Estimation of Sediment Yield for a Rain,Snow and Glacier Fed River in the Western Himalayan Region

Assessment of soil erosion, sediment transport and deposition of sediment in the reservoirs, irrigation and hydropower systems are considered essential for the land and water management. The magnitude of sediment transported by rivers has become a serious concern for the water resources planning. In the present study, an assessment of sediment yield has been made for the Satluj River, which flows through the western Himalayan region. Two approaches have been used for the assessment of sediment yield (i) relationship between suspended sediment load and discharge and (ii) empirical relationship. The first approach was used for Satluj Basin up to Suni (52 983 km²), Kasol (53 768 km²) and also for the intermediate basin between Kasol and Suni (785 km²). The sediment-discharge relationship was developed using daily data for a period of three years (1991–1993) for different basins and was applied for each basin for the years 1994 and 1996 for estimation of sediment yield. The second approach, which gives annual sediment yield, has been used for a small intermediate basin only because of data availability constraints. For estimation of the sediment yield using the empirical relationship, various geographical parameters such as land use, topographical etc. were generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. The annual sediment yield for the intermediate basin was estimated for three years and compared with observed values. The trend of difference between computed and observed sediment yield suggested an effect of physical features of mountainous basins. The available empirical relationship was, therefore, revised by incorporating a basin parameter in the equation. This basin parameter represented an integrated effect of slope and spatial distribution of rainfall in the mountainous basin. Using the revised empirical relationship, the sediment yield was estimated for two independent years and a good correlation was found between computed and observed sediment yield.     

Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi‐quantitative approaches

Reservoir siltation is a serious problem that threatens the productivity and sustainability of water‐harvesting schemes. Quantification of sediment deposition in reservoirs and understanding of its major drivers are needed to apply targeted management interventions. Most of the techniques used to estimate sediment deposition in reservoirs require extensive measurements on a frequent time basis, as well as being costly and time‐consuming. Thus, a rapid and relatively economical means of assessing the erosion susceptibility of catchments and predicting their sediment yield potential is necessary. In this study, expert‐based rankings and semi‐quantitative factorial scoring approaches were applied to assess the siltation severity of 25 reservoirs in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. The results were then correlated with quantitative sediment yield estimates acquired for representative sites, and a sediment yield predication model was developed for the region. The calibrated model has an efficiency and relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of 79 and 36%, respectively, which is considered adequate to assess erosion susceptibility and siltation risk of reservoirs in similar environments. The study demonstrates that expert knowledge and rapid characterization of catchments, in terms of susceptibility to erosion, are viable options for assessing siltation risks and for analysing controlling factors at a larger number of sites, with minimum costs and acceptable accuracy.     

长江上游不同水沙来源区产沙量变化对宜昌-汉口河段泥沙冲淤量的影响

长江上游流域的水沙特性表现出显著的地域分异，体现出水沙异源的特点，可以划分为两个多沙区和一个少沙清水区，即金沙江下游多沙区和嘉陵江多沙区，其余地区构成少沙清水区。以有关水文站的年系列资料为基础，研究了上游不同来源区产沙量变化对宜昌-汉口河段泥沙淤积速率的影响。研究表明，宜昌-汉口^#河段冲淤量与嘉陵江产沙区产沙量的变化有很好的同步关系。宜昌-汉口^#河段冲淤量与金沙江下游产沙区产沙量的变化，在20世纪80年代末以前有较好的同步关系，此后则不具有同步关系。这意味着，自从20世纪80年代以来，嘉陵江产沙区产沙量的变化对宜昌-汉口^#河段冲淤量的变化起着主要的控制作用，金沙江下游江产沙区产沙量的变化对宜昌-汉口^#河段冲淤量变化的控制作用较小。这一事实表明，对金沙江下游的治理亟待加强。以宜昌-汉口^#河段冲淤量Sdep，Y-H作为因变量，北碚站的年输量Qs，北碚、屏山站的年输沙量Qs，屏山、宜昌站年最大流量Qmax，宜昌以及3口分沙比Rw，div为影响变量，运用1955-1997年间的资料建立了多元回归方程，在此基础上对各个影响变量的变化对河段冲淤量的变化的贡献率进行了估算。结果表明，Qs，屏山、Qs，北碚、Qmax，宜昌以及Rw，div的贡献率分别为18．75％，42．06％，36．53％，2．64％。由此可见，嘉陵江重点产沙区产沙量变化对宜昌-汉口^#河段冲淤量变化的贡献率要大于金沙江下游重点产沙区。研究还得到，使宜昌-汉口^#河段不淤的两个重点产沙区的年产沙量之和的临界值为2．1亿t/a。     

