川藏铁路工程破碎岩体力学参数取值研究

为研究破碎岩体的力学特性,获取准确的工程力学参数,利用川藏铁路某场址区的勘探平硐,基于工程岩体质量分级、现场岩体力学试验和现场模型试验反演分析等方法,对破碎岩体的力学特性及参数取值进行研究。结果表明：对于破碎岩体,基于工程岩体质量级别确定的岩体参数值可能存在一定偏差,在无现场试验数据时,应进行充分论证参考使用;现场岩体力学试验是获取岩体力学参数的主要手段,其参数成果更为准确、更具代表性;基于现场模型试验反演分析获取的岩体力学参数可反映岩体在工程环境下的综合性状特征,可作为现场岩体力学试验参数取值的补充和校验。在川藏铁路工程建设过程中,破碎岩体的力学参数应主要基于现场岩体力学试验,并结合工程地质条件和工程应用环境综合分析确定。     

怒江松塔水电站坝址区岩体力学性质试验研究

对怒江松塔水电站坝址区主要岩层进行了较系统的试验研究,包括岩体结构的野外调查、岩块室内试验及岩体力学参数经验估算等.对各种试验数据进行了分析整理,得到了岩块的物理力学性质参数.然后用岩体工程分类及Hock-Brown经验方法对各类岩体的力学参数进行了估算.在分析对比基础上,并考虑岩体所处地质条件,给出了各种岩体的计算参数建议值,为水电站大坝设计提供计算参数.     

基于随机-关联空间插值法的工程岩体力学参数确定

岩体力学参数在空间上存在的结构关联性和随机不确定性是影响工程岩体力学参数设计取值的客观因素之一。基于地质统计学理论,提出随机-关联空间插值法,在工程岩体力学参数概率分布未知的情况下,利用样本矩替换母体矩,描述工程岩体力学参数的随机性,利用变差函数描述样本点之间、样本点和插值点之间的工程岩体力学参数关联性,建立岩体力学参数的空间分布模型,并通过克里格法对场地中的工程岩体力学参数进行空间插值。结合工程实例,在力学参数概率分布未知的情况下建立其概率分布模型;选择不同数量的有效样本对比分析该方法本身对样本数量的依赖性问题;探讨该方法的应用范围以及针对其他情况提出的相应措施,为后续研究打下基础。与试验结果对比,工程实际中3种不同样本的岩体力学参数指标相对误差分别为4.2,4.4,5.3,估值结果可作为工程设计取值的参考依据。     

黄石板岩山危岩岩体力学性质试验研究

 对区内主要岩层进行了较系统的试验研究，包括岩体结构的野外调查、岩块与结构面室内试验、岩体力学原位试验及岩体力学参数经验估算等。对各种试验数据进行了分析整理，得到了岩块、结构面及岩体的物理力学性质参数。然后用岩体分类及Hoek Brown经验方法对各类岩体的力学参数进行了估算。在分析对比基础上，并考虑岩体所处地质条件，给出了各种岩体的计算参数建议值。有限元计算结果表明，参数建议值能较好地反映危岩区岩体的力学性质。     

基于非线性方法的碎裂结构岩体力学参数分析

采用常规的试验方法对碎裂结构岩体的力学参数进行研究存在一定的局限性,容易受现场条件和尺寸效应的影响,而基于非线性方法的参数分析在一定程度上能够很好地对碎裂岩体的力学参数进行预测。以前坪水库溢洪道碎裂结构岩体为例,在资料收集的基础上建立了岩体力学参数数据库,通过因子分析法将数据库中影响岩体力学参数确定的多个指标进行简化降维后,再结合非线性BP神经网络分析法对工程区岩体的部分力学参数进行预测;在室内外试验数据和现场工程地质条件分析的基础上,运用H-B强度准则对工程区域内不同岩层的岩体力学参数值进行了计算;将预测结果和计算结果进行对比分析后,对工程区的岩体力学参数取值提出了建议。     

水利水电工程岩体力学参数数据库的开发和应用实例

以湖北省水利水电工程岩体力学参数经验取值研究成果数据为基础,介绍水利水电工程岩体力学参数数据库建立的基本方法及关键代码。采用湖北省地区通用的地基承载力、压缩模量数据及水利工程设计常用地质参数等大量岩土参数数据,开发了"岩土参数经验取值系统"。该软件具有界面友好、操作性简单的优点,适合推广。     

丹江口水利枢纽岩石力学试验研究

丹江口水利枢纽坝基岩石力学试验研究历时18 a,先后开展了岩块物理力学性质、岩体抗剪强度、岩体变形特性及现场岩体动力弹性参数试验研究.对历年岩石力学试验成果进行了汇总,并根据试验和地质条件进行了分析整理.根据岩体的强度和完整性将坝基岩体分为3类,分别提出了岩石力学试验参数建议值.     

中美水电标准岩体及结构面力学参数取值方法对比研究

从试验方法、试验数据整理及参数取值方法等几个方面,对比研究中美水电标准在岩体及结构面力学参数取值方面存在的差异。在国外工程抗滑稳定性分析计算过程中,应充分了解岩体及结构面力学参数的使用条件,避免随意混用、套用中美标准。在国外工程实践过程中,应积极主动地学习国际通用的一些参数取值分析方法,并针对具体工程特点开展中美标准力学参数取值方法的对比分析,让业主咨询工程师理解并接受我国标准的参数取值方法,为我国水电标准全面走出国门打下基础。     

海甸峡水电站软岩坝基物理力学参数建议值的选取

针对海甸峡水电站软岩坝基进行了大量取样岩石室内试验和现场岩体原位测试,笔者对试验成果进行分类统计分析汇总,舍去不合理的离散值,以整理后的试验值作为标准值,再结合水电站工程具体水工建筑物地基的工程地质条件进行调整。依据并遵循相关规程规范中岩土物理力学参数取值原则,合理选取了海甸峡水电站软岩坝基物理力学参数建议值,供水工设计人员使用。     

国际水电工程岩体抗剪强度参数估算方法

结合国外某水电工程实例,介绍了国外岩体工程中广泛应用的Hoek-Brown经验强度准则。摘录国外某水电工程地质勘察报告中岩体抗剪强度参数估算成果,与我国规范地质建议值比较,得出结论:运用Hoek-Brown准则估算的岩体抗剪强度参数与我国规范地质建议值相比值略小、值偏大。最后提出,运用Hoek-Brown准则估算岩体抗剪强度参数,核心参数地质强度指标GSI主要依赖地质师的经验判断取值,所以,地质师的工程经验判断是关键,这一点与国内水电工程地质工作是一致的。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.