花岗岩残积土-土工格栅界面的后循环剪切行为研究

花岗岩残积土在华南、东南沿海、南岳、新疆等地区广泛分布,前人的研究多集中在结构性及微观特性上,后循环加载、位移演化、土壤密度等因素对筋-土界面的剪切特性及加筋作用效果的影响评估研究较少。从循环试验剪切刚度这一重要参数入手,以加载次数、加载频率值、位移振幅值、土壤重度值为自变量,应用控制变量法,通过设计循环直剪试验,得到加筋花岗岩残积土的剪切应力与剪切位移、垂直位移与剪切位移关系曲线进行观察对比,结果表明:花岗岩残积土土工格栅界面剪切刚度受位移半振幅、土壤干重度影响很大,受加载频率影响很小,循环加载并没有弱化后循环界面剪切强度,剪切位移与位移半振幅呈负相关关系。     

重塑红棕色玄武岩残积土的残余强度试验研究

以重塑红棕色玄武岩残积土为研究对象,利用环剪仪对不同干密度、不同含水率的土体进行了不同加载方式下的多级环剪试验。探求了在大剪切位移下,土样干密度、含水率、加载方式及剪切速率对土体峰值强度和残余强度的影响。试验表明:试样的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线呈应变硬化型,试样的状态对其峰值强度和残余强度均有影响,且该土样的峰值强度和残余强度差值较小。相同干密度的试样在同一加载方式下,各强度指标随含水率的变化趋势近似一致。峰值强度、残余强度、内摩擦角指标都随着剪切速率的增加而明显增大,但剪切速率对凝聚力指标的影响在不同的加载方式下并不一致。     

动态压剪作用下碾压混凝土强度和变形研究

为了研究碾压混凝土材料在地震作用下的动态力学参数指标变化对大型碾压混凝土结构抗震动力反应和破坏过程的影响,使用改造后的液压伺服压剪试验系统对两种尺寸的碾压成型试块进行不同加载速率下的压剪试验,系统研究了二、三级配本体和层面试件在有法向压应力存在的状态下动态抗剪强度和变形性能。结果发现,碾压混凝土的峰值剪切强度随着剪切速率的增大而增大,增大幅度随着正应力的增大有减小趋势,残余剪切强度则随着剪切速率的增大略有减小,在试验基础上,建立了考虑不同试件类型和加载速率的破坏准则,为地震区的大型碾压混凝土结构层面受动态压剪组合荷载作用的动态分析提供了试验基础。     

框架结构加层后的非线性动力分析

钢筋混凝土框架结构采用轻钢结构加层后,结构的动力性能将发生较大变化,需要对加层后的整体结构进行分析。通过对3种结构(即无加层的原钢筋混凝土框架结构、用钢结构加层后的整体结构、钢结构加层并设置阻尼器的结构),选用地震持时为12 s,地震最大加速度为220 gal,分别进行了地震反应时程分析计算。结果表明,设置阻尼器的比未设置阻尼器的轻钢加层结构的顶层位移和加速度都在显著减小。阻尼器的设置,可增加结构的耗能能力以及减小顶部层间位移,从而达到对结构振动控制的目的。     

基于PFC~(3D)的岩石单轴压缩变形破坏特征分析

利用INSTRON-1346型电液伺服岩石试验系统对关岭大寨滑坡龙潭组泥质砂岩进行单轴压缩试验。基于室内试验力学参数,通过颗粒流模拟软件PFC3D模拟该单轴试验,得到数值试验的应力-应变曲线,以应力应变曲线作为压缩试验的阶段性参照,研究了岩石在压缩条件下力学及形态的微观特征。研究表明,可以通过岩石微观颗粒的位移特征来表征岩石的体积应变特性;可通过岩石变形破坏过程中的裂纹发展阶段来划分其压缩的阶段性,即岩石微裂隙压密、张拉裂纹增长、剪切裂纹增长、拉剪裂纹同步增长、剪切裂纹超越张拉裂纹增长5个阶段。     