Assessing sediment inputs to small reservoirs in Upper East Region,Ghana

Many small dams and dugouts have been constructed in the Upper East Region of Ghana to address the problem of regional water scarcity. The reservoirs were constructed primarily as water supplies for agricultural irrigation and livestock watering, aquaculture and domestic use. However, many of the reservoirs dry up during the dry season, affecting the livelihoods of their basin inhabitants. A major cause for the dried reservoirs is siltation, which reduces the reservoir’s storage capacities. The goal of this study is to quantify the annual siltation rate of four study reservoirs, using a bathymetric survey and reservoir soil sampling. The sediment yield and its relation to catchment area also were assessed. The results of this study indicate that the annual siltation rates are 1272, 3518, 2764 and 6135 t year^?1 for Doba, Dua, Zebilla and Kumpalgogo reservoirs, respectively. Analyses of the sediment yield and catchment areas illustrated that the sediment yields decreased with increasing catchment area. All the study reservoirs have lost their dead storage capacity, which was meant to store sediment until the end of their anticipated design lives. The decreasing storage capacity because of siltation will affect the livelihoods of the local basin inhabitants, as the reservoirs will not be able to achieve all their intended purposes. The results of this study indicate that, because siltation is not the only factor threatening the benefits gained from the reservoirs, the integrated assessment of all relevant factors is required.     

人工神经网络模型在流域水沙预报中的应用

运用BP人工神经网络模型的基本原理 ,根据流域产流产沙的基本规律 ,以流域降雨条件为基本影响因子 ,由流域实测资料建立了BP神经网络模型。该模型具有很好的学习和泛化性能。同时该模型能用于评价流域内人类活动因素对流域产流产沙规律的影响。将该模型应用于兴山、碧溪、顺利峡站 ,并与实测资料进行了分析比较 ,结果表明 ,模型基本合理、可靠     

复杂侵蚀环境下分布式土壤流失水动力学模型——以黄河多沙粗沙区为研究实例

以黄河多沙粗沙区为研究对象,基于实体模型试验对黄土坡面 沟道系统侵蚀产沙机理的认识,根据侵蚀动力学、水文学、泥沙运动力学的基本理论,以地理信息系统为平台,研发了复杂侵蚀环境下的分布式土壤流失水动力学模型;揭示了植被作用下坡面 - 沟道系统侵蚀产沙耦合规律;认识到坡沟产沙之间具有内在的自调控关系;提出了当量糙率的概念;建立了基于 GIS 的分布式土壤流失水动力学模型;构建了基于 ArcGIS 平台的支持系统,实现了 GIS 与土壤流失模型、产汇流模型与产输沙模型的紧密耦合。通过实例验证了模型对于中尺度流域土壤流失的模拟亦有较满意的精度。     

东江上游河流水沙分析

分析了东江上游地区河流水沙特性,并阐述了水库的修建和运用对该地区水沙输移的影响。东江上游地区是整个流域泥沙的重要来源区,该地区地表径流主要来自于降水,河流泥沙也主要来自于降水和径流所造成的土壤侵蚀。从长系列看,东江上游地区径流量虽然在不同时期波动较大,但相对稳定,而河流输沙量呈下降趋势。东江上游来水来沙主要集中在每年的汛期,其汛期来水来沙量分别占全年的70%和88%。枫树坝水库和枕头寨水库建成运用,减小了径流量的季节差异,降低了河流流量脉动特性。同时其河流输沙率在枫树坝水库和枕头寨水库建成以及枕头寨水库调整后分别下降了30%和50%。近年来,东江下游进行的大规模无序采沙,其采砂量已经远大于上游来沙量。在东江流域进行水沙管理时,不仅要采取措施遏制这种无序采沙行动,同时也要进一步研究流域水沙输移问题,以达到维持整个河流系统的水沙平衡。     

人工神经网络模型在流域水沙预报中的应用

Based on the basic principles of BP artificial neural network model an d the fundamental law of water and sediment yield in a river basin, a BP neural network model is developed by using observed data, with rainfall conditions serv ing as affecting factors. The model has satisfactory performance of learning and generalization and can be also used to assess the influence of human activities on water and sediment yield in a river basin. The model is applied to compute t he runoff and sediment transmission at Xingshan, Bixi and Shunlixia stations. Co mparison between the results from the model and the observed data shows that the model is basically reasonable and reliable.     

