Hydrological Responses to Climate Change in Nenjiang River Basin,Northeastern China

Under the background of global climate change, hydrological responses to climate change were investigated in Northeastern China. This study analyses the trends of annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation and streamflow series in Nenjiang River Basin. Correlations between streamflow and meteorological variables were investigated, while parametric method and nonparametric tests were applied to determine the trends and correlations. Data collected from a series of monitoring stations showed significant increasing trends of annual and seasonal mean temperature versus time, whereas during the whole period the annual and seasonal precipitation in the basin did not exhibit similar trends although temporal and spatial variations were detected. Affected by the precipitation and temperature changes, significant trends of decreasing annual, spring and autumn streamflow were demonstrated; the decrease concentrating mainly on the mainstream and tributaries of the left bank. Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between the streamflow and meteorological variables in Nenjiang River Basin, and the impacts of climate change on streamflow were complicated. Results from this study will help water resource managers for decision makings that address the consequences of climate change.     

澜沧江-湄公河流域温度和降水变化趋势分析

利用澜沧江-湄公河流域7个代表气象站1980—2009年的温度和降水观测资料,采用线性倾向估计、滑动平均和Mann-Kendall检验方法对流域年、季温度和降水变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:流域年平均温度呈明显上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.02℃/a;流域北部高海拔地区温度增加趋势比南部明显,而温度季节增加趋势不明显。流域年平均降水呈增加趋势,线性倾向率为10.49mm/a,不同地区降水增减趋势不同;雨季降水增加趋势明显,而旱季降水增加趋势不明显。     

Extreme value analysis of streamflow time series in Poyang Lake Basin, China

Extreme meteorological and hydrological events may cause major disasters and heavy social and economic losses.Therefore,more and more studies have focused on extreme hydro-meteorological events in various climates and geographic regions.Based on nearly 50 years of observed records of the Poyang Lake Basin,the occurrence and changing trends of extreme streamflow indices,including the annual maximum flow,annual peak-over-threshold flows,and low flows,were analyzed for ten hydrological stations.The results indicate that most annual maximum flows occurred from April to July,highly attributed to the Southeast Asian summer monsoons,whereas the annual minimum flows were concentrated between January and February.As for the low flow indices (the annual minimum flow,annual minimum 7-d flow,and annual minimum 30-d flow),a significant increasing trend was detected in most parts of the Poyang Lake Basin.The trends illustrate the potential effects of climate change and human activities on the hydrological cycle over the Poyang Lake Basin.     

鄱阳湖流域气候变化和人类活动对入湖水沙的影响

近些年鄱阳湖湖区季节性干枯问题频繁出现,有必要对鄱阳湖入湖水沙变化进行进一步研究。利用鄱阳湖流域"五河"基本水文站1961～2016年实测的水沙及流域降雨量资料,通过线性趋势、双累积曲线、经验统计法和统计系列对比法研究鄱阳湖入湖水沙演变过程及影响因素。结果表明:鄱阳湖流域降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力年际变化均呈不显著的上升趋势(P0.05)。入湖径流量年际变化趋势不显著,而入湖输沙量呈极显著的下降趋势(P0.01),且存在1985年和2000年两个突变点。影响入湖径流量和输沙量的关键降雨指标为年降雨量和降雨侵蚀力。以1961～1984年为基准期,1985～1999年经验统计法和系列对比法计算的水利水保工程减沙效应分别为41.8%和33.4%,在2000～2016年分别为70.6%和66.8%,水库拦沙是入湖输沙量减少的主要原因。     

Community structure,abundance variation and population trends of waterbirds in relation to water level fluctuation in Poyang Lake

