弹性支撑水平板上的波浪冲击压力试验研究

该文通过物理模型试验对不同弹性支撑的透空式水平板结构的波浪冲击作用进行了研究。试验在大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室的波浪水槽中进行。通过试验比较分析了三种不同支撑刚度的水平板底面的波浪冲击压力历时曲线变化特性,给出了冲击压力沿结构物底面的分布规律,讨论了结构物底面最大冲击压力和冲击力与结构物支撑刚度的关系,分析了波浪冲击压力及冲击力随结构物相对净空的变化规律。     

墩柱结构波浪冲击压力分布特征及应力谱分析

波浪的低频往复冲击作用加速了墩柱结构物浪溅区涂层的剥蚀,使其暴露于强腐蚀性的海洋环境中,进而导致结构物腐蚀破坏和提前失效,而波浪冲击力是造成涂层力学剥蚀的主要因素之一。该文基于有限差分求解,应用FLOW-3D建立波浪水槽三维数值模型,通过分析近岸墩柱结构物表面波浪冲击力分布特征和冲击过程的历时曲线,探讨不同波浪要素下波浪冲击力的变化规律,并建立了最大点压力处的波浪冲击力应力谱。结果表明:同一水平面,结构水平方向不同位置处(θ=0°、45°、90°、135°、180°)的点压力大小顺序为:P_θ=0°P_θ=45°P_θ=180°P_θ=135°P_θ=90°;在竖直方向上,静水面处的点压力最大,各高程的点压力值呈现与静水面距离的增加而线性减小的规律。从波浪冲击力应力谱中可以看出:在其他条件相同情况下,应力谱不受水深和周期的影响,但变化周期与波浪周期相同,而波高对应力谱的影响较大,呈正线性关系。     

V形挡板式透空堤后的波高分布数值分析

该文基于有限体积法开源软件OpenFOAM,求解不可压缩流体的连续方程和Navier-Stokes方程,建立了V形挡板式透空堤的波浪透射、绕射和越浪的三维数值波浪水池模型。控制体采用三维长方体,结构物周围进行了网格加密。在将数值计算结果与实验结果比较后验证了数学模型的准确性基础上,对60°夹角V形挡板式透空堤后的波高分布进行数值模拟,分别计算了竖板顶部高出静水面时仅有透浪和竖板顶部位于静水面时透浪加越浪情形下,相对水深d/L对V形挡板式透空堤后波高分布的影响。计算结果表明:仅有透浪情形,相对水深对V形挡板式透空堤后的比波高分布有较大的影响,V形挡板式透空堤对较短周期的波浪有较好的掩护效果。对比竖板相对入水深度t/d相同时仅有透浪和透浪加越浪情形,可见竖板顶部的越浪量主要影响堤后竖板附近区域的波高分布。     

耦合算法在幕墙式消浪结构性能研究中的应用

作者针对近岸波浪与结构物相互作用问题提出了一种耦合数值方法，即用时均化的二维雷诺平均的Navier stokes方程-流体体积法模型表达内域流动，用一维Boussinesq方程表达外域流动，通过速度、压力和波面匹配边界条件实现两种数值模型的同步求解。耦合模型中的二维子模型能够较好地表达结构物附近流动的细部特征，包括漩涡结构；一维子模型的计算效率很高，可通过延长其计算域以达到有效地避免二次反射波的影响。所建立的耦合数值模型被证实可应用于幕墙式消浪结构防波性能的研究。     

FPSO甲板上浪的数值模拟

FPSO在其生命周期内遭受的上浪风险很大,严重的上浪可导致结构的损坏。本文建立了三维数值水池,对规则波下固定FPSO的甲板上浪进行了数值模拟。得到了甲板和甲板室上的冲击载荷和上浪水在甲板上的水位高度以及波浪沿船首爬升、变形、破碎的过程。水池采用动边界造波,自由面由VOF方法来捕捉,在水池后段的动量方程中添加了源项以消除后端壁面的波浪反射。     

滨海混凝土浪溅区氯离子渗透特性模拟研究

滨海混凝土浪溅区氯离子渗透是引起结构耐久性损伤的主要因素之一。本文针对滨海混凝土浪溅区,基于多场耦合有限元计算模型,在考虑氯离子渗透影响因素的基础上,采用数值模拟方法研究了边界条件变化对浪溅区氯离子渗透模拟的影响。研究表明降低边界湿度和氯离子浓度可以近似模拟浪溅区氯离子渗透的效果,且随着边界湿度的降低,湿度变化对氯离子渗透速率的影响迅速减小;通过采用动态离子和湿度边界可以较好地模拟浪溅区离子渗透过程,但需进一步考虑浪溅条件下边界离子的累积效应。     

高速船甲板上浪的水体流动与冲击

针对高速船舶的甲板上浪,综合考虑船体外飘、船艏波面升高、波浪传播与船体运动等相关因素的影响,采用势流理论计算和CFD技术相结合的方法,建立了计入整船运动的船艏上浪计算模型,计算模拟并分析了甲板上水体流动形态及其对甲板结构的冲击作用。计算中船体运动通过势流理论给定,势流理论计算通过用户自定义函数嵌入Fluent软件,并通过二次开发实现了上浪现象的模拟。文中就迎浪状态下高速行驶的S175船甲板上浪进行了三维数值模拟研究,结果表明甲板上水体的流动及其对结构物的冲击载荷与试验吻合良好,该方法能够对上浪机理给出较为清晰的描述,能够分析预报甲板上浪对浮体结构物的破坏作用,为工程应用提供了良好的方法和途径。     

运动船体甲板上浪的三维数值模拟

本文充分利用势流理论方法和CFD技术各自的优势建立了一种能够准确地再现甲板上浪现象的数值模拟方法.基于Fluent软件平台的二次开发,实现了浮体在波浪中遭受甲板上浪作用的数值模拟.船体的运动规律通过势流理论计算给定,在上浪现象模拟计算时,船体的运动采用移动网格技术实现.文中就迎浪状态下的运动FPSO模型所遭遇的甲板上浪进行了三维数值模拟研究,甲板上水体流动及其对结构物的冲击载荷与试验结果吻合良好.研究表明,该方法对上浪机理能给出较为清晰的描述,为进一步分析预报甲板上浪对浮体结构物的破坏作用提供了基础.     

二维甲板上浪问题数值模拟研究的新方法

甲板上浪问题一直是强非线性问题研究领域的热点,它是造成海洋浮式结构物损坏的重要因素.该文完整的阐述了用于研究甲板上浪问题的数值模拟解决方案,并对二维浮动物体的运动响应、甲板上浪进行了考察.模拟在二维数值波浪水池中完成,入射波由冲箱运动生成,水池远端采用海绵层吸收反射波浪,自由液面采用VOF方法捕捉,物体的运动为与波浪的耦合运动.最后将模拟得到的运动响应与试验进行了对比,同时对上浪载荷也进行了分析.     

数值计算域内产生波浪的方法

解决入射边界域内反射波浪吸收问题的方法之一是在域内产生所需的波浪，而在边界处采用其它方法来吸收域内反射波浪，本文采用源函数的方法。给出了Bossinesq方程计算域内产生波浪的方法，典型波浪的数值模拟计算结果表明，该方法可以在域内生产所期望的波浪。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．