The sorption of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc ions from aqueous solutions on a raw diatomite from Algeria

The adsorption of Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions from aqueous solution by Algerian raw diatomite was studied. The influences of different sorption parameters such as contact pH solution, contact time and initial metal ions concentration were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The metals ions adsorption was strictly pH dependent. The maximum adsorption capacities towards Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) were 0.319, 0.311, 0.18 and 0.096 mmol g(-1), respectively. The kinetic data were modelled using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations. Among the kinetic models studied, the pseudo-second-order equation was the best applicable model to describe the sorption process. Equilibrium isotherm data were analysed using the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms; the results showed that the adsorption equilibrium was well described by both model isotherms. The negative value of free energy change ΔG indicates feasible and spontaneous adsorption of four metal ions on raw diatomite. According to these results, the high exchange capacities of different metal ions at high and low concentration levels, and given the low cost of the investigated adsorbent in this work, Algerian diatomite was considered to be an excellent adsorbent.     

水溶液体系中高岭石吸附Cu2+的研究

研究了溶液浓度、pH值、交换吸附时间、磁感应强度和磁场处理时间对高岭石吸附重金属离子Cu2+的影响作用。实验结果及分析表明,影响高岭石对Cu2+吸附的因素有:①在一定条件下,增加吸附作用时间,吸附量随之缓慢递增,最佳吸附时间是40~50 min;②改变溶液中初始浓度,其吸附交换等温线呈S形,属于二级吸附;③溶液的pH值在2~5之间增加时,吸附量也随之直线增加。指出磁场作用对低浓度的Cu2+的吸附量有着显著的影响,主要因素有磁场强度、磁化时间和磁化对象。     

纳米铁/活性炭新型材料的制备及其对铜离子的吸附性能研究

以活性炭为载体,采用沉淀法制备纳米铁/活性炭新型材料,对活性炭的结构变化进行BET和TEM表征分析,研究纳米铁负载前后活性炭对水中铜离子的吸附能力以及p H值、起始浓度、吸附时间等因素对吸附性能的影响,同时考察其再生性能。结果表明:纳米铁成功负载于活性炭上,随着p H值的增加,吸附容量逐渐增大,当p H=6时,纳米铁/活性炭的最大吸附量为18.73 mg/g,与活性炭相比提高了150%。新型材料对铜离子的吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型,对铜离子的吸附量随时间变化的规律符合准二级动力学模型,由于负载的纳米铁阻碍了铜离子向材料表面扩散,其吸附速率仅为0.002 g/(mg·min),与活性炭相比下降了60%左右。新型材料再生效率高,具有较好的应用前景。     

Advanced treatment of benzothiazole contaminated waters: comparison of O3, AC, and O3/AC processes.

Benzothiazole (BT) is a toxic and poorly biodegradable contaminant, usually found in wastewater from rubber related applications. This compound could be effectively eliminated using advanced treatment processes. This paper compares experimental results on detoxification systems based on ozone oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, and simultaneous adsorption-oxidation using ozone in the presence of activated carbon. The effect of pH (2-11), and the presence of radical scavengers (tert-butyl alcohol and sodium carbonate) on process rates and removal efficiencies are assessed at laboratory scale. The experimental system consisted of a 1 L differential circular flow reactor and an ozone generator rated at 5 g O3/h. Results show that ozone oxidation combined with activated carbon adsorption increases the overall BT oxidation rate with respect to the ozonation process and activated carbon adsorption. In the presence of free radical scavenger, only a 44% reduction in BT removal rate is observed in the simultaneous treatment, as compared with 72% when ozonation treatment is used, suggesting that BT oxidation reactions mainly take place on the activated carbon surface.     

Phenol adsorption by activated carbon produced from spent coffee grounds

The present work highlights the preparation of activated carbons (ACs) using spent coffee grounds, an agricultural residue, as carbon precursor and two different activating agents: water vapor (ACW) and K(2)CO(3) (ACK). These ACs presented the microporous nature and high surface area (620-950 m(2) g(-1)). The carbons, as well as a commercial activated carbon (CAC) used as reference, were evaluated as phenol adsorbent showing high adsorption capacity (≈150 mg g(-1)). The investigation of the pH solution in the phenol adsorption was also performed. The different activating agents led to AC with distinct morphological properties, surface area and chemical composition, although similar phenol adsorption capacity was verified for both prepared carbons. The production of activated carbons from spent coffee grounds resulted in promising adsorbents for phenol removal while giving a noble destination to the residue.     

Removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions using N-carboxymethyl chitosan

N-carboxymethyl chitosan (NCMC) was synthesized by reacting chitosan with chloroacetic acid in water under triethylamine (Et(3)N) as catalyst. The chemical structures of NCMC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy and confirmed that carboxymethylation occurred on the amino groups. Samples of NCMC were used for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The effects of degree of substitution of NCMC, initial pH value and adsorption kinetics on the adsorption were studied. Adsorption experiments showed that NCMC has a high adsorption speed and high adsorption capacity for remove Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetics data were best fitted with the pseudo-second-order model. The experimental equilibrium data of Cu(II) on the NCMC were both fitted to the Langmuir model and Freundlich model, which revealed that the maximum capacity for monolayer saturation was 147.93 mg/g.     

Removal of toxic heavy metals by iron-coated starfish.

In this study, the applicability of calcined starfish (SF) and iron-coated SF (ICSF) as potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal ions was evaluated. ICSF was prepared by mixing FeCl(3) solution previously adjusted to pH 7 approximately 9 with SF at 105 degrees C. From the dissolution test at pH 2, ICSF showed strong acid-proof properties. In the batch adsorption, Cu(II) adsorption onto ICSF was completed within 150 minutes, while 47% Cu(II) was removed with SF alone. This result clearly suggests that the coated Fe(III) serves additional adsorption sites, resulting in the enhanced removal of heavy metal ions. The removed fraction of both Cu(II) and Pb(II) increased with increasing solution pH and nearly complete removals of Pb(II) and Cu(II) were observed at around pH 6 and 8, respectively. From the adsorption isotherm of Cu(II) onto SF and ICSF at pH 3.0, the removed amount of Cu(II) by ICSF was greater than that by SF over the entire concentration range studied. In the column test, the breakthrough of Cu(II) in the ICSF column was greatly retarded compared to that in the SF column. Based on the drinking water regulations for Cu(II), SF and ICSF were able to remove 3400 and 8600 mg/kg of Cu(II) from the wastewater, respectively.     

改性玉米芯吸附水中重金属离子的实验研究

以玉米芯做原料,用酒石酸改性,利用改性玉米芯吸附水中的Cu2＋ 和Pb2＋实验结果表明,实验中改性玉米芯吸附水中的Cu2＋ 和Pb2＋的吸附条件为：pH为5,吸附时间为120min,初始浓度为50mg／L,投加量为0．5g,在此条件下,改性玉米芯对Cu2＋ 和Pb2＋的吸附去除率分别为68％和94％,普通玉米芯对Cu2＋和 Pb2＋的吸附去除率分别为25％和65％。吸附过程更加能够符合准二级动力学方程,吸附规律能够更好地用Freundlieh方程所描述。改性玉米芯对重金属离子有选择吸附的能力,Pb2＋更加容易被吸附。本实验对于重金属的去除具有一定的参考价值。     

Optimization of a bacterial consortium for nitrobenzene degradation

Three bacterial strains, Arthrobacter sp. NB1, Serratia sp. NB2 and Stenotrophomonas sp. NB3, were isolated from contaminated sludge by using nitrobenzene as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. It was observed that all three strains could degrade nitrobenzene at 400 mg/L initial concentration and mixed-cultivation of these strains could enhance the degradation of nitrobenzene compared with mono-cultivation. Mixture design was used for adjusting the proportions of each strain and the optimal ratio of inoculation size was NB1:NB2:NB3 = 4:4:5, where the nitrobenzene degradation percentage was two times higher than for by the single strain. The results of Plackett-Burman design indicated that Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Fe(2+), Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) had a positive effect on the degradation of nitrobenzene, while Cu(2+) and Co(2+) had a negative effect on it.     

Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of mercury adsorption on almond shell

The application of almond shell as a low cost natural adsorbent to remove Hg(2+) from aqueous solution was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the material. The chemical and physical parameters such as pH, sorbent amount, initial ion concentration, and contact time were optimized for the maximum uptake of mercury onto the solid surface. Adsorption isotherms were expressed by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, and the experimental data were found to fit the Langmuir model rather than the Freundlich. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir isotherm was 135.13 mg/g. A kinetic study was carried out with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order reaction equations and it was found that the Hg(2+) uptake process followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The thermodynamic values, ΔG(0), ΔH(0) and ΔS(0), indicated that adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The potential of this material for mercury elimination was demonstrated by efficient Hg(2+) removal from a synthetic effluent.     

Removal of copper(II) from aqueous solution using chemically modified fruit peels as efficient low-cost biosorbents

Fruit peels, which are common agricultural byproducts, have been extensively used as abandoned or low-cost biosorbents to remove heavy metals. In this study, dragon fruit peel (DFP), rambutan peel (RP), and passion fruit peel (PFP) were used to remove Cu(II) ions from an aqueous solution. Concentrations of the adsorbed metal ions were determined using the atomic absorption spectroscopic method. Adsorption experiments were performed with different adsorbent dosages, pH values, contact times, and initial copper concentrations. The optimum set of conditions for biosorption of Cu(II) ions was found to be an adsorbent dosage of 0.25 g, a contact time of 180 min, an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, a pH value of 4 for RP and PFP, and a pH value of 5 for DFP. The adsorption conformed with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption data were consistent with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, but the best fit was with the Langmuir model. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity values of DFP, RP, and PFP were calculated to be 92.593, 192.308, and 121.951 mg/g, respectively. RP showed a higher adsorption capacity of Cu(II) ions than PFP and DFP for all parameters. The results indicate that these biosorbents might be used to effectively adsorb Cu(II) ions from wastewater treatment plants.     

Removal of humic acid foulant from ultrafiltration membrane surface using photocatalytic oxidation process.

The experimental results indicated that without the TiO2 particles and PCO treatment, the permeate flux of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane declined to 40% of the initial permeate flux after 8 hours filtration. Feeding the humic acid solution with TiO2 particles dosage of 1 g/L with calcium ions into UF membrane, after the same filtration time and PCO reaction at 120 minutes, the permeate flux was increased to about 90% of the initial permeate flux. At longer PCO reaction times, a better water quality of UF permeate was observed. It has been found that with the coexistence of calcium ions in humic acid solution, the smaller molecular fragments of humic acid (HA) generated by PCO reaction may be transferred to the surface of TiO2 by means of adsorption. The humic acid adsorption by TiO2 in the presence of Ca2+ is also pH dependent. The adsorption rates were 21.0, 14.9 and 10.8 ppmTOC/gTiO2 for pH value of 4, 7 and 10 respectively. The combination of effects of PCO mineralization of humic acid into CO2 and adsorption of humic acid by TiO2 through the forming of HA-Ca(2+)-TiO2 aggregate particles were responsible for the removal of humic acid foulant from UF membrane surface.     

钠基蒙脱石对水溶液中Cu2+吸附作用研究

研究了钠基蒙脱石对水溶液中Cu2 吸附性能。考察了各种反应条件,如离子浓度、反应时间、磁场强度以及pH值对钠基蒙脱石吸附Cu2 量的影响。结果表明:水溶液中Cu2 初始浓度以0.1mol/L为宜,pH值应控制在3-5范围内,较佳的反应时间为50min;磁场强度能促进钠基蒙脱石对水溶液中Cu2 吸附。     

活性炭吸附技术与树脂吸附技术处理DIBP废水的对比

采用活性炭吸附技术和树脂吸附技术进行增塑剂DIBP生产废水处理对比试验。结果表明:NDA-66树脂对邻苯二甲酸的吸附效果最好,去除率达93.9%,其次为椰壳活性炭,对增塑剂DIBP生产废水中COD和邻苯二甲酸的去除率分别为57.3%和83%,煤质和果壳活性炭的废水处理效果较差,对COD和邻苯二甲酸的去除率均在20%左右,且活性炭吸附不具有选择性,无法对邻苯二甲酸进行回收,不能产生相应的经济效益。而采用NDA-66树脂吸附处理增塑剂DIBP生产废水,其污染物削减量是活性炭吸附的4~5倍,回收邻苯二甲酸可产生110.8万元/a的经济效益,同时树脂脱附再生容易,可重复利用2年左右,因而具有更大的推广应用价值。     

