多种修复技术对城市内河水质及微生物群落的影响

采集城市内河水样,分别采用曝气增氧、碳源添加、生物投菌和综合修复等技术,在实验室进行水质修复模拟实验,并以水质参数、微生物多样性及丰度为鉴定指标,分析不同修复技术对城市河流水质的修复效果及其对河流微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,曝气、生物投菌和综合修复技术可以提高河流微生物群落结构多样性,水体微生物群落以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)为主;而使用碳源添加技术的水样,河流微生物的多样性下降明显,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度达到了93%;水质修复方面,曝气增氧技术和生物投菌技术都仅能降低水体COD质量浓度,无法降低水体TN及NH+4-N质量浓度;碳源添加和综合修复技术,对水体TN和NH+4-N的去除效果明显,但投加碳源的河流水体中的COD质量浓度显著上升;相关性分析结果表明,影响水体微生物群落结构的主要环境因子为COD和DO。     

碳纤维生物接触氧化法处理黑臭水体过程中的微生物多样性演变特征

为了探讨碳纤维生物接触氧化法处理黑臭水体过程中,生长环境对细菌群落结构多样性特征演变的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对接种污泥以及设备内不同处理阶段的活性污泥、碳纤维膜上的细菌群落特征进行了研究。结果表明,随着挂膜的进行,设备内活性污泥的微生物种类逐渐减少,与接种污泥的细菌群落结构差异性越来越大,但是碳纤维膜E样品与稳定期D样品的细菌群落结构差异性较小。优势细菌菌群分析结果表明,在门类水平上达到20门以上,优势细菌种群以变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门的细菌为主,相对丰度约为75%～95%;纲类水平也达到20纲以上,主要以α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲为主。设备内活性污泥和碳纤维上的α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲均高于接种污泥,梭菌纲含量低于接种污泥,说明采用活性污泥进行接种挂膜,细菌群落结构发生了较大变化。     

镇江市金山水厂活性炭池微生物群落结构解析

采用高通量测序技术,分析了镇江市金山水厂活性炭池微生物的群落结构。结果表明,8个炭池表层共检测到23种菌门,其中优势菌门2种,Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)和Proteobacteria(放线菌门);优势菌属为Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)、Lactococcus(乳球菌属)、Enterococcus(肠球菌属)、Streptococcus(链球菌属)、Carnobacterium(肉食杆菌属)、Cronobacter(阪崎肠杆菌属)以及Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属)。这些均为专性需氧或者兼性厌氧菌,利用有机物作为碳源,实现水中有机污染物的去除;同一炭池不同深度的微生物群落差异不明显。     

北大港水库微生物群落的空间分布特征

天津北大港水库水质存在咸化问题，水质咸化可能会导致微生物群落组成和多样性发生显著变化。为探究 水质咸化条件下水库微生物群落组成的空间分布特征，于 2021 年 12 月在北大港水库采集表层、中层和底层的水 样，利用高通量测序技术，对北大港水库不同深度及上下游的微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析，并探究溶解性 总固体与微生物群落的关系。结果表明：北大港水库的溶解性总固体（total?dissolved?solids,?TDS）质量浓度在表层、 中层和底层存在差异，下游高于上游。微生物的主要优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门，变形菌门的相 对丰度均超过 50%。优势菌属是 Clade_III 未定属（相对丰度 1.10％～72.72?％）和黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium?相对丰 度 0.32％～20.09?％），Clade_III 未定属的相对丰度上游高于下游，黄杆菌属的相对丰度表层高于中层和底层。上 游水体表层的微生物群落组成与中层、底层的微生物群落组成存在显著差异，下游在不同深度微生物群落组成差 异不显著，中层和底层的微生物群落组成存在相似性。Chao1 和 Shannon 指数表现出表层<中层<底层，下游略高 于上游，微生物 Alpha 多样性指数随 TDS 质量浓度的增大而减小。在科水平上，Clade_Ⅲ能够耐受较高的盐度，但 当 TDS 质量浓度>3?000?mg/L 时其丰度降低。     

汾河柴庄水文站水体富营养及浮游植物群落特征研究

为研究汾河水体营养状态及浮游植物群落特征，于2021年5—10月对汾河柴庄站进行连续6个月水生态调查监测，评价汾河水体营养状态、水华等级、浮游植物群落特征，采用Pearson检验法进行藻密度与环境因子相关性分析，并采用DNA分子测序技术诊断微生物群落状态。结果表明：汾河柴庄站5—7月水质为Ⅴ类，8、9月为Ⅳ类，10月为劣Ⅴ类，主要超标项目为总氮、氨氮和化学需氧量；5—10月水体营养化程度均处于富营养状态，8、10月为轻度富营养，5、6、7、9月为中度富营养；共检出浮游植物6门36属52种，以绿藻门和硅藻门为主，蓝藻门、裸藻门、甲藻门、隐藻门次之。藻密度与Chl-a、DO、COD_Mn正相关，与水温、TN、TP、NH₃-N相关性不显著。分子测序诊断柴庄站水体细菌以Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)和Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)为主，真菌主要是Ascomycota(子囊菌门)、Basidiomycota(担子菌门)、Chytridiomycota(壶菌门)，其中Aspergillus(曲霉属...     

