Three dimensional numerical simulation of bore type tsunami propagation and run up on to a dike

Tsunami increases its height on the shallow water area and may transfers into bore when it breaks. Bore type tsunami sometimes produces huge forces and causes large damages on coastal infrastructures. In order to mitigate tsunami damages, bore type tsunami propagation, run-up and its characteristics need to be understood. And aside of experimental study, numerical simulation provides principal physical quantities with higher resolution in time and space. This study discus the validity of a numerical simulation based on VOF method, CADMAS-SURF, and characteristics of bore propagation on to a dike.

     

散体滑坡涌浪形成与传播的物理模拟试验研究

滑坡入水淹没率是影响滑坡涌浪生成和传播的重要因素。采用正交试验开展散体滑坡涌浪室内模拟试验研究,探讨了滑体规模、速度与水深条件对涌浪波形特征的影响。取得如下研究成果:①滑体完全入水激发涌浪,首浪具有较大波幅,波前平缓、波后较陡,且波形关于竖直和水平轴对称,呈“匍匐”态传播;未完全入水滑坡涌浪初始波峰明显,形态尖突,无明显波谷,波形关于竖直轴对称。②建立了基于单宽体积比R和弗劳德数Fr的波形分类方法,将涌浪分为类斯托克斯波、类椭圆余弦波(或类孤立波)和涌波3种波形,界定了基于R-Fr关系的波形边界方程。③构建了基于R参数的最大波幅预测模型,选取4个涌浪案例验证了模型的可靠性。研究结果对探究深水与浅水区滑坡涌浪的预测具有参考意义。     

建桥对钱塘江涌潮高度影响的试验研究

采用潮浪水槽和定床模型进行建桥对钱塘江涌潮高度影响的试验,结果表明涌潮高度的减小幅度与桥墩的阻水率成正比,因此为了保护涌潮的景观,在满足桥梁结构强度和安全的前提下,应尽量减小桥墩的阻水率.     

断层对孟底沟高拱坝坝肩变位及稳定性的影响研究

孟底沟水电站高拱坝由于左岸坝肩岩体受到 f1、f2、f6断层的切割,使得左坝肩形成了四个大块体。由于 f6与库水连通,若不做处理,蓄水后作用在 f6上的全水头渗压势必将使左岸坝肩岩体向河谷变形。因此左坝肩岩体变形连续性,拱坝坝体变位对称性及坝肩控制性滑块稳定性成为该工程的突出问题。充分考虑左岸坝肩断层交汇和切割关系,采用刚体弹簧元法对上述问题进行了计算分析和研究。结果表明：f6断层水压推力作用将使得断层交汇处出现不连续变形,断层产生错动现象,断层交汇点最大错动位移达到2．03 cm ,同时削弱了拱坝坝体变位对称性,左右半拱顺河向和横河向最大位移差分别为1．42 cm 和0．86 cm ;坝肩控制性滑移块体稳定安全系数下降,最大降幅可达18．19％。建议对 f6进行封堵或者置换处理,防止库水侵入山体。     

2D numerical modelling of bed profile changes due to tsunami effects on near shore coasts: Kadikoy case study.

This study was aimed at the investigation of tsunami effects on the seabed profile as these may be important for coastal structures, like sea outfalls or breakwaters. Tsunamis are well known with huge wave heights and destructive effects on the coastal region. A 2D numerical model was set using the software, COSMOS to calculate the cross-shore sediment transport and to evaluate profile changes in the coastal seabed. The study area is Kadikoy region, a densely populated industrial coastal area in South East Istanbul. The model was run for different kinds of tsunami waves. Not only the bed profile changes, but also the wave heights, breaker depths, peak wave bottom orbital velocities, wave set-up and cross-shore sediment transport rates were determined. The results indicated that, at a water depth around 40-50 m, some tsunamis were found to have a wave height of order of 15 m, which became about 5 m at a depth of 10 m. The wave set up near the coast was about 1.5-2 m. The results also implied that tsunami waves, with their destructive nature, could lead to dramatic vertical changes of the seabed.     