黄河流域近百年产沙情势变化

基于实测降雨、水文、坝库拦沙、灌溉引沙和河道冲淤等数据,分析了1919-2016年黄河潼关以上流域实际产沙量、产沙强度和不同时期下垫面在多年平均降雨情况下的产沙能力变化。结果表明,20世纪30年代以后,流域产沙能力逐渐增大,至50~70年代达到顶峰;80~90年代以后,流域产沙逐渐减少,其中2010-2016年流域产沙强度只有1919-1939年的23%。1919-2016年流域年均产沙量为13.7亿t。在多年平均降雨和1919-1953年下垫面情况下,潼关年均来沙量应约为14.6亿t;至1956-1975年,该值达到16.6亿t。     

百龙滩水电站库区泥沙淤积现状及预测分析

百龙滩水电站是红水河流域十个梯级水电站的第七级。通过百龙滩水电站不同运行期库区来水来沙的变化,分析百龙滩库区泥沙淤积现状情况,提出了采用典型水沙年来分析库区泥沙淤积的方法,并采用数学模型预测了不同水沙条件下库区泥沙淤积情况。     

官厅水库流域水沙优化配置与综合治理措施研究Ⅱ--流域水沙优化配置与水库挖泥疏浚方案

通过现场调研、实体模型、数学模型和资料分析等手段，对官厅水库上游流域水土流失现状与治理效果、水沙配置与利用、水库挖泥疏浚治理措施与效果等问题进行了系统的研究。流域水沙配置的内容主要包括水土保持拦沙、水库拦沙、引水用沙和河道淤积等，在基本摸清了流域泥沙配置现状及其对官厅水库减淤效果的基础上，指出改善和提高流域引水用沙、滩地滞沙和水土保持拦沙等方面的泥沙配置能力是减轻官厅水库泥沙淤积的重要目标；论证了挖泥疏浚是解决官厅水库泥沙淤积(包括拦门沙淤堵和坝前淤积)的重要措施，小底宽挖泥槽疏浚方案(15m方案)可作为枯水年连通两库的应急供水工程措施，宽挖槽疏浚方案(宽300m或500m)和防淤堤方案为近期拦门沙整治方案，其中S型防淤堤方案具有局部导沙入妫的作用，挖泥疏浚可以有效地缓解坝前泥沙淤积严重所造成的危险局面；清淤应急供水工程方案实施后的连通渠回淤监测成果表明，连通渠回淤少，不存在淤堵问题，与实体模型试验成果一致，起到了连通永库和妫库的作用。     

流域水沙资源优化配置研究综述

水沙合理配置是影响河流健康的重要环境课题,正确认识水沙灾害和水沙利用的相互关系,开展流域水沙资源联合优化配置研究具有重要意义。本文系统地分析与总结了流域水沙资源联合优化配置研究的进展状况,包括局部流域的水土保持规划、水库水沙联合调度运用、灌区水沙输移分配和全流域范围的水沙资源优化配置理论与数学模型研究现状,探讨了目前流域水沙资源优化配置理论、模型、方案和评价中存在的问题,提出了未来流域水沙资源优化配置研究的发展方向。     

A numerical study of pumping effects on flow velocity distributions in Mosul Dam reservoir using the HEC‐RAS model

Water flow direction and velocity affect and controls erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in rivers, reservoirs and different hydraulic structures. One of the main structures affected is pumping stations within the dams wherein the velocity distribution near the station intake is disturbed. The two‐dimensional (2‐D) HEC‐RAS 5.01 model was utilized to study, analyse and evaluate the effects of pumping rates and flow depth on the flow velocity distribution, flow stream power and their effects in the Mosul Dam reservoir. The pumping station was considered as a case study. The station is suffering from sediment accumulation around, and in, its intake and suction pipes. The main inflow sources to the reservoir are the Tigris River and run‐off from the valleys within its basin. The reservoir was divided into two parts for the present study, including the upper part near the pumping station (analysed as a two‐dimensional zone), while the lower part was analysed as a one‐dimensional flow to reduce the simulation period computation time (1986–2011). Different operation plans (i.e. pumping rate and water depth) were considered. The results of the depth‐averaged velocity model indicated that when the pumping station was working at a range from the designed full capacity (100% to 25% of its full capacity), the maximum flow velocity increased from 75 to 4 times the normal velocity when there is no pumping dependent on pumping rate and flow depth. For the same operation plans, the flow stream power varied from around zero values to 400 times at full pumping capacity and low flow depth. For sediment routing along the reservoir, the considered statistical criteria indicated the model performance in estimating the total sediment load deposition and invert bed level is much better than in the case of erosion and deposition areas for different considered bed sections of the reservoir.     

