应用GIS技术制作洪水风险图

应用GIS技术可以高效、准确地实现半自动化和自动化编制洪水风险图．以不规则三角网模型为例，介绍了基于GIS技术制作洪水风险图的制作流程，并对制作洪水风险图中的数字水面模型的生成等关键问题进行了探讨．     

国外洪水风险图制作比较及对我国洪水风险图制作的建议

在明确了洪水风险图含义的基础上，从制作目的、制图方法、产品形式、组织发布应用及使用效果等方面对比分析了国外发达国家洪水风险图制作现状，并针对我国洪水风险图制作的情况，建议我国在制作洪水风险图时，要仔细论证制图目的，加快制定技术规范，共享基础数据，选取适宜的制作方法，规范成果表现形式并加强成果管理宣传教育。     

洪水风险图研究综述

详细阐述了洪水风险图国内外研究进展,总结了国内洪水风险图在基础资料收集、制作软件系统、风险图信息表达及应用对象等方面存在的问题,最后针对相关问题从加强基础数据库建设、开发通用的洪水风险图制作软件系统、扩大应用对象研究、与洪水预报和防洪调度耦合研究、新技术在洪水风险图中的应用研究以及开展对洪水风险图的后期评价等方面对国内洪水风险图研究方向进行了展望。     

丹江口水库洪水风险图编制

在介绍丹江口水库试点的概况基础上，本文说明了根据洪水风险图编制要求，丹江口水库洪水风险图试点在进行风险图编制时的数据制作、风险图配制、纸质图布局制作的步骤，最后介绍了完成本工作的一些体会和感想。     

我国洪水风险图绘制方法研究

洪水风险图是实施洪水管理的重要手段和基础,绘制洪水风险图需要可靠的信息支持和科学的方法。编制洪水风险图的主要步骤是：收集整编相关资料、选择洪水风险分析方法、风险分析、绘制洪水风险图、编写编制说明等。介绍了洪水风险图绘制的主要方法：地貌学法、实际洪水法、水文学和水力学方法等,分析了各种方法的适用性和优缺点。指出数学模型法是我国今后洪水风险图绘制的发展方向。     

洪水风险图的制作及应用

洪水风险图是防洪抢险指挥，决策的重要依据，介绍了洪水风险图的作用及绘制，着重论述了制作洪水风险图的具体绘制方法和步骤。     

浅谈洪水风险图制作与管理系统的开发

本文在介绍洪水风险图制作与管理系统开发的背景情况以及洪水风险图试点对该系统需求的基础上,介绍了洪水风险图制作与管理系统的设计与开发,并分析了已开发洪水风险图的特点,最后给出了完成本工作的体会和感想。     

日本中小河流风险区域图制作方法

基于日本2005年针对中小河流制定的洪水淹没风险区域图制作指南,对日本中小河流洪水 淹没区域风险图的制作进行了较详细的介绍,其中归纳了其所需资料、洪水淹没分析方法和淹没区域 风险区域图的具体制作,对我国山区河流洪水风险区域图编制具有重要的借鉴意义。     

黄河流域洪水风险图制作圆满完成

由黄委会勘测规划设计研究院承担的黄河流域洪水风险图制作任务，在该院规划处等单位的团结协作和努力下已顺利完成。5月28日，国家防总在北京召开的由七大流域机构和有关省区参加的全国洪水风险图制作成果汇报会上，该院成果受到有关领导、专家和与会代表的好评，其成果质量在总评时名列前茅。黄河流域洪水风险图制作，是根据历史洪水调查和实测资料，在地形图上绘出洪水的淹没范围、水深以及洪水相对应的频率，以此可以预测和分析不同级洪水可能造成的风险和灾害，为防汛指挥部门安排防汛抢险救灾提供决策依据，对今后做好黄河防汛工作意…     

水库洪水风险图的制作

制作水库洪水风险图，要进行水库校核洪水淹没计算和水库溃坝洪水淹没计算，然后对洪水淹没损失进行评估，最后采用地形素图绘制成洪水风险图，并完成编制说明     

洪水管理、风险评估和洪泛区区划

洪水风险评估包括洪峰、洪量、水位和洪水过程.从安全角度来看,洪水风险评估对于水电工程、防洪工程的设计和运行是十分重要的.洪水管理旨在最大限度地减少洪泛区的洪灾损失,因此根据洪水发生的量级和频率进行洪水风险评估、制作洪水风险图对于洪水管理至关重要.目前在印度采取的主要防洪措施有:进行堤坝溃决风险分析、发布洪水预警、制作洪水风险图或洪灾风险图等.根据洪灾风险评估确定不同的保险费用,并据此推行防洪保险计划,可能非常有助于洪泛区的区划工作.地形等高线图是进行洪泛区区划的前提条件.根据这些图集和洪水风险评估,洪泛区能够按照区划进行开发活动的分类管理.     

浙江省洪水风险图的编制与实践

为浙江省编制洪水风险图始于1989年,根据浙江省的洪水灾害特点,基本资料情况等,采取了以历史水灾-水文学法为主的洪水风险分析方法,而在水库溃坝风险分析中运用了水力学二维仿真模型.在洪水风险图的基础上还延伸开发了水灾损失评估系统,并在防御台风、洪水中发挥了显著的减灾效益,同时也为其他领域提供强有力的科学决策依据.     

我国推进洪水风险图编制工作基本思路的探讨

编制洪水风险图是推进洪水风险管理的一项重要的基础工作,也是一项技术性、政策性很强的工作."十一五"期间我国将大力加强洪水风险图的编制工作,为此迫切需要理清思路,明确怎么做.在总结近几十年国内外风险图制作经验教训的基础上,提出今后我国的洪水风险图编制工作应坚持分三步走,加强前期基础研究,并明确洪水风险图的法律地位.     

关于我国洪水风险图编制工作的思考

我国第一张洪水风险图是1984年绘制完成的,到现在,无论是在洪水风险理论、洪水风险分析方法和模型、洪水风险特征展示和绘制技术,还是在洪水风险图编制规范的制订等方面都有了长足的进步,并运用二维非恒定流的洪水分析模型陆续研究绘制了部分城市、蓄滞洪区、洪泛区和防洪保护区约10万km2的洪水风险图,形成了具有较高水平的洪水风险图技术体系和一定规模的人才队伍,一些洪水风险图成果已开始运用于实际防洪工作之中.今后还应进一步明确洪水风险图的使用对象和用途,落实洪水风险图制作的行政管理机制、编制计划和经费投入,构建若干官方认可的规范化的风险分析和风险图制作平台,不断弥补基础信息的不足.     

赣抚大堤防洪保护区洪水风险图编制洪水分析方案设置研究

编制洪水风险图是落实防汛工作从"控制洪水"向"洪水管理"转变和开展洪水风险管理的重要基础支撑,也是国内防洪减灾工作中重要的非工程类措施之一.洪水风险图编制是一个复杂的过程,涉及的基础资料较多,所需考虑的要素复杂,而洪水分析方案的设置是洪水风险图编制中至关重要的部分,关系到洪水风险图编制结果的实用性.本文以赣抚大堤防洪保护区为例,从洪水来源、洪水分析频率、洪水组合方式、可能溃口位置、溃口宽度、溃决时机等方面,并权衡实用性和易用性对设计方案优化组合,简述赣抚大堤洪水风险图编制过程中洪水分析方案的设置规则,为江西省及其他地区全面开展洪水风险图编制提供参考.     

A Spatially Explicit Multi-Criteria Analysis Method on Solving Spatial Heterogeneity Problems for Flood Hazard Assessment

Flood hazard assessment and mapping of flood prone area are of great importance for flood management, as well as the reduction of potential losses of life and property caused by flooding. In this study, a spatially explicit multi-criteria analysis approach which emphasizes on spatial heterogeneity in decision-making process is developed for flood hazard assessment, and it has been applied to the area including Hanyang, Caidian and Hannan of Wuhan, China, where flood events occur frequently. Factors associated with flood mechanism and characteristics of the watershed itself were selected, and primary analysis was implemented to make the factors concise and essential. This paper emphasized the spatial heterogeneity problem in flood hazard assessment by incorporating spatial ordered weighted averaging (OWA) method into windows-based local spatial multi-criteria analysis (MCA). On one hand, the local normalization was applied to normalize the criteria, and entropy-based local criteria weights were calculated to adjust the criteria weight at local level. On the other hand, spatial OWA method with spatially variable risk preference was applied to assign different order weights at different locations. The results indicate that the proposed approach focused on the flood hazard at local level, and the flood hazard map presented more dispersive distribution of the high and very high hazard area than that derived by global MCA. Furthermore, flood hazard in important and unimportant area was distinguished by paying more attention to the former one. And the distribution of high hazard area tends to be mainly located in populated and developed areas.     

Predicting Flood Hazard Indices in Torrential or Flashy River Basins and Catchments

Flood hazard maps are one of the main components of any flood risk management strategy. It is predicted that the degree of flood risk is going to significantly increase in the future due to climatic and environmental changes, and hence it is increasingly important that state-of-the-art methods are implemented for assessing human stability in floodwaters. Therefore, this paper focuses on proposing more accurate and detailed guidelines for predicting flood hazard indices in small and steep river basins or catchments, prone to the occurrence of flash flooding. The results obtained in this study indicate that for river basins with an average bed gradient greater than 1% (i.e. torrential or flashy river basins or catchments), then the flood hazard indices should be predicted using criteria which are based on the physical interpretation of the processes that affect the human stability in floodwaters, i.e. mechanics based and experimentally calibrated flood hazard assessment methods.     

我国洪水风险图编制技术标准化的探讨

洪水风险管理需要将工程和非工程措施结合起来,编制洪水风险图是非工程措施中降低洪水风险的重要手段之一.我国洪水风险图编制已经进入全国试点阶段,但至今还没有建立一套指导和规范洪水风险图编制的技术标准.本文结合我国的国情和流域特征,对我国洪水风险图编制中的基础资料、洪水泛滥模拟模型、洪灾损失评价模型以及风险图的表现内容等基本技术和方法的标准化进行了探讨,并提出了我国洪水风险图编制技术标准化和规范化过程中急需解决的问题.     

Floodplain Inundation Analysis Combined with Contingent Valuation: Implications for Sustainable Flood Risk Management

This study presents the results of open-ended contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate the residents’ maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for flood insurance and structural flood control measures in the Neka River Basin in Northern Iran. Flood inundation analysis and floodplain risk mapping were conducted by applying the HEC-RAS model combined with GIS analysis. A calibrated 100-year flood risk inundation map was considered as a basis for this research. This paper demonstrates applicability of CVM combined with flood inundation analysis to understand public participation for flood risk management, and their perception of flooding, considering associated socioeconomic and environmental factors. The results have shown that stated WTPs significantly varies with household income, distance people live from the river and the land use type of properties. Findings of this study suggest that the majority of respondents view flood hazard as the most important natural disaster. Furthermore, WTPs are significantly higher for those who have high level of flood risk perception. Three policy options for flood risk management are discussed, which include flood zoning and land use regulation, flood insurance program, and structural measure of levee construction. The advantages and disadvantages of each option are explored. It was concluded that a combination of possible mitigation options should be considered in order to achieve sustainable flood risk management in the Neka River Floodplain.     

Flash flood hazard mapping: A pilot case study in Xiapu River Basin,China

Flash flood hazard mapping is a supporting component of non-structural measures for flash flood prevention. Pilot case studies are necessary to develop more practicable methods for the technical support systems of flash flood hazard mapping. In this study, the headwater catchment of the Xiapu River Basin in central China was selected as a pilot study area for flash flood hazard mapping. A conceptual distributed hydrological model was developed for flood calculation based on the framework of the Xinanjiang model, which is widely used in humid and semi-humid regions in China. The developed model employs the geomorphological unit hydrograph method, which is extremely valuable when simulating the overland flow process in ungauged catchments, as compared with the original Xinanjiang model. The model was tested in the pilot study area, and the results agree with the measured data on the whole. After calibration and validation, the model is shown to be a useful tool for flash flood calculation. A practicable method for flash flood hazard mapping using the calculated peak discharge and digital elevation model data was presented, and three levels of flood hazards were classified. The resulting flash flood hazard maps indicate that the method successfully predicts the spatial distribution of flash flood hazards, and it can meet the current requirements in China.