纤维对水工抗冲磨硅粉混凝土性能的影响

在水工抗冲磨硅粉混凝土中掺入不同品种纤维可以改善混凝土性能,研究了水工抗冲磨硅粉混凝土掺入改性聚乙烯醇纤维KS-1500(PVA1)、聚乙烯醇纤维(PVA2)和聚丙烯纤维(PP)后,混凝土的基本力学性能、抗冲击韧性、抗冲磨强度、抗裂性能。结果表明,掺入不同品种的纤维后,可提高混凝土极限拉伸值、抗冲击韧性、抗冲磨强度、平板抗裂性,抑制混凝土干缩。综合比较分析,掺入改性聚乙烯醇纤维KS-1500对提高水工抗冲磨硅粉混凝土的性能有利,尤其是极限拉伸值。     

PVA纤维对活性粉末混凝土抗冲磨影响试验研究

抗冲磨性能是水工混凝土耐久性研究方面的亟待解决的问题。文章利用实验室试验研究的方式,对不同PVA纤维掺量对活性粉末混凝土抗冲磨性能变化规律进行研究,结论显示PVA纤维掺入可以有效提升混凝土的抗冲磨性能,且PVA纤维活性粉末混凝土的抗压强度和抗冲磨强度之间不存在显著的相关性。     

PVA纤维对水工混凝土抗冲磨性的影响试验研究

为解决水工建筑物面临的冲蚀问题,试验研究了在不同养护龄期下,不同体积掺量PVA纤维对混凝土强度、抗冲磨性能的影响,并对纤维混凝土的微观形貌进行了分析。研究结果表明,同基准组混凝土相比,当PVA纤维体积掺量为0.2%时,纤维混凝土的抗压强度提升了20.8%,劈裂抗拉强度提升了33.2%,抗冲磨强度提升了108.4%,磨损深度下降了34.2%,质量磨损率下降了3.9%。PVA纤维混凝土微观形貌的分析结果显示,当PVA纤维体积掺量为0.2%时,纤维在混凝土基体内分散性良好且呈乱向分布。结合SEM分析结果得知,在混凝土中掺入适量PVA纤维,可以显著提升水工混凝土的强度和抗冲磨性。     

纤维混凝土抗冲磨性能试验研究

为了对纤维混凝土的抗冲磨性能进行研究,试验选取钢纤维、聚乙烯醇纤维、聚丙烯纤维三种纤维在混凝土中进行掺加,研究了不同种类和不同长度的纤维对混凝土抗冲磨性能的影响。试验结果表明:掺加纤维可以提高混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及抗冲磨强度;从强度、抗冲磨性能及性价比方面来看,掺加长度为12mm的聚丙烯纤维混凝土试件优势明显;掺加长度为12mm的聚丙烯纤维混凝土试件的抗冻性和抗渗性均能满足设计要求。该研究可为同类水利工程施工提供参考。     

外掺料对水工抗冲磨混凝土体积稳定性的影响

为研究外掺料对抗冲磨混凝土体积稳定性的影响,对比分析了在加入PVA纤维、硅粉、HF抗冲磨剂等外掺料后,抗冲磨混凝土的极限拉伸值、干缩变形以及自生体积变形的变化规律,从而判断外掺料对其稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:外掺料对抗冲磨混凝土的极限拉伸值、抗压弹模、干缩率和自生体积变形均有影响;同等条件下,PVA纤维由于自身的物理特性对抗冲磨混凝土的极限拉伸值和抗压弹模影响较大,硅粉和HF抗冲磨剂则由于自身的微集料效应和火山灰反应,对混凝土的干缩和自生体积变形影响更为显著;但随着观测龄期的增加,这种影响趋势逐渐降低。研究成果可为抗冲磨混凝土的材料选择提供一定参考。     

构皮滩电站拱坝抗冲磨混凝土研究

研究了构皮滩水电站拱坝掺磷矿渣粉抗冲磨混凝土的配合比设计,对掺磷矿渣粉混凝土的力学性能、抗冲磨性能、抗冻性能、抗渗性能等进行了试验研究.通过大量试验,从强度、抗渗等角度考虑,抗冲磨混凝土可选用0.3的水胶比;采用超塑化剂、引气剂、磷矿渣粉、硅粉、聚丙烯纤维复掺的方法,所配制的抗冲磨混凝土的工作性能良好、含气量为4.7%、强度等级达到C50、28 d极限拉伸值达97×10-6、90 d抗渗等级大于W12、90 d抗冻等级达到F200.试验结果说明,配制的抗冲磨混凝土的各项性能指标均满足设计要求,能用于构皮滩电站拱坝工程建设.     