黄河水库－维泥沙数学模型的初步研究

根据黄河中下游的水沙特点和水库泥沙的冲淤规律，建立了黄河水库－维泥沙冲淤数学模型。模型在动床阻力、水流挟沙力、冲淤量的横向分配以及水流、泥沙控制方程的离散、求解等方面进行了探讨，用三门峡水库漳关以下库区１９７４～１９８８年的实测水沙系列对模型进行了验证计算，结果表明，模型在冲淤总量、冲淤过程以及纵向冲淤分布等方面计算值与实测值均符合良好。应用模型计算三门峡水库在四种不同运用方案下库区的冲淤情况，计算结果基本合理。     

水土保持措施对黄河水沙影响评价模型及效益评价研究

黄河水沙变化研究是黄河水、沙资源合理利用的前提，水土保持措施对水沙影响评价模型及效益评价是黄河治理开发的基础。本文对第三期黄河水土保持科研基金项目第三专题研究成果进行了总结：综合分析了现有水沙评价模型和孤山川流域水沙变化研究成果，探讨了水土保持措施对产流产沙机制的影响，遴选了用于研究的水沙评价模型，并对研究区的水土保持措施对水沙的影响做了定量分析评价。     

干旱区内陆河流域地貌单元特征及地下水储水构造

对于解决干旱区内陆河流水资源的调蓄问题，人们已习惯采用“高坝大库”的工程技术方案。本文通过分析国内外地下水库的建设经验，结合干旱区内陆河流地貌单元、储水构造特征以及水资源转化特点，提出了建设山间凹陷、山前凹陷和深覆盖河谷型等三种地下水库的具体设想，并以此为基础，提出了一种以地下水库调蓄为主，地下水与地表水统一调度的流域水资源开发利用的新模式，以期使水资源的开发利用更加合理、科学、经济。这种新模式是实现干旱区内陆河流域水资源高效利用、合理配置的有益尝试，充分体现了因地制宜、人与自然和谐的治水新理念。     

田纳西流域水利水保工程减沙及对我国长江流域水保的启示

根据田纳西干流四个主要测站有1935～1942年的水沙资料分析得出泥沙呈减少趋势，其原因为气候、水利和水保工程影响。根据支流典型测站有1935～1938和1963～1965年水沙资料情况对9条支流进行了平均对比分析，得出泥沙减少是流域内水保工程所致；对有1935～1938，1939～1942和1963～1965年三个时段的支流测站VALLEY河进行了深入的分析，得出在排除降雨条件影响下水土保持措施的减沙效果。另外结合田纳西流域的治理，对我国长江流域的水保提出了商榷性意见。     

Simulation of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Transport Rate in a Basin with Multiple Watersheds

Accurate runoff and suspended sediment transport rate models are critical for watershed management. In this study, a physiographic soil erosion–deposition (PSED) model is used in conjunction with GIS, to simulate the runoff and sediment transport process during storm events in a multi-watershed basin. This PSED model is verified using three typhoon events and 33 storm events in Cho-Shui River Basin, located in central Taiwan. Cho-Shui River Basin has 11 sub-watersheds displaying a variety of hydrologic and physiographic conditions as well as high concentrations of suspended sediment in river flow and a steep average channel bed slope of 2%. The results show the capability, applicability, and accuracy of the PSED model for multi-watershed basins.     

人类活动对流域水沙模型参数影响分析

本研究用中大流域水沙耦合概念模型对泾河流域景村水文站以上和黄河干流河口－龙门区间两流域非天然条件下观测的水、沙实测资料作了模拟；讨论了气候、人类活动因素对流域水沙规律的影响机制，分析了水利工程措施和水土保持措施对流域水沙规律的影响，估计了流域水沙规律的变迁导致的模型参数值的改变，进一步证明了模型结构的合理性和模型对非天然条件下水沙规律模拟的可行性及有效性。