorus release was quantitatively very low, and a negative phosphorus release (–0.132 µg m^?2 day^?1) was measured during the summer months. The TP concentrations of the sediment samples ranged between 675.00 and 1463.80 µg g^?1 dry weight (DW), and the trophic level of the lake was eutrophic. On average, inorganic phosphorus fractions comprised the largest fraction (63%), while organic‐bound phosphorus (Org ≈ P) constituted 37% of the TP in Lake Mogan. The most important phosphorus‐immobilizing factors are high iron content (14 200–47 750 µg g^?1 DW), the sediment's clay content (47.80–51.80%), and an abundance of macrophytes at the sampling station. The low abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates (510–850 individuals m^?2), which depend on sediments with high iron and low organic matter (5.42–13.30%), played a role in the sediment phosphorus retention. Although bacterial abundance in the surficial sediment appeared to be positively correlated to temperature, the overlying water did not experience anoxic conditions, supporting a state in which bacteria were able to retain phosphorus in their cell structures. Long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Mogan must be monitored lake. In order to optimize the management of the lake, and to determine the longevity of a clearwater state following management measures and continued external phosphorus loading, long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Morgan must be monitored.     

曝气生物滤池处理农村生活污水效率与微生物群落分析

以北京大兴区农村生活污水为处理对象,设计了4个反应柱,研究了3种填料结构、2种气水比条件下曝气生物滤池(BAF)对农村生活污水处理效率及微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)1~#、2~#、3~#柱气水比相同、填料结构不同,BOD5、CODCr和氨氮的去除率达到84.51%~96.49%;4~#柱与2~#柱填料结构相同,但气水比小,BOD5和CODcr处理效果差;4个柱TP的去除率低,需要强化除磷。(2)1~#、2~#、3~#柱OTU数量差异很小,说明微生物种类数量基本相同;2~#柱特有OTU数远大于4~#柱,说明填料结构相同条件下较大气水比有利于增加微生物种类。(3)1~#、2~#、3~#柱优势菌群主要有6种,在不同高度的优势菌群种类基本相同,但数量上有所差异;仅变形菌门中可能含有聚磷菌,这也是除磷效果差的原因之一。     

盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥氧化层对污染物释放的影响

为了解盐城市盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥氧化层理化性质,探讨其对底泥氮、磷及有机物释放过程的影响,在测定底泥理化性质的基础上进行了室内静态柱状试验。结果表明:盐龙湖表面流人工湿地长期运行后在底泥表层形成了厚度为1 cm、呈棕黄色、无明显臭味、含水率低、TP含量高、TOC和TN含量低的氧化层;氧化层对于底泥中污染物的释放特征影响显著(P0.05),对内源污染的控制具有一定的正面作用;无氧化层试验组上覆水中TN、NH_3-N和COD的平均质量浓度分别比有氧化层试验组高9.5%、30.8%和3.5%;在湿地的实际管理中,不宜对湿地进行疏浚,如疏浚则疏浚深度应达到健康层。     

Sedimentation and internal phosphorus loads in Krishnagiri Reservoir,India

This study examines sedimentation rate and its consequences on the bathymetry, capacity and internal phosphorus loading of Krishnagiri Reservoir in Tamil Nadu, South India, utilizing an acoustic Doppler profiler and remote sensing data in an ArcGIS environment. There was a significant change in the reservoir bathymetry for the year 2012, compared with the 2007. The sedimentation rate was 0.818 MCM from 1960 to 1990 and 0.83 MCM over past 5 years. The present reservoir volume is 35.57 MCM, having been reduced to nearly half of its original capacity over a 55 year span, pointing to a seriously threatened lifespan. The sediment total phosphorus (TP) load spatially varied from 6.84 to 23 394 kg, depending on the sediment deposition zones. Sequential extraction indicated the dominance of phosphate fractions to be Al‐P> Fe‐P> Ca‐P> SRP, with an average TP value of 27.27 mg g^?1 dry weight. Aluminium‐ (35%) and iron(25%)‐bound forms are the major sediment phosphorus fractions, suggesting temperature, pH and redox or related chemical reactions may be important means of sediment P release in Krishnagiri Reservoir. The sediment phosphorus load in Krishnagiri Reservoir is estimated to be 44.50 tons, with an average TP release of 40.97 mg m^?2 (range of 10.22–70 mg m^?2). The measured pore water TP concentration and calculated sediment phosphate release exhibited a linear relation. Even with a reduced external P load, the eutrophication of Krishnagiri Reservoir cannot be reduced immediately because of its high internal load and nutrient remobilization.     

Phosphorus Loadings Associated with Housing in a Rural Watershed

Phosphorus and biological indicator organisms were measured in a rural watershed to quantify housing and agricultural inputs to the drainage system. Total-P and orthophosphate-P (PO_4-P) were significantly higher downstream from intensive housing areas than at areas with lower housing density. Housing areas discharged 40% particulate-P and 53% PO₄-P while rural areas discharged 62 and 29%, respectively. On the average, rural housing contributed 2 g P/house/day which comprised 27% of the PO₄-P discharged from the study area. For the rural subwatersheds, phosphorus from agriculture was not differentiated from biogeochemical and precipitation inputs. Assuming all phosphorus arose from fertilizer application, total-P losses represented 3.5% of that applied while PO₄-P losses represented less than 1%. It was concluded that housing in rural areas contributes PO₄-P to nutrient enrichment of drainage systems and that measures to control rural erosion may reduce total-P load but increase the proportion ofPO₄-P.     

Diffusive fluxes and equilibrium processes in relation to phosphorus dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River

We examined total suspended solids (TSS) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) above naturally impounded Lake Pepin between 1994 and 1996, with attention to P loadings which may be contributing to impaired water quality conditions. The Minnesota River, located 97 km upstream of Lake Pepin, accounted for most of the annual and summer TSS and total P load while the Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant, located 80 km upstream of Lake Pepin, accounted for much of the annual soluble reactive P (SRP) loading to the UMR. Lake Pepin retained 80% and 13% of the TSS and total P load, respectively, during the summer period. However, the lake was a source of SRP during the same period, exporting up to 130% of the summer SRP load it received. Diffusive P flux from profundal sediments averaged 7.5 mg m^?2 d^?1 during the summer, accounting for 41% of the net SRP export from the lake. Recently deposited sediments in Lake Pepin (originating primarily from the Minnesota River) also exhibited a high equilibrium P concentration (EPC=0.155 mg l^?1) and linear adsorption coefficient (K_d=1043 l kg^?1). Application of these P equilibrium characteristics to TSS loads entering the system resulted in a calculated potential P desorption flux from TSS of 2.0 mg m^?2 d^?1 during the summer. Potential P desorption flux to the system was driven by dilution of SRP concentrations in the Mississippi River below the EPC by SRP‐deficient inflows of the St Croix River, located 16 km upstream of the lake. P desorption was, thus, an important additional internal P flux that is not commonly included in P budgets of riverine systems. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.