汉江上游干支流沉积物细菌群落多样性和影响因素

为了解汉江上游干支流沉积物细菌多样性以及确定性过程和随机性过程在沉积物细菌群落构建过程中的相对重要性,基于Illumina高通量测序技术,分析了环境因子对细菌群落组成的影响,采用非度量多维尺度(NMDS)排序探究了季节之间沉积物细菌群落的差异,并结合中性群落模型和标准化随机率量化了确定性过程和随机过程对群落构建的影响。结果表明:汉江上游及其支流细菌群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等组成；细菌群落在不同季节有显著差异；地理距离和环境因子对细菌群落结构影响较小,确定性过程并未在细菌群落组成中起到主导作用；随机过程很大程度上影响了群落在秋季和春季的组成,是沉积物细菌群落构建的主导因素。     

浙江省青山水库消落带湿地植物根际土壤真菌群落结构

为了研究水库消落带湿地中的植物及其根际土壤微生物对水库生态系统稳定性的维持和水库水质的改善具有重要作用,通过采用高通量测序方法,测定了位于浙江省杭州市临安区的青山水库消落带湿地植物根际土壤真菌群落结构以及多样性.结果表明,浙江省青山水库消落带湿地各建群种植物间其根际土壤真菌丰富度指数(ChaoI指数)和多样性指数(Shannon指数)存在明显的差别.Shannon和ChaoI都以旱茅的根际土壤样品为最高,其次是狗牙根根际土壤样品,而以荻根际土壤真菌Shannon和ChaoI的指数值最低.在门水平上,相对丰度最高的菌群为子囊菌门;在纲水平上,相对丰度最高的菌群为粪壳菌纲.在目水平上,相对丰度最高的为Ascomycota_unclassified.在科水平上,相对丰度较高的有Ascomycota_unclassified、口蘑科Tricholomat-aceae.在属水平上,相对丰度较高的有Ascomycota_unclassified、unidentified、杯伞属.     

人工湿地基质细菌多样性研究

分别采用PCR-RFLP和高通量测序方法,分析自由表面流人工湿地基质细菌多样性。2种方法均显示人工湿地基质中细菌主要分布在变形菌门,其中γ-变形菌纲和β-变形菌纲属优势菌群,其次为δ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、厚壁菌门中的芽孢杆菌纲及酸杆菌门中的酸杆菌纲。但在优势种属水平上,2种分析方法得到的结果差异较大。人工湿地基质中存在亚硝化螺菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、Thioalkalivibrio、不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、放线菌属、海旋菌、海单胞菌属及鞘脂菌属等参与脱氮除磷和降解有机污染物的微生物种类;同时也存在绿脓杆菌、弧菌属及黄杆菌属等致病菌或条件致病菌。研究也说明,PCR-RFLP和高通量测序法对湿地基质微生物多样性分析显示出了方法的优越性。     

典型屋面初期雨水径流污染特征及生物控制中试研究

为加强城市面源污染控制和推动生物滞留设施的实际应用,通过在线和人工监测方法考察了长沙市典型屋面雨水径流污染的变化规律及装配式高位花坛对污染物的去除性能,并采用Illumina高通量测序手段探究了设施介质中微生物群落的结构组成。结果表明：长沙市屋面初期雨水径流中COD和SS峰值浓度分别为22.9～153.0 mg/L和58.4～294.4 mg/L,具有一定的污染性且二者呈现正相关趋势;污染物浓度峰值出现在降雨开始后的30 min内且随着降雨历时的增加逐渐下降并趋于稳定;降雨量、降雨强度和降雨间隔时间的增加会加剧初期冲刷现象从而进一步恶化屋面径流水质;装配式高位花坛对COD、SS和NH₃—N的平均去除率分别为58.3%、85.3%和66.2%,屋面径流经过净化后水质明显改善;介质中的主要优势菌门为变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门,其中变形菌门相对丰度为30.0%～46.6%;反硝化过程更容易在出水端发生。     

活性炭净水工艺微生物安全性研究

采用基于16SrDNA的焦磷酸测序法对北京某水厂活性炭净水工艺各单元的细菌群落结构进行分析。结果显示,砂滤对细菌多样性影响较小,活性炭工艺使菌群多样性升高。活性炭颗粒上的细菌群落结构与各工艺出水差异明显。α,β和γ变形菌纲是工艺出水和活性炭上的优势菌,活性炭池可以有效去除α变形菌纲和γ变形菌,但加氯消毒后的出厂水中α变形菌纲比例很高。出厂水中的第一优势菌为嗜氢菌属,含量高达86.2%。出厂水和活性炭颗粒上发现了9种潜在致病菌,如短波单胞菌、黄色单胞菌和鞘氨醇单胞菌等,但相对丰度较低,对饮用水安全影响较小。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．