清林径水库表层沉积物营养盐分布特征及污染评价

清林径引水调蓄工程是目前在建的深圳市三大储备调蓄水源系统之一,库区沉积物营养元素的污染特征直接关系到受水区的用水安全。本研究基于2019年7月的调查,分析了清林径水库表层沉积物中氮、磷和有机质的含量、分布特征及其主要来源,并采用有机指数与有机氮方法评价了沉积物污染状况。调查结果表明,清林径水库表层沉积物中有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的含量分别为4330~23500 mg/kg、783~3080 mg/kg和29~532 mg/kg;从空间分布来看,库区下游沉积物中营养盐含量相对较低,上游料场附近表层沉积物污染相对严重。沉积物TOC/TN比值表明,藻类等水生生物是水库沉积物中有机质的主要来源。污染评价结果显示,有机指数平均值为0.19,整体处于较清洁状态（Ⅱ级）;有机氮指数平均值为0.16,整体处于污染状态（Ⅳ级）。由此可见,清林径水库表层沉积物存在较为严重的氮污染问题,在后续水质保障工作中需引起高度重视。     

潮白河湿地沉积物营养盐空间分布特征及评价

通过对潮白河湿地沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的测定,结合统计分析手段,探讨其空间分布与污染水平。结果表明:潮白河湿地沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的含量变化范围分别为0.65%~4.76%、0.44~4.88 g/kg和0.52~2.48 g/kg,其均值分别为1.60%、1.37 g/kg和1.05 g/kg,且水平方向上空间分布差异性大,在2个湿地入水口含量较高,有机质及有机氮污染评价都属于污染范畴,生态毒性效应已达严重级别,河道边坡土壤含量最低,有机质及有机氮污染评价都属于清洁或较清洁范畴,生态毒性效应处于安全级别;垂直方向上,TOC和TN主要集中在表层,含量随深度增加而降低,表层均值分别是底层均值的2.05倍和2.26倍,TP含量变化较稳定,表层均值仅为底层均值的1.21倍;C/N值表明沉积物中有机质及营养盐主要源于水体中浮游动植物和藻类,为湿地污水升级处理提供依据。     

长荡湖表层沉积物中营养盐空间分布与污染特征

通过对长荡湖不同湖区表层沉积物中营养盐及含水率的测定,结合统计分析手段,探讨其空间分布与污染特征。结果表明:长荡湖表层沉积物中TN、TP的质量比、TOC含量及含水率变化范围分别为3.47~10.80 g/kg、0.57~1.83 g/kg、0.66%~4.21%和41.71%~75.78%,其均值分别为6.86 g/kg、1.19 g/kg、1.73%和60.48%,且均呈湖周高、湖心低的空间分布特征;TN、TP和含水率之间呈显著线性相关,