Poyang Lake is China's largest freshwater lake, and it has been an internationally important wintering ground for migratory waterbirds. Based on waterbird censuses from 2001 to 2016, community structure and abundance trends of waterbirds were analyzed, as well as the potential correlations with the water level of Poyang Lake. The results showed that the annual average number of waterbirds in Poyang Lake was 426,707 ± 150,170, with 111 species from 17 families. Waterfowl was the most abundant family accounting for 74.4 ± 8.8% of all individuals, followed by shorebirds (14.8 ± 8.5%), wading birds (6.5 ± 1.8%) and open-water/waterbirds (4.4 ± 1.9%). Although waterbird abundance fluctuated dramatically, there were no significant trends in the abundance of most guilds or in total waterbird abundance; only geese significantly increased among the eight groups. Analysis of trends of 37 relatively abundant or regularly occurring species indicated that population trends appeared to be species-specific. As for the correlations between water level and waterbird abundance, only shorebirds showed significant correlations with average July water level, average water level, and high water level duration in wet season among four guilds, i.e. waterfowl, wading bird, shorebird and, open-water and waterbird. At the group level, abundances of swans, geese, and ducks were significantly correlated with monthly average water level during the wet season, and wader abundance was significantly correlated with average water levels and high water level duration during the wet season. Correlations between population abundance and monthly water level also exhibited species-specific patterns.     

鄱阳湖近60年天然入出湖径流特征分析

依据鄱阳湖流域“五河”7个入湖控制水文站及出湖湖口站观测资料,对其中人类活动影响较大的李家渡、柘林站进行径流还原,得到7个入湖站和出湖站1953～2011 年天然径流序列。综合采用多种方法对各站径流序列进行了分析。结果表明：李家渡站年径流量比以往研究结果增加25%左右,且枯水期增加更明显,与上游站点天然径流演变规律更具有一致性;“五河”各站天然径流量的年际变化和年内分配总体上具有相似性;入、出湖各站径流年内分配极不均匀;1953～2000年,入、出湖各站径流均呈现小幅度上升趋势,但21世纪以来各站径流量处于下降趋势;各站年径流序列存在33~35 a的变化主周期,与流域年降水量变化主周期基本一致。研究结果可为鄱阳湖流域水资源的合理开发和科学管理提供参考依据。     

近55年珠江上游流域降水演变规律

采用线性回归、5年滑动平均、Mann-Kendall趋势检验及小波分析等方法,对珠江上游流域1954年-2008年降水序列进行研究分析。结果表明:近55年来,珠江上游流域年降水量总体呈不显著增加趋势;各季节降水均呈现无显著变化趋势;除1月降水增加显著外,其余各月均无明显趋势变化。流域各站点的年、季节降水趋势基本上也无显著变化。除年降水量在1963年发生了显著突变外,季节和大部分月降水均无显著突变发生。年和季节降水量的相位变化时间尺度大体一致,均存在多年尺度的变化特征。     

Trends in Hydrological Parameters of a Southern Brazilian Watershed and its Relation to Human Induced Changes

The Piracicaba river basin is a subtropical watershed located in the southeastern region of Brazil. With an area of 12 400 km², the basin is a typical example of new landscape resulting from development in tropical and sub-tropical regions: establishment of intensive industrial and agricultural processes were followed by significant population growth and water management. This scenario has led to significant increase in water demand and decrease in water quality. The main objective of this study is the detection of changes in the patterns of flow and precipitation in the basin, and its possible relation to man-induced changes. Statistical analyses were performed on records of precipitation, evapotranspiration and streamflow, from 1947 to 1991. Precipitation and evapotranspiration totals showed significant increasing trends for the entire basin. From eight streamflow gauge stations, half showed significant decreasing trend. The most probable cause of such trends is the export of water from the basin to the metropolitan region of São Paulo city.     

