论河渠边界和水流阻力的计算

本文分析了水力半径分割法的合理性及存在问题，提出了符合实质的分割原则，导出边界切应力分布公式和三维流速的分布及阻力公式，分析表明：影响边界阻力等因素有断面形状参数，糙率分布及水流运动强度，研究中包含了这些影响因素，所得公式适应性强，并经试验资料验证。     

明渠断面水流流速与边界剪切应力横向分布模型

天然河流的横断面多为由主槽和漫滩组成的复式断面,水流在这种断面中比在单一断面中受到更多因素影响,流态也更加复杂。通过将明渠横断面上微元体在水流方向的N-S控制方程沿水深积分,得出描述垂线平均流速和边界剪切应力横向分布的模型,并通过对实验数据的验证,确定了模型的实用性。     

COMPUTATION OF MOMENTUM TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND CONVEYANCE CAPACITY IN COMPOUND CHANNELS

The momentum transfer coefficient is an important parameter for determining the apparent shear stress at the vertical interface between the main channel and its associated flood plains,the cross-sectional mean velocity and the discharge capacity in compound channels. In this article,under the Boussinesq assumption and through analyzing the characteristics of velocity distribution in the interacting region between the main channel and its associated flood plain,the expression of momentum transfer coefficient was theoretically derived. On the basis of force balance,the expression of vertical apparent shear stress was obtained. By applying the experimental data from the British Engineering Research Council Flood Channel Facility (SERC-FCF),the relationship between the momentum transfer coefficient with the relative depth and the ratio of the flood plain width to the main channel width,was established,And hence the conveyance capacity in compound channels was calculated with Liu and Dong’s method. The computed results show that the momentum transfer coefficient relationship obtained is viable.     

MIXING MODEL EXTENDED TO TURBULENT FLOW IN NARROW SMOOTH OPEN CHANNELS

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Apparent shear stress in smooth compound channels

A simple, dimensionally sound, formula is proposed for expressing the apparent shear stress on the vertical interface between main channel and flood plain in a compound channel. An apparent friction factor is introduced and its dependence on the cross-section shape is examined based on experimental results reported in previous studies. For symmetrical smooth channels, it is found that this friction factor is essentially independent of the flow depth and is well linearly correlated with the width ratio of the compound section, at least within the ranges of practical interest where data are available. Discharge estimates obtained by incorporating the predicted shear stress in the ?-index method compare well with experimental results. The suggested approach is sufficiently accurate for practical applications and may be extended to other channel shapes and roughnesses depending on the acquisition of adequate data.     

迷宫流道断面形状对灌水器水力性能的影响

为研究矩形迷宫流道断面形状对灌水器水力性能的影响,利用软件FLUENT6.1软件对5种流道断面形状不同的矩形迷宫流道内水流运动进行数值模拟,通过模拟得到的灌水器压力～流量关系和灌水器内水流流速分布分析得出：1）流量系数、流态指数均与断面湿周呈正相关,断面湿周越大流量波动性及对压力的敏感程度越大;2）流道断面湿周较小的L1型迷宫灌水器其流态指数小于其它4种,小于0.57,说明该灌水器内水流为紊流,其压力补偿性较高;3）灌水器流道内水流具有重复性;4）流道断面形状对灌水器内水流流速分布不会产生较大影响。因此,在灌水器流道断面为矩形且面积相同的情况下,流道断面为正方形的灌水器的水力性能要优于其它断面形状的灌水器,且流道断面湿周越小,灌水器的压力补偿性越高,系统灌溉均匀度越高。     

An expert system for predicting shear stress distribution in circular open channels using gene expression programming

The shear stress distribution in circular channels was modeled in this study using gene expression programming (GEP). 173 sets of reliable data were collected under four flow conditions for use in the training and testing stages. The effect of input variables on GEP modeling was studied and 15 different GEP models with individual, binary, ternary, and quaternary input combinations were investigated. The sensitivity analysis results demonstrate that dimensionless parameter y/P, where y is the transverse coordinate, and P is the wetted perimeter, is the most influential parameter with regard to the shear stress distribution in circular channels. GEP model 10, with the parameter y/P and Reynolds number (Re) as inputs, outperformed the other GEP models, with a coefficient of determination of 0.7814 for the testing data set. An equation was derived from the best GEP model and its results were compared with an artificial neural network (ANN) model and an equation based on the Shannon entropy proposed by other researchers. The GEP model, with an average RMSE of 0.0301, exhibits superior performance over the Shannon entropy-based equation, with an average RMSE of 0.1049, and the ANN model, with an average RMSE of 0.2815 for all flow depths.     