淹没垂直圆柱周围水流结构及紊流特性试验研究

淹没垂直圆柱虽在各工程领域中均有广泛的实际应用,但还没有关于其绕流场内水流结构及紊流特性的系统研究。通过室内变坡水槽试验对淹没垂直圆柱周围的瞬时流速场进行了精细测量,分析了淹没率对垂直圆柱上下游竖直对称面内三维流速、紊动强度等水力参数垂线分布的影响程度,研究了向下水流、马蹄形旋涡和尾流旋涡等典型水流结构的冲刷力随淹没率的变化规律,揭示了淹没率影响垂直圆柱周围清水局部冲刷的机理。研究结果表明:增大淹没率能够减小垂直圆柱出露于水体中的有效长度,使得垂直圆柱对水体的阻流和扰动作用减弱,也使得垂直圆柱上游迎水面处向下水流、柱周马蹄形旋涡和下游尾流旋涡的冲刷能力被有效削弱,降低了垂直圆柱周围床面泥沙被旋涡体系卷起后顺水流失的概率。     

Evaluating the Effect of Downstream Channel Width Variation on Hydraulic Performance of Arched Plan Stepped Spillways

In the present study, a 3D physical model with a scale of 1:50 was developed based on the Germi-Chay dam. The model was used to assess the impact of downstream channel width variation on the efficiency of arched plan stepped spillways. Four ratios of downstream channel width to spillway crest width (Wch/W) were considered which range from 0.214 to 0.286. The hydraulic parameters such as water surface profile, static pressure, discharge coefficient, energy dissipation, and stage-discharge were assessed for each model. Results of the experiments indicated that the values of the discharge coefficient increased with increasing the upstream head values before the submergence state occurrence. However, in this state, the downstream channel width variations had no significant impact on the discharge coefficient. On the other hand, with spillway submergence, influence on discharge coefficient was observed when width variations occurred. Observations showed that an increase in the width ratio caused a decrease in static pressure. In addition, the results of the submerged state clearly showed the effect of the width ratio variations on energy dissipation. For a particular discharge, the highest width ratio led to minimal energy dissipation. Results revealed that the most efficient model was when Wch/W?=?0.286. This model was the only one that successfully passed the probable maximum flood discharge in the maximum allowable height (5 m).

     

Combined effects of coastal forest and sea embankment on reducing the washout region of houses in the Great East Japan tsunami

Coastal vegetation is widely recognized for its ability to reduce tsunami damage; however, coastal forests in large areas of the Tohoku and Kanto districts of Japan were destroyed by the Great East Japan tsunami on 11 March 2011. To elucidate the tsunami-mitigating effect of a coastal forest during a destructive tsunami, the combined effects of sea embankment and coastal forest were analyzed using post-tsunami survey data of the damage and a nonlinear long wave equation model that includes the breaking or washout condition of trees. The numerical simulations estimated that a 600-m-long coastal forest reduced the washout region of houses due to a 10-m-high tsunami at the coast by approximately 100 m, and the reduction achieved by a sea wall of approximately 5.4–6.4 m in height was approximately 560–1520 m. The height of a sea embankment or wall with sand dunes greatly affects the breaking condition of trees behind it by changing the tsunami flux overflowing the sea wall and the sand dune. For the combination of a sea embankment and a coastal forest during a destructive tsunami, the tsunami mitigation function of the coastal forest has an optimum value when the fluid force on the trees is strong but not strong enough to break the trees under the condition at which the tsunami overflows the sea embankment. At the investigated site, the effect of the coastal forest was larger than that of the sea embankment under optimal conditions. Thus, a coastal forest on a sand dune should be designed as a mitigation measure behind a sea embankment and optimally designed to protect the houses that are not protected from a tsunami by the sea embankment alone.     

涌波的基本性质

分析了溃坝波和涌潮等波动的基本特征。水流穿越涌波时，水流流量、动量虽保持守恒，但机械能大量损耗，因此通常所用的Saint Venant方程并不能描述涌波附近的流动。从微观角度看，考虑铅垂流速分量及水平速度不均匀性所引起的色、耗散效应后，涌波波后将产生衰减的高频波，波陡大为增加，因此表面失稳，进而形成漩滚。分析说明，Froude数也是色、耗散效应的比值，决定了涌波的局部形态。数值计算结果与试验值极为接近。由于天然河道形态复杂，进行涌波数值计算时，需对控制方程的源项进行处理，方能对涌波有深入的了解。     

A preliminary study of the turbulence features of the tidal bore in the Qiantang River,China

In this paper, the turbulence characteristics of the tidal flow in the Qiantang River, China, the world-famous Qiantang bore, are studied. A detailed field observation at the Yanguan section of the Qiantang River was carried out during the spring tide in October 2010 with a continuous collection of high frequency turbulence data. The data analysis shows that the hydrodynamic processes are characterized by a strong tidal bore. Statistics of the turbulence such as the probability distributions of the turbulent components, the variance terms and the covariance terms are found consistent with those of previous studies of estuaries without the tidal bore. However, along the vertical profile, the distributions of all variables become more scattered downwards. The horizontal turbulence fluctuations are of a similar magnitude while the vertical turbulence has a fluctuation magnitffde about 1/3 of that of the horizontal turbulences. The fluctuation strengths and the Reynolds stresses are much larger than those of other estuaries when the bore arrives. The bottom shear stress varies periodically with the tides, less than 0.44 N/m2 during the ebb but is increased drastically at the bore arrival, with the maximum being 0.92 N/m2. A good linear relationship is found between the bottom shear stress and the bottom suspended sediment concentration.     