吸附法去除地下水铁锰的研究进展

为了解决地下水铁、锰含量过高的问题,在众多研究方法中,吸附法由于具有容量大、耗能少、污染小、去除快和可循环等优点,被广泛应用于地下水除铁除锰中。重点介绍了锰砂、沸石、火山岩、生物质、活性炭和硅碳素等吸附剂的吸附原理与吸附效果,阐述了一部分吸附剂的改性效果与影响因素。指出了各种吸附剂未来的改进方法和研究方向锰砂可以通过改性来弱化pH值等影响因素对它的吸附影响,沸石和火山岩的研究重心可继续放在改性上,重点研究污染区域的生物质的吸附效果,研究硅碳素与其他吸附剂联合吸附的效果。     

Simultaneous copper ion removal and hydrogen production from water over a TiO? nanotube photocatalyst

A one-dimensional (1-D) mesoporous TiO? nanotube (TiNT) was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal-calcination process, and employed in simultaneous photocatalytic Cu(2+) removal and H? production. Under irradiation, Cu(2+) in the wide concentration range of 8-800 ppm, could be reduced rapidly, and the reduction was not severely impacted by co-existing inorganic ions in solution. Simultaneous with Cu(2+) reduction, noticeable H? was produced over the in-situ fabricated Cu incorporated TiNT (Cu-TiNT) photocatalyst, while H? evolution rate was controlled by the Cu(2+) reduction process, due to competition of electron capture between protons and Cu(2+). In addition, H? generation activity of Cu-TiNT depended on the initial Cu(2+)/Ti ratio, and could be depressed by co-existing ions in solution. Fast Cu(2+) reduction and remarkable H? evolution confirmed the feasibility of simultaneous Cu(2+) removal and H? production over a TiNT photocatalyst.     

煤质活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅲ)的吸附及其影响因素

以煤质活性炭(CAC)为吸附剂,吸附水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅲ)。研究了pH值、温度、吸附时间和活性炭投加量等因素对活性炭去除Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅲ)效果的影响。结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅲ)最佳吸附的pH值分别为2和5,且pH值对吸附率的影响较大。Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附受温度影响较大,当温度从20℃增加到40℃,吸附率由70%提高到了95%;As(Ⅲ)的吸附随温度的升高先增加后减少,其最佳吸附温度为30℃。Langmuir吸附等温式能够很好地拟合Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅲ)的实验数据,而Pseudo second order模型则较好描述了Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅲ)的吸附动力学。Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅲ)吸附的热力学研究表明,该吸附是一个自发进行的自然吸热过程。     

活性炭吸附黄河水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、壬基酚和双酚A的研究

黄河中段水中3种环境类激素浓度较高.在实验室条件下采用重蒸水和黄河水分别配制邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、壬基酚和双酚A水溶液进行了活性炭吸附处理试验,结果表明:活性炭对水溶液中3种物质均有较好的吸附效果,其达到吸附平衡的时间分别约为50 min,30 min,20 min;活性炭对3种物质的吸附等温线符合Langmuir类型,吸附量分别为148.5 mg/g、277.5 mg/g和230.8mg/g.但在采用黄河供水中外加3种污染物的试验条件下,活性炭对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的饱和吸附量降低,对其他两种污染物的吸附影响不大,表明水体中含有其他能够影响邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和活性炭之间吸附作用的化合物.     

A comparison of different activated carbon performances on catalytic ozonation of a model azo reactive dye

The objective of this study is to compare the performances of catalytic ozonation processes of two activated carbons prepared from olive stone (ACOS) and apricot stone (ACAS) with commercial ones (granular activated carbon-GAC and powder activated carbon-PAC) in degradation of reactive azo dye (Reactive Red 195). The optimum conditions (solution pH and amount of catalyst) were investigated by using absorbencies at 532, 220 and 280 nm wavelengths. Pore properties of the activated carbon (AC) such as BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were characterized by N(2) adsorption. The highest BET surface area carbon (1,275 m(2)/g) was obtained from ACOS with a particle size of 2.29 nm. After 2 min of catalytic ozonation, decolorization performances of ACOS and ACAS (90.4 and 91.3%, respectively) were better than that of GAC and PAC (84.6 and 81.2%, respectively). Experimental results showed that production of porous ACs with high surface area from olive and apricot stones is feasible in Turkey.