鄱阳湖流域1961—2010年极端降水变化分析

基于鄱阳湖流域14个国家气象站1961—2010年的日降水量数据,采用百分位法定义阈值,识别极端降水事件;采用线性回归方法进行趋势检验,进而对鄱阳湖流域1961—2010年极端降水的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,相比年降水,流域极端降水的变化趋势更为明显;1961—2010年鄱阳湖流域极端强降水强度呈显著增大趋势而极端强降水天数显著减小;极端降水强度增大的区域主要分布在赣江流域和抚河流域。1961—2010年鄱阳湖流域大部分站点极端降水不存在突变,降水在时间上有分布更加集中的趋势。鄱阳湖流域极端降水的上述变化,对流域水资源管理提出了更加严峻的挑战。     

Patterns of Lake Balkhash water level changes and their climatic correlates during 1992–2010 period

The variation in Lake Balkhash water levels during the period from 1992 to 2010 and their relationship with climate dynamics were investigated in this study, using satellite altimetry data and meteorological records from climate stations located in the lake catchment basin. The altimetry‐derived water level demonstrated a general water level increase, reaching a mean value of 8.1 cm year^?1 in July 2005, with a maximum value of 342.52 m. The increased Lake Balkhash water level was accompanied by an overall upward trend in precipitation and temperature in the catchment basin during the study period. A strong increase in the winter and spring temperature was the main contributor to the general upward temperature trend, whereas a significant change of summer and autumn precipitation was the major contributor to the annual precipitation trend. Neither precipitation nor temperature increased uniformly across the entire lake drainage basin. The study results identified the most pronounced climate change occurring in the mountainous part (>2000 m above sea level) of the basin, in the upper reaches of the Ili river, which is the main water inflow to the lake. Statistical analysis indicated the Lake Balkhash water level is strongly correlated with both precipitation and temperature. The correlations were investigated for three altitudinal strata (<1000 m, 1000–2000 m, >2000 m) corresponding to the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Ili river. The best correlations were obtained for the upper reaches of the Ili river, indicating a changing snow cover and glacier equilibrium are the main factors controlling the water level trends in Lake Balkhash.     

长江上游保护区径流变化特征及其对气候因子响应的区域差异性研究

分析河川径流的演化规律和动因,对于变化环境下的水生态环境和水资源适应性规划管理十分重要。以长江上游保护区屏山、朱沱和赤水站的1956—1990年的近自然状态径流为研究对象,分别利用小波分析方法、非参数Mann-Kendall趋势分析方法和弹性系数方法,探究了径流变化的多时间尺度演变特性、变化趋势和径流变化对气候因子的响应状况。结果表明:3个研究站点的年径流周期性变化存在相似性,都有着10~14 a的丰枯震荡周期。各站点的径流在年和季节尺度上呈现增加的趋势,但在月尺度上,屏山和朱沱站情况相似,在8月份径流存在明显的下降趋势,赤水站径流在3,4月份有显著增加。3个站点的径流都对降雨的敏感度较高,但是各站点年径流对气候因子的响应也存在区域差异性,流经区域大多位于高山峡谷的屏山站和赤水站,其年径流对降雨的弹性系数要大于朱沱站,而位于四川盆地区域的朱沱站的年径流对蒸发的弹性系数要稍微大于屏山和赤水站。     

气候变化影响下的赣江流域水资源变化趋势与幅度分析

利用全球气候模式输出结果,经统计降尺度模型降解后得到流域尺度的降水和气温要素,根据实测资料建立气温—蒸发回归关系以及新安江水文模型,使用耦合模拟和MK趋势分析评估未来气候变化情景下赣江流域水资源量的变化趋势和幅度。研究结果表明:未来不同排放情景下的年降水量、年蒸发量和年径流量等水文气候要素变化趋势以显著增加为主。未来年降水量、年蒸发量和年径流量的多年平均值相对基准期有较小幅度增加,最大增幅为年径流量的13.81%。降水、蒸发和径流的年内变化有明显的季节性特征,汛期径流增加、非汛期径流减少的不均匀情况加剧,在一定程度上可能增加赣江流域未来的防洪压力和枯水期供水压力。     