弧形闸门前旋涡临界淹没水深研究

该文以某弧形闸门控制的泄洪闸为研究对象,采用比尺为1:20的水工模型试验,对弧形闸门前的旋涡特性及其临界淹没水深进行了研究。试验观测发现,弧形闸门局部开启时,闸门前旋涡总是成对出现的,且环量方向相反。实测吸气旋涡的临界淹没水深数据表明,其不仅与弗劳德数有关,还与进水口的宽高比以及来流收缩比有关。最后该文通过理论分析和数据拟合的方法,建立了避免弧形闸门前形成吸气旋涡的临界淹没水深公式,该公式同时考虑了弗劳德数、闸门开度和来流环量的影响。     

竖向条形锚板水平拉拔承载规律试验研究

针对竖向条形锚板的拉拔承载研究存在人为区分浅埋、深埋,且界定标准及对力学模型的对称性认识不统一等问题,为了理清锚板拉拔承载随埋深的演化机理,基于数字照相测量技术对砂土中竖向条形锚板的水平拉拔问题开展模型试验研究,就拉拔极限承载力及板前土体位移变形特性随埋深比的变化规律进行分析。试验研究采用自制试验装置开展了14种埋深比工况下的水平拉拔试验,并获得了相应的荷载位移曲线。试验过程中对板周区域进行拍摄,并通过数字图像分析技术构建拉拔过程中板周土体的位移场。结果表明:中密砂中竖向条形锚板的水平拉拔极限承载力随着埋深比的增加而增大,速率由快趋缓,归一化后的承载力比可用埋深比的二次多项式进行表达。随着埋深比的增大,极限拉拔下板前砂土的位移场形态总体上表现出由非对称逐渐向对称连续变化的规律,并可用上下包络角来反映;上包络角基本不随埋深比发生变化,始终保持在(π/4+φ/2)+π/2左右;下包络角则随着埋深比的增加非线性增大,并最终趋于和上包络角相等,范围介于π/2到(π/4+φ/2)+π/2之间。研究成果可为条形锚板水平极限拉拔力学模型的构建提供新的依据。     

弧形闸门前漩涡影响因素研究

为研究弧形闸门局部开启时引起闸门前发生的吸气漩涡影响因素,取某泄洪闸的其中一孔为研究对象,采用比尺为1∶20的水工模型进行了相关试验研究和理论分析。研究结果表明,闸前吸气漩涡的产生与闸前水深、闸门开度、来流环量以及表面张力和黏性力有关。通过试验观测和理论分析得到,闸前漩涡存在上、下两个临界淹没水深。当闸前水深在临界淹没水深上下限之间时有吸气漩涡发生。弧形闸门局部开启时,开度越大,闸门进水口的宽高比越小,吸气漩涡越强;来流的边界条件引进的环量作用越明显,漩涡越强;当雷诺数Re≥4.4×10~4,韦伯数We≥(104~208)时,可以忽略黏性力和表面张力对试验的影响。最后,通过理论分析建立了只考虑闸门进水口的宽高比和环量数的临界淹没水深公式。     

长江口北支涌潮的形成条件及其初生地探讨

根据2001年4月青龙港出现涌潮时的实测流速和水深，采用水跃原理，简明地揭示了涨潮流速大于潮波传速是北支涌潮的成因。通过影响流速和波速的因素分析，并经实例计算认为：北支的喇叭形河势和水下沙坎是涌潮形成的必要条件；青龙港一潮的进潮量达到1.5亿m3，或北支口门一潮进潮量达到18亿m3是涌潮形成的充分条件。进而据沿程水深和潮汐等有关资料，经对比、试算，建立了沿程变化的进潮量、潮差等计算公式，并计算得到：在口门最大进潮量20.7亿m3的条件下，也只有当潮波上溯到距离口门约50km的灵甸港时，才出现流速大于波速，初生涌潮。由此表明，灵甸港是现今北支涌潮的初生地。     

海啸数值计算研究进展

该文介绍了海啸的成因以及海啸波的基本特征，总结了在数值模拟中经常用到的几种数值计算方法、控制方程以及各自的适用条件。分析了二维模型和三维模型的利弊，介绍了海底摩擦在近岸地区波浪传播和沉积物输移中所起的作用以及处理方法。旨在为进一步开展海啸数值研究提供理论上的参考和指导。     