纤维混凝土抗裂性能研究

通过试验比较了单掺聚丙烯腈纤维、混掺聚丙烯腈纤维和钢纤维混凝土的强度、极限拉伸值、弯曲韧性和抗裂性能,试验结果表明,聚丙烯腈纤维能抑制混凝土早期塑性及干缩裂缝,提高混凝土早期抗弯韧性,对混凝土抵抗早期裂缝有明显影响,但对混凝土后期抗裂性能没有明显作用;混掺钢纤维与聚丙烯腈纤维明显提高了混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度、极限拉伸值和弯曲韧性,可同时改善混凝土早期与后期的抗裂性能,但如成型不当更易形成裂缝.     

单轴循环受拉条件下SP-HFRC力学性能试验研究

通过对21个钢－聚丙烯混杂纤维混凝土（ＳＰ－ＨＦＲＣ）试件进行单轴循环受拉试验，研究ＳＰＨＦＲＣ在循环受拉条件下的力学行为变化规律。重点分析混杂纤维体积掺量及长径比对应力－应变全曲线、累积塑性应变、刚度退化、应力退化的影响。结果表明:混杂纤维具有逐级阻裂作用使得ＳＰＨＦＲＣ试件呈现明显延性破坏特征；应力－应变全曲线卸载点应变与塑性应变呈线性关系；ＳＰ－ＨＦＲＣ刚度退化过程随钢纤维体积掺量和长径比增加而减缓，受聚丙烯纤维体积掺量的影响不明显；纤维对应力退化率的影响不明显。在试验结果和相关文献试验数据的基础上，建立了ＳＰ－ＨＦＲＣ单轴循环受拉应力－应变全曲线方程，可用于结构非线性和滞回性能等的分析。     

被动围压下钢纤维超高性能混凝土冲击压缩力学特性与损伤特征

【目的】为了研究掺有钢纤维的超高性能混凝土(UHPC)在冲击压缩作用下的力学特性与损伤特征,【方法】基于被动围压的霍普金森压杆,保持冲击气压为0.4 MPa不变,分别测试得到不同钢纤维掺量、不同含水状态UHPC试样的应力—应变曲线,并对其峰值应力、应变、能量耗散特性、损伤演化特征进行分析。【结果】结果显示：钢纤维在UHPC中网状分布,发挥桥接作用使试样动态抗压强度提高,钢纤维掺量为1%时动态抗压强度达到峰值,后随掺量增加有所降低,极限应变变化趋势与动态抗压强度相反,饱和试样峰值应力低于干燥试样,约为干燥试样的80%。【结论】计算了试样在加载三阶段的能量耗散,发现钢纤维可以降低荷载做功。此外,结合耗散能定义了损伤变量D,分析了UHPC损伤演化三阶段,得到钢纤维对损伤演化的抑制作用。     

含白云石粗骨料超高性能混凝土的性能试验研究

为了降低超高性能混凝土(UHPC)中水泥等胶凝材料的用量,掺入白云石粗骨料(CDA),制备了含CDA的UHPC,并探讨了粗骨料含量和钢纤维体积掺量对UHPC抗压强度、弯曲强度、弹性模量、单轴拉伸性能以及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:随着CDA含量的增加,UHPC弹性模量的显著提升,而抗压强度和弯曲强度则先上升后下降;钢纤维体积掺量的增加,增大了含CDA的UHPC的抗压强度、初裂强度、峰值强度和断裂耗能,降低了试件历经磨损后的质量损失和磨损深度,优化了其单轴拉伸性能和耐磨性能;当CDA含量为200 kg/m³、钢纤维体积掺量为1.5%时,制备的UHPC各项性能综合最佳。研究成果可供超高性能混凝土研究人员参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。