鄱阳湖流域未来降水变化预测分析

利用鄱阳湖流域的 13 个国家气象站 1961-2001 年的实测降水数据和 NCEP 再分析数据,建立了鄱阳湖流域降水的统计降尺度模型;在 IPCC 2000 年排放情景特别报告（ SRES ）中的A2和B2 排放情景下,应用 HadCM3 的输出数据,预测鄱阳湖流域未来3个时段（2010-2039 年、 2040-2069 年、 2070-2099 年）的降水变化情况。结果表明：鄱阳湖流域大部分区域的降水量有所增加,在本世纪末最大可能增加 11.15% 。     

三峡工程与两湖河川径流丰枯遭遇研究

基于多种常用的统计技术对三峡工程坝址控制站与两湖入湖控制站天然径流序列进行趋势诊断,识别了其变化趋势;采用多种拟合精度评价方法,从构建的多种边缘分布和Copula联合分布模型中优选出拟合精度较高的模型,计算分析三峡工程与两湖天然径流量丰枯遭遇概率及其变化规律。研究表明:三峡工程坝址控制站径流量呈现不显著下降趋势,两湖入湖控制站径流量呈现不显著增大趋势;三峡工程与鄱阳湖丰枯遭遇概率较洞庭湖略大,全年期三峡工程与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖遭遇同丰同枯概率较汛期、非汛期要大,同丰概率分别为42.10%和44.71%,同枯概率分别为11.74%和16.62%。研究成果可为三峡水库供水调度研究提供理论参考。     

鄱阳湖流域气候变化及其对入湖径流量的影响

为分析鄱阳湖流域气候变化特征及评估其对流域径流的影响,研究利用1961-2010年间鄱阳湖流域29个气象站和入湖"五河"水文控制站观测数据,分析该时段内流域气候和径流量变化趋势,建立统计模型分析其对流域径流量的影响。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖流域年气温呈显著性(99%置信度检验)波动上升趋势,流域降水总体呈略上升趋势,降水天数呈下降趋势。受气候变化的影响,鄱阳湖流域径流量呈上升趋势。统计模型计算结果表明,径流量与降雨变化呈非线性关系,径流量对降雨变化有着较强的敏感性,相同的气温变化情景下,降水增加比降水减少对径流量的影响更加显著,表明降水变化对径流量有着不同程度和方向的影响作用。气温对径流的影响呈线性,但其影响不明显。未来气候变化情景下,2050年前鄱阳湖流域在高排放A2和RCP8.5情景下呈现明显增长趋势,但其径流量低于其他排放情景。     

浏阳河流域降水时空演变规律分析

通过线性回归、滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平联合滑动t检验和Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了浏阳河流域1969~2013年的年、汛期和非汛期降水的演变规律。结果表明:(1)45 a来,年、汛期降水量呈非显著性下降趋势,非汛期降水量呈非显著性上升趋势。(2)年降水量的空间分布存在不均衡性,降水量总体从东北部向西南部逐渐减少。(3)年、汛期降水量均在1992年发生显著性均值突变,非汛期降水量突变不显著。(4)年降水量均存在27 a左右主周期,汛期和非汛期降水量在时间尺度上的相位变化与年降水大体一致。研究结果可为浏阳河流域气候分析和气候预测提供参考。     

Identification of Streamflow Response to Climate Change and Human Activities in the Wei River Basin,China

In this study, the calibration and validation period with stable underlying surface conditions was determined by using a statistically significant change point of the annual streamflow in several catchments of the Wei River basin (WRB). The effects of climate changes and human activities on streamflow were estimated by using the sensitivity-based method and the dynamic water balance model, respectively. The contributions of climate effects and human activities effects on streamflow were also investigated. The results showed that almost all the catchments exhibited significant decreasing trend of streamflow in the early 1990s. The streamflow was more sensitive to changes in precipitation than changes in potential evapotranspiration (PET). Effects of climate due to changes in precipitation and PET are weak in Linjiacun, Weijiabao and Xianyang catchments, while it is strong in the catchments controlled by other hydrological stations, accounting for more than 40 % of streamflow reduction. Effects of human activities on streamflow in Linjiacun, Weijiabao, Xianyang and Zhangjiashan catchments accounted for more than 50 % of the streamflow reduction. The study provides scientific foundation to understand the causes of water resources scarcity and useful information for the planning and management of water resources in the ecological fragile arid area.     

Wavelet-Aided Analysis to Estimate Seasonal Variability and Dominant Periodicities in Temperature,Precipitation, and Streamflow in the Midwestern United States

The study explores the conjunction of Discrete Wavelet Transform along with trend and shift detection techniques to analyze variability in seasonal temperature, precipitation, and streamflow across the Midwestern United States. The analysis was performed using three dyadic scales that corresponded to periodicities of two, four, and eight years, referred to as D1, D2, and D3, respectively. The study utilized Mann-Kendall test to analyze trends having variations accounting for serial correlation. Pettit’s test was used to detect shift changes in the hydrologic variables. The results of shift changes also were tested for coincidence with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in relation to Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The temperature and precipitation over 106 climate divisions as well as streamflow over 88 stations were evaluated over the period of 1960–2013. Results indicated an increasing temperature trend, with D2 and D3 being the most effective periodic components in detecting trends in winter, spring, and summer; D1 and D3 were most effective in detecting trends in temperature in fall. Likewise, precipitation and streamflow showed dominance of the D3 component in detecting trends. More shifts than trends were detected in all the hydrologic variables indicating abrupt changes in climate in the region. Temporally, shifts were observed from 1975 to 1995, and spatially shift years varied across the Midwest. Most shift changes coincided with PDO and ENSO phases. The results will aid water managers to better prepare for the future emphasizing the need to make planning and operation more flexible to improve the efficiency of water use.     

上海市1971-2010年降水时空变化特征

基于上海市11个气象站的逐月降水数据,利用线形回归、Mann-Kendall等多种数理统计及GIS空间插值的地学统计方法对上海市1971-2010年的年、季降水时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明:在时间上,年降水量为不显著增加趋势,春秋两季呈微弱下降趋势;变化特征不明显;夏冬两季呈增加趋势,冬季增加趋势尤为显著。在空间分布上,年、秋季降水呈东西分异,春、冬呈南北分异,夏季呈东北-西南分布。年、季降水量及趋势分布表现出差异性和一致性特点,其中年和夏季降水量分布与各自趋势分布的空间相关性较高,整体表现为市区大于郊区、东部沿海大于西部内陆。研究结果对于认识全球气候变化的区域响应具有重要的基础性科学意义,同时可为上海市水资源管理及洪涝灾害应对提供参考。     

1975－2015年洪泽湖水沙变化趋势及成因分析

淮河流域洪涝灾害频繁,洪泽湖对其防洪除涝起关键性作用。掌握洪泽湖水沙变化趋势及突变点对流域水资源管理、水沙调节有重要的现实意义。利用入、出洪泽湖各支流代表水文站1975-2015年实测年径流量和年输沙量数据,分析入、出洪泽湖水量和沙量分布特征。通过Mann-Kendall(M-K)秩相关检验法和Pettitt突变点识别法研究入湖、出湖水沙量年际变化趋势和突变点。在此基础上,从流域降雨、水资源开发利用和水库滞沙三个方面分析了洪泽湖水沙变化的主要影响因素。研究表明:洪泽湖入湖、出湖水量年际变化趋势一致,无明显减小趋势,且无显著突变点。入湖沙量有小幅减小趋势,出湖沙量M-K统计值超过95%显著性水平,有明显减小趋势。入湖、出湖沙量发生突变的年份为1991年。对影响因素的分析得到:降雨量变化是水量变化的重要影响因素。1993-2015年,入湖水量呈不明显减小趋势则与流域用水量明显增加、水资源开发利用程度不断提高有关。上游水库建设是导致洪泽湖沙量有明显减小趋势的主要原因,1991年治淮工程的实施,水库复建和水土保持等措施是沙量突变的主要原因。