掺气挟沙对高速水流边界剪切力特性影响的分析

在高速水流循环系统中，用自行研制的剪切力传感器分别量测了清水、掺气水流及挟沙水流壁面上的剪切力；实验表明，含沙掺气高速水流壁面剪切力的脉动值的概率密度函数分布基本符合正态分布规律；文中根据实测资料，分析了剪切力的时均值和脉动值与水流速度的关系；讨论了掺气及含沙量对壁面边界剪切力的影响；在同一流速下，剪切力的时均值及脉动值随着含沙量的增加而略有增加，随着掺气浓度的增加而降低。     

Non-deposition self-cleansing design criteria for drainage systems

Self-cleansing is a substantial aspect of the drainage systems in which it is desired to minimize the sediment deposition that can cause channel blockage and surcharge early overflows. In the conventional self-cleansing design criteria of drainage systems, a single value of velocity or shear stress is used based on experience. In the recent decades rather than using a single value, non-deposition design concept has been further modified to develop self-cleansing models based on higher number of parameters considering flow, fluid, sediment and channel characteristics. However, non-deposition self-cleansing models have been mostly developed for circular channels, and none of the models considers yet the effect of channel cross-section although some models take into account the pipe diameter, hydraulic radius and cross-section area as independent variables. In this study, a self-cleansing model considering the effect of cross-section by a shape factor available in the literature is developed to determine the non-deposition particle Froude number for bed load sediment transport. The model is developed using experimental data of circular, rectangular and U-shape channel cross-sections from the literature; and data of trapezoidal channel cross-section from experiments carried out in this study. For validation of the model, data collected in this study is used together with four different sources of data taken from the literature. Validation of the model for each cross-section data shows its wide range applicability in terms of different channel cross-sections.     

复式河槽漫滩水流的三维数值计算

采用紊流模型中的雷诺应力模型(RSM)对非对称复式河槽水流的三维紊流进行了数值模拟。数值模拟计算结果与试验结果的比较表明RSM能够很好地模拟滩槽交互区内的二次流、主流速分布和床面剪切力,此模型模拟复式河槽是可靠的。最后用RSM模拟了对称复式河槽在不同水深下的流速场及床面剪切力分布,得出当水深增加时,滩槽交互区二次流动纵向涡增强,而浅滩主流速及床面剪切力迅速增大的结论。     

伴有滑动床的粗颗粒石膏矿石浆体流动速度分布初探

随着浆体管道输送工程的应用和发展,输送颗粒的粒径越来越大,伴有滑动床流动的粗颗粒浆体的输送工程越来越多。基于滑动床以上的悬浮层内的剪切应力呈线性分布的假设,提出了最大流速点(即剪应力最小点)位置的计算公式。在最大流速点至管道内任意点方向应用流速亏损定律,给出了悬浮层内任意点速度分布的计算模型。通过石膏矿石浆体管道输送试验,给出了若干组浓度分布、速度分布实验数据。通过若干组数据的回归分析,给出了最大速度值的计算公式及卡门常数值。利用试验数据,对最大速度点位置计算公式和滑动床上速度分布的计算模型进行了检验,其计算值和实测值的最大偏差分别为3.8%和14.3%。     

梯形明渠边界平均剪切应力计算方法

梯形断面是渠道设计中广泛采用的一种断面形式,边界剪切应力分布规律是研究水流结构及阻力特性的重要因素。经过理论推导,建立了梯形明渠床面与边壁平均剪切应力相对值随过水断面宽深比的计算表达式,并与多家试验资料进行了比较,结果表明两者变化趋势基本一致。针对梯形明渠不同边坡角下的水力最优断面,分析了其床面、边壁平均剪切应力的变化规律,发现随着边坡角的减小,床面平均剪切应力相对值变化不大,而边壁平均剪切应力相对值呈现出减小的趋势。     

冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布

开展冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布规律研究,对于凌汛防治具有重要意义。本文在SKM法的基础上,结合双层假设理论,并将二次流项并入雷诺切应力项,建立了考虑河床摩擦、冰盖阻力、横向剪切湍流和二次流影响的准二维数学模型。与相应的物理模型实验结果对比发现,所提出的准二维数学模型能够合理预测复式断面河道各断面的水深平均流速横向分布及河道过流量。本文提出的数学模型,无需通过计算机编程联立求解复杂方程组,即可获得水深平均流速的横向分布特征,对研究具有复式断面的覆冰河道的水流特征具有一定的指导意义。     

A NEW MEASURE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE BED SHEAR STRESS OF WAVE BOUNDARY LAYER IN WAVE FLUME