SMA自复位隔震结构地震响应分析

由于应力诱发马氏体相变使得基于SMA材料的耗能阻尼器具有自复位功能,利用相变伪弹性通过对一种基于SMA材料的自复位耗能阻尼器与橡胶垫联合使用,对隔震结构进行了弹塑性分析。该分析依据SMA材料的热力学本构关系,采用热力学非线性方程的计算模型,并针对剪切模型编制了弹塑性时程分析程序。研究结果表明,利用SMA相变伪弹性特性制作的具有自复位功能的耗能阻尼器联合隔震橡胶垫对结构进行控制,能有效的降低结构地震响应。     

基于新型压电摩擦阻尼器的大底盘隔震结构智能混合控制研究

利用SAP2000大型有限元软件对某大底盘隔振结构进行了地震响应分析 ,结果表明橡胶支座能够有效降低结构的地震响应 ,但在El Centro波罕遇地震作用下 ,橡胶支座由于相对位移过大而发生受拉破坏 ,导致隔震效果失效.为解决此类问题 ,利用所提出的新型压电摩擦阻尼器 ,结合SIMULINK所编制的模糊控制系统 ,对该大底盘隔振结构进行了有效的混合控制 ,其中在El Centro波8度罕遇地震作用下 ,隔震层处位移最大降幅为0 .173 m ,满足规范对于隔震层相对位移小于0 .150 m的要求 ,避免了橡胶支座由于受拉而导致破坏的问题 ,从而有效的提高了此类结构的抗震安全及可靠性.     

砂砾石与沥青混凝土接触面力学特性试验研究

 针对砂砾石过渡料与沥青混凝土所形成的接触面进行了力学特性试验研究。试验结果表明：接触面的抗剪强度与法向应力基本成线性关系；接触面的切向应力应变关系未出现明显的应变软化；接触面剪应力与相对剪切位移呈现出较好的双曲线关系，随着接触面上法向应力的增大，达到峰值强度所需的剪切位移也增大，所形成双曲线的初始段的斜率也增大。将试验所得参数值代入Clough-Duncan非线性弹塑性模型进行拟合，结果表明平均级配和上包线级配砂砾石的剪切应力与剪切位移的试验曲线与拟合曲线的形式整体趋势基本吻合，说明砂砾石过渡料与沥青混凝土所形成的接触面可以用该非线性模型进行模拟。       

饱和高岭土的部分排水剪切应力-应变特性

为模拟实际工程中土体经常受到的固结和剪切同时作用(即部分排水剪切条件),基于三轴压缩试验方法,采用不同的轴向应变速率加载,并在剪切过程中始终打开排水阀的方式,开展了重塑饱和高岭土试样的部分排水剪切试验,分析了其在体变和孔压共同作用下的应力-应变特性。试验结果表明:部分排水剪切条件下所引起的孔压随着轴向应变位移加载速率的增加而增加,而抗剪强度却随着轴向应变位移加载速率的增加而减小,临界状态线并不依赖于剪切过程中的加载速率和排水条件。研究成果可为考虑部分排水剪切条件下地基稳定性分析方法的构建提供依据。     

循环荷载下纤维加筋土与结构界面切特性研究

目前对于纤维加筋土体与结构界面的循环弱化影响规律尚需进一步研究。为此,针对循环剪切荷载下加筋结构力学特性变化规律,使用自主研发的大尺度恒刚度界面剪切仪,开展了纤维加筋土与结构界面在循环荷载作用下的力学特性试验研究。研究发现,界面剪应力、法向应力与剪切位移关系曲线分别呈"滞回环"和"碟"状发展,随循环次数的增加衰减速率逐渐减小,且峰值均出现在最大位移处。应力路径曲线呈"蝴蝶环"状发展,加入砂的土样界面摩擦角偏大。此外,由于纤维对土颗粒的约束作用,加筋土体的循环弱化程度小于非加筋土体。通过研究循环荷载下纤维加筋土与结构界面剪切特性,揭示了循环荷载作用下界面受力变形的规律和机理,为实际工程的应用提供参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。