石油污染地下水水质净化技术

大武水源地是淄博市主要的供水水源,由于堠皋西夏地段地下水的石油化工污染,对东风水源地构成直接危害。水力截获带是控制污染源羽流扩散,防止水源水质恶化的关键治理工程,而实现堠皋水力截获带正常运行的关键就在于与之构成完整抽取处理治理体系的受石油污染地下水的净化。本文在对研究区环境条件、水文地质条件、水力截获带运行条件、污染物来源及在地下水环境中迁移转化条件的论述与评价的基础上,对于石油污染地下水的净化技术开展深入的现场试验研究。在采用吹脱、臭氧化和生物活性炭技术设计基础上,根据污染地下水的水质特性提出将生物…     

山东淄博裂隙岩溶水中污染物运移的数值模拟及治污措施

本文分别应用5种数值计算方法，模拟了山东淄博裂隙岩溶水中污染物的运移，结果表明总变异消减法(TVD法)和混合特征线法(HMOC法)求解该类水文地质条件比较合适。为了解影响污染物运移的主要因素，为污染物治理提供依据，文中将数值计算和敏感度分析结合起来。通过大量的计算，找出主要因素是污染源和水井抽水。因此治理的主要策略为在移去污染源的基础上采用水力截获法，且水力截获带的水井位置、间距、深度和抽水量等，必须充分考虑当地的水文地质条件。     

基于GMS的云南德厚水库下游废弃砒霜厂地下水溶质运移模拟

地下水溶质运移模拟是找出污染物迁移规律、确定污染范围及污染物浓度分布的重要手段,可以为合理开发地下水资源、优化设计地下水开采方案及地下水污染修复提供定量依据。在分析德厚水库咪哩河流域裂隙岩溶含水层的水力性质和污染物运移特征的基础上,运用GMS软件建立地下水流场模型和溶质运移模型,对裂隙岩溶水的流场和污染物进行了数值研究,判断出了污染源分布及污染羽扩展范围,分析了砒霜厂污染物运移对水库建设的影响。     

某水源地地下水中石油类有机污染特征

利用GIS空间分析平台的反距离权重法插值获取中国北方某典型岩溶水源地2008—2010年地下水中石油类有机污染物浓度空间分布,基于SPSS软件的Spearman秩相关系数法获取地下水中石油类有机污染物的变化趋势,在此基础上叠加地下水水动力因素,并结合2016年地下水典型有机污染物空间分布状况获取地下水有机污染风险特征,结果表明:研究区59.04%的区域地下水水质趋于好转,29.55%的区域水质呈恶化趋势,水质恶化区集中在石化公司新区和旧区的下游;地下水中总挥发性有机物浓度与石化公司新旧区、排污渠、排污渗坑及导水系数的空间分布密切相关;石化公司新区污染源及其下游(Ⅰ-Ⅰ')典型石油有机污染物检出率高且浓度大,需加强防漏及采取污染防治措施;石化公司旧区下游(Ⅱ-Ⅱ')有机污染风险高且呈恶化趋势,需要采取污染防治措施。     

辽河流域水污染治理探讨

辽河流域总面积２２８９６０ｋｍ２，由于该地区工业集中，人口稠密，大量工业废水及生活污水的排入，使河水受到严重污染。据实测，该流域控制段基本为Ⅴ—超Ⅴ类水质（地面水环境质量标准）。主要超标污染物是高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、挥发酚。防治对策是：①必须制定有针对性可操作的规划；②必须摸清流域水污染现状，即流域内污染源废污水、污染物排放的时空分布规律；③把水利工程项目与环保工程项目相结合；④把污染治理作为各级行政一把手的重要业绩进行严格考核等。     

氮污染物在非饱和土壤中迁移过程对地下水水质影响分析

根据邢台市平原区土壤环境状况,分析氮污染源在非饱和土壤中迁移规律,根据地下水监测资料,定量分析地下水中各类氮污染物的分布特征。氮类污染物在土壤中转化特征为：氨氮随地下水下移过程中,大部分被土壤吸附;亚硝酸盐氮中间产物,存在时间有限,对地下水的影响不明显;硝酸盐氮溶于水,入渗到地下水中,对地下水造成污染。通过对氮类污染物在非饱和土壤中的迁移规律分析,为合理使用化肥,保护地下水源提供科学依据。     

淄博市大武水源地水资源综合评价

大武水源地是我国北方罕见的特大型地下水源，它对淄博市的经济发展和社会稳定起到决定性的作用，然而自水源地投入使用以来，随着用水规模的迅速增加，相应出现了地下水位持续下降、局部地区水质严重污染等一系列问题。本文在对水源地地下水的开发利用现状和水位动态变化规律进行深入分析后，研讨了地下水中石油类污染的成因和时空分布特征，并选取水质评价方法和评价指标，对水源地各时空断面上的水质状况进行综合评价，最后给出水资源可持续开发利用的合理化建议。     