In this article, a shear plate was mounted on the bottom in a wave flume and direct measurements of the smooth and rough bed shear stress under regular and irregular waves were conducted with the horizontal force exerted on the shear plates by the bottom shear stress in the wave boundary layer. Under immobile bed condition, grains of sand were glued uniformly and tightly onto the shear plate, being prevented from motion with the fluid flow and generation of sand ripples. The distribution of the bottom mean shear stress varying with time was measured by examining the interaction between the shear plate and shear transducers. The relation between the force measured by the shear transducers and its voltage is a linear one. Simultaneous measurements of the bottom velocity were carried out by an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), while the whole process was completely controlled by computers, bottom shear stress and velocity were synchronously measured. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that (1) the friction coefficient groews considerably with the increase of the Reynolds number, (2) the shear stress is a function varying with time and linearly proportional to the velocity. Compared with theoretical results and previous experimental data, it is shown that the experimental method is feasible and effective, A further study on the bed shear stress under regular or irregular waves can be carried out. And applicability to the laboratory studies on the initiation of sediments and the measurement of the shear stress after sediment imigration.     

矩形明渠三维紊流的数值模拟

在明渠三维流动中，紊流产生的二次流起关键作用，它对主流流场分布，壁面应力及污染物的扩散有很大影响，有时还影响床面的稳定，Ｋ－ε紊流模型及类似的双方程模型不能计算这种二次流动。本文将非线性Ｋ－ε紊流模型用于明渠三维紊流的计算，模型用张量形式推出，比代数应力模型更易推广到复杂边界流动，应用这一模型及另两种代数应力模型对矩形明渠流动进行计算，所得结果，尤其是表述紊流特征的量，与实测资料进行了详细比较，并     

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Boundary Shear Stress Measurements along Vegetated Streambanks

Estimates of boundary shear stress along vegetated streambanks are needed to predict streambank fluvial erosion. Because fluvial shear stress cannot be directly measured in the field, reliable estimation techniques using field instrumentation are needed. This study evaluated local bank shear stress estimation methods applicable to sloping, vegetated streambanks. Two reaches of a second order stream were modelled in a flume using a fixed‐bed Froude‐scale modelling technique. One reach was dominated by dense shrubs while the other reach was located in a mature forest. Direct measurements of local bank shear stress using a hot‐film anemometer were compared to estimates based on velocity measurements (logarithmic method, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy). For channels with no or widely spaced vegetation, the velocity‐based estimates underestimated the bank shear stress due to secondary flow contributions. For banks with dense vegetation, Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy estimates were statistically similar to direct measurements on average, but substantial error occurred when making point comparisons. Velocity‐based estimates generally over predicted bank stress in areas of high shear at the vegetation edge and underpredicted stress within dense vegetation. Ultimately, results suggest that none of tested techniques can be broadly applied to streambanks, and flow structure is critical in selecting the appropriate estimation technique. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复式河道漫滩水流计算方法研究

对复式顺直河道和复式游荡型河道中漫滩洪水的计算方法进行了研究.其中，对复式顺直河道，从Shiono-Knight方法出发，将二次流项归并入雷诺切应力项，并将主槽和滩地的流速分布曲线直接相接，推导出一套不需联立求解系数方程组的漫滩水流流速和床面切应力分布的计算公式以及床面平均切应力的解析计算公式；对复式游荡型河道，建立了一种新的上层水流计算方法.文中的计算结果与前人的实验资料基本一致，初步表明文中的方法是合理的.     

复式断面交汇水流滩槽交界水流特性试验研究

通过在室内自制水槽模型内布置网格,利用先进的声波多普勒流速仪（ADV）测取网格内各点流速。再把各点的流速数据输入软件,通过做切片云图和分析流速数据的方法,研究复式交汇河道滩槽交界水流流态及某一特征断面的剪应力分布。结果表明：滩槽交界附近存在一个流速间断面,在这个区域水流所受阻力较大;复式河道断面的平均流速与剪切应力呈线性关系。     

非淹没圆柱群局部水流场特征分析

本文基于带自由表面水动力学数值模型,采用双方程k-ω的剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模式,对非淹没刚性圆柱群水流场进行了三维数值模拟。通过与实验数据的对比分析,验证了模型的有效性及模拟精度。通过圆柱群绕流场特征的模拟分析,探究了不同圆柱雷诺数和固体体积分数对柱群内剪切层渗入长度(δ)、柱群后尾流区剪切层长度以及床面应力空间分布特征的影响。     

确定泥沙运动有效切应力方法的探讨

本文通过理论分析及实测资料检验表明，无论对于何种泥沙运动状态，决定泥沙运动的有效切应力既不是沙粒切应力又不是全部切应力，而是介于两者之间，近似为沙粒切应力与全部切应力的几何平均值。这一有效切应力不但是对切应力类水流强度指标的总结，还可以概括平均流速和水流功率等水流强度指标。