二阶波浪力的切片理论与潜体上的垂向定常力

二阶波浪力的三维理论基本上是对无航速的结构物建立起来的，航速的影响不甚清楚，一些理论问题，例如二阶绕射势辐射条件的提法，直到最近才得以澄清，即使如此，用三维方法完整地求取物体上的二阶波浪力仍十分费时，本文中对有航速的细长物体建立了二阶波浪力的切片理论，旨在提供理论上合理，实用上相对简便的二阶力计算方法，作为完整的二阶波浪力的一个组成部分，文中给出了细长潜体在不同潜深和浪向角时所受的垂向常力及变化趋     

Calculation of the regime of submergence of a ski-jump bucket behind a deep outlet

Conclusion When using a ski-jump bucket behind bottom outlets of dams the depth of the lower pool at which submergence of the ski-jump and then the outlet occurs can be calculated by Eq. (5).With an increase of the angle of inclination of the ski-jump, submergence occurs at smaller depths of the lower pool. For example, for inclined ski-jumps with angles 20 and 27° the difference of the values of the critical depths compared with a horizontal deflector is respectively about 10 and 13%.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 29–31, July, 1984.     

侧向进水口立轴旋涡数值模拟

为了研究侧向进水口立轴旋涡的运动特性,以RNG模型为基础,引入VOF方法捕捉自由液面的变化,对立轴旋涡的形态及其运动轨迹进行了三维数值模拟,并对旋涡水面线和三维速度分布进行了分析。结果表明,侧向进水口前的旋涡是非对称的,其涡轴是一条空间曲线,旋涡下部在进水口的抽吸拉伸作用下发生扭曲。旋涡运动可分为三部分,第一部分水面线呈漏斗状,与对称旋涡类似,第二部分旋涡运动逐渐从竖向转为横向,第三部分为横向运动。在旋涡的上半部,轴向速度随着水深的增加而增大,当旋涡逐渐由竖向转为横向运动时,轴向速度逐渐减小直至为零。最大切向速度发生在淹没深度的52%处。     

Spatio‐temporal variability in underwater light climate in a turbid river‐floodplain system: Driving factors and estimation using Secchi disc

The underwater light climate has important effects on primary producers. The aim of this research was to evaluate its variability in a turbid river‐floodplain system. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured in the Middle Paraná River during different hydrological phases to (a) analyse the photosynthetically active radiation attenuation coefficient (k) and euphotic depth (Z_eu) as well as their associations with optically active components and (b) develop and evaluate indices and regression models based on Secchi disc (SD) measurements to estimate k and Z_eu. Values of k were higher in the fluvial system than in the floodplain and during low‐water stage than high‐water stage. Particulate components controlled the light climate variability. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll‐a had significant effects during floods. The estimation of k and Z_eu was sensitive to temporal but not to spatial variations. The highest prediction accuracy was observed when using specific non‐linear regressions for each hydrological phase, especially for Z_eu estimation (low stage: k = 1.76 × SD^?0.80, Z_eu = 2.62 × 1/SD^?0.80; high stage: k = 2.04 × SD^?0.53, Z_eu = 2.26 × 1/SD^?0.53). The indices k × SD and Z_eu/SD were significantly different from those proposed for clear water environments. It is concluded that temporal variations should be considered when estimating k and Z_eu in turbid river‐floodplain systems because of the temporal heterogeneity in optically active components. Considering that ecological implication of the light climate depends on Z_eu:depth ratio, we propose to estimate Z_eu instead of k. Finally, indices proposed for clear water environments are not recommended to be applied to turbid environments.     

植物带影响下孤立波沿程波高衰减特性试验

鉴于近岸植被对孤立波的阻力效应能有效降低其波能,开展综合考虑根茎叶影响的植物带消波试验,探究植物带影响下孤立波沿程波高衰减特性。当孤立波非线性大于0.11时,茎作用下孤立波沿程波高衰减特性与指数函数以及幂函数规律并不一致。当淹没度为0.67时,根茎共同与茎单独作用下孤立波沿程波高衰减趋势基本一致。当淹没度小于0.67且孤立波非线性不小于0.30时,茎叶作用下孤立波沿程波高服从指数函数以及幂函数衰减规律。非淹没情况下,随着分布密度的减小,孤立波沿程波高衰减强度减小,植物带消波边界效应减弱。研究表明,相比根茎,叶对孤立波沿程波高衰减特性影响更大。根茎叶以及分布密度对孤立波沿程波高衰减特性的影响与淹没度和孤立波非线性有关。