双平双膜梯田的设想

1黄土高原水资源现状的背景条件1）黄土高原被河网深深切割，造成土壤包气带深厚，切断或阻隔了地表水、土壤水与地下水的水力联系，极大地削弱了降水对地下水的补给作用。黄土表层干燥疏松，透水性和吸水性极强，改变了降雨产流规律，使一般强度的降水量极少产流，因而抑减了地表径流的形成。这就使黄土高原既少地表径流又缺地下水。2）黄土高原的中部及东南部年降水量400－600mm，与华北平原相近，而水资源总量只有15．0－40．0mm（包括地下水，按水柱高度计算）；华北平原则达80－120mm以上，相差数倍c那么黄土高原的水量那里去了？大量…     

含石油类污染物地下水处理试验研究

采用堠皋开采区含油地下水，通过小型动态试验，对吹脱＋臭氧氧化生物活性炭工艺去除地下水中石油类污染物的效果进行研究，确定经济、有效的含石油类污染物地下水的净化技术及有关的技术参数。     

石油污染物在滨海潜水层中的迁移预测

以山东滨海某人工填海区的原油储备库为例,选定石油污染组分溶解度为源强浓度,运用单向随流输移和一维扩散模型研究了地下水中石油污染物的运移规律.结果表明:①在单个油罐连续泄漏的情况下,石油污染组分在进入地下水后10 d、1个月、3个月、6个月、1 a、2 a和3 8后的运移距离分别为2.2、4.8、11.2、19.9、36.0、66.7m和96.6m;②石油一旦发生泄漏,在可能的条件下可采取包气带土层换填等措施来切断污染源;③在人工填海区,可以通过增加填埋黏土、加强场地碾压等措施人为改变水文地质条件,避免可能的污染.     

Modeling Leachate Contamination and Remediation of Groundwater at a Landfill Site

Leachate contamination of an aquifer from a landfill site was simulated using the groundwater flow and transport model SUTRA developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The model calibration was performed by spatially adjusting the hydraulic conductivity in order to capture the measured hydraulic head spatial variation and then by adjusting the dispersivity and porosity match the measured chloride plume. Based on the simulations it was found that without remedial action the contaminants in the existing leachate plume would remain above acceptable regulatory concentration levels for longer than 2010. The chloride loading of an adjacent stream exceeds acceptable levels under Ontario's Reasonable Use Guidelines. Simulations indicate that a pump-and-treat system using additional two purge wells could remediate the leachate contamination within approximately 10 years from now.     

Ground Water-Surface Water Interface (GWSWI) Modeling: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Ground water-surface water interface (GWSWI) represents the interconnection of ground water and surface water in the hydrologic continuum. Interactions between these two water masses result in unique gradients and/or transitions of contaminant concentration profiles, biological populations, chemistry, flow, mixing characteristics, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, organic content, and thermal properties across GWSWI. In addition, many unique biogeochemical processes occur in this zone that can have significant impact on the fate and transport of contaminants across the GWSWI. Prediction of the distribution and concentrations of contaminants across the GWSWI is challenging, but is essential for evaluating human health and environmental risk, including remedial alternatives at contaminated sites. The objective of this paper is to review and assess existing modeling capabilities to recognize (a) the need for development of new modeling tools, (b) knowledge gaps, and (c) challenges required to address contaminant transport within GWSWI. Currently, the most important needs for future model development are, (a) linkage between ground water and surface water models; (b) integration of process-level models within the framework of large-scale models; and (c) understanding ground water-surface water interactions within a spatial and temporal framework.     

Comparison of hydrogeologic and hydrochemical conditions between two uncontrolled landfills

Abstract

Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical conditions of two uncontrolled landfills without underlying liners, leachate collection and treatment systems in Korea were compared. The landfills are located in Cheonan and Wonju cities. With similar weather conditions, spatial distribution and temporal variations of contaminants of concern and redox parameters were largely different for the two landfills. These differences are highly associated with ages and hydrogeologic settings of the landfills. Groundwater flow diverges from the Cheonan landfill while it converges to downgradient area in the Wonju landfill. Less permeable clayey silt layer or silty soil in the subsurface limited dispersion of leachate plume in the former landfill but highly permeable sandy soil with good lateral extent facilitated rapid plume dispersion in the latter landfill. In addition, hydraulic properties of the cover soil played a role in the different development of redox conditions, which resulted in significantly different concentrations of nitrates. Most problematic contaminants at downgradient wells of the landfills are ammonia and nitrate. Especially in Wonju area, high concentrations of nitrates in downgradient groundwaters exceeding the Korean drinking water standard of 10 mg/L (as NO3‐N), essentially required a mitigation measure.     

新疆肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程的作用及其影响研究

新疆肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程是玛河灌区经济发展规划中的重要内容。本文针对工程修建后将发挥的作用和可能产生的影响,采用实地调研和实测数据分析两种研究方法,从玛河灌区水资源的演变趋势及开发利用两个方面,详细说明工程运行对灌区水资源时空分布、防洪调度、生态环境以及水生生物的影响。结果表明:该工程建设不会对灌区水资源及生态环境产生过多负面影响,反而会提高灌区水资源的利用效率。本次研究成果将为全面评估干旱地区水利工程的作用及影响提供科学依据。     

论小型水利工程产权制度改革与水费收缴

小型水利工程作为水利工程网络的重要组成部分,其现行的建设与管理模式阻碍了水利工程效益的充分发挥,影响到水费的征收,导致了水利工程维修、改造、更新资金的不足,使水利工程运行产生恶性循环。目前,小型水利工程产权制度改革已不同程度推开,探讨将水费的收缴同小型水利工程产权制度改革有机地结合,对于下一步的水费征收和水利工程的良性循环,将起到事半功倍的效果。     

红层地区地下水源热泵对地下水温场的影响

地下水源热泵是地源热泵中造价最低、发展较快的一种开发利用浅层地热能资源的热泵系统。此前的研究主要是以第四系松散层内孔隙水作为热源对象,而对红层地区地下水的研究尚为空白。选取重庆红层基岩裂隙水为热源研究对象,采用对井系统带制冷(热)荷载进行试验,同时布置观测孔和温度、水位、流量等测量装置,获得试验过程中各孔内不同深度水温和水位、流量等观测数据,分析得到地下水温度场初始温度分布特点、试验过程中各孔不同深度的温度变化特点、地下水温度场在空间上随时间的变化特点等。分析结果表明:场地内地下水温场的变化主要受天然地温场及初始温度、注水井位置、注水口深度与注水温度等因素的影响。推测注水导致的温度影响范围的边界为:平面上以注水点为圆心,呈不对称近椭圆状;空间上,则以注水点为球心,呈不对称近橄榄球状。研究成果可为红层地区地下水源热泵的进一步开发利用研究提供参考。     

多卫星遥感降水产品在柬埔寨的应用比较分析

柬埔寨地区的水资源十分丰富,但由于气象、水文站点的稀缺以及水文气象数据的不连续等原因,导致流域基本水雨情及水资源特征数据不够完善、全面和准确,不利于该国水资源的科学管理和开发利用。一系列高时空分辨率的遥感降水产品的出现为降水数据的缺失和不连续提供了新的解决方法。选取了5种高精度的遥感降雨数据(CHIRPS、CMORPH_CRT、CMORRPH_BLD、MSWEP、TRMM)对柬埔寨地区2003~2015年降雨的时空分布差异、精度评价、极端降雨估计情况进行了对比分析。结果表明,5组遥感降雨产品总体均能较好地反映柬埔寨地区降雨的时间及空间变化规律。这对于柬埔寨及其它无资料地区的水资源研究及工程设计工作具有一定的指导作用。     

On the hydrodynamics of hydraulic machinery and flow control

Hydraulic machinery mainly includes turbine and pump, which is closely related to national economy and people's livelihood involving aerospace industry, marine engineering, hydropower engineering, petroleum industry, chemical industry, mining industry, biomedical engineering, environmental engineering, agricultural water-soil engineering, etc.. The internal flow of hydraulic machinery is extremely complex, and its characteristics can be summarized as high Reynolds number, multi-scales, inhomogeneous and vortex-dominant unsteady turbulence which interact with the rotating dynamic boundary(rotor blade). Based on the analysis of the internal flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery, the author and his research team successively proposed a rotation correction model, a curvature corrected filter-based model, a scalable detached eddy simulation method, and a non-linear hybrid RANS/LES turbulence model to capture unsteady flow structures and then predict hydraulic performance and dynamic characteristics more accurately. According to the analysis on the internal flow, the corresponding flow control measures were put forward. It was verified by experiments that these methods could significantly improve the hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics(pressure pulsation and vibration) of hydraulic machinery in a certain range of operating conditions. In addition, the mechanism how flow control measures influence internal flow was analyzed in depth, aiming at finding a feasible and effective way to improve hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics of hydraulic machinery.     

A GIS Integrated Water Quality Model System Based on SWMM,ECOM,and RCA

Water Quality Model System( WQMS) is an important approach to analyzing aquatic situation and supporting environmental decision. However,the usage and promotion of WQMS is largely limited by amounts of parameters,complex conditions and enormous operations. A GIS integrated system of urban water environment coupled with SWMM( storm runoff model),ECOM( hydrodynamic model) and RCA( water quality model) was constructed in this study,with the production and transformation of contaminants in large scale taken into consideration. This integrated system guaranteed an independent calculation and multi-model coupling calculation,including convenient pre-processing,fast and efficient model running and results visualization in different spatial and temporal scales,in the purpose of simplifying the usage and promotion of complex models and providing necessary understanding required in water resource managing and water pollution controlling,and ultimately improving decision making capability. The functionality of the proposed system was illustrated by a case of Wuhan city.     

坝基岩-水化学作用的水文-地球化学模拟

坝基岩体(包括防渗帷幕)与其中地下水水溶液之间发生的化学作用是坝基晚期出现一系列病态问题最重要的原因之一.本文针对上述问题,以不同化学组分在坝基岩-水系统中空间和时间上相互转化量的定量化作为目标,建立了坝基岩-水化学作用的水文-地球化学模型,并把模型成功应用于实际问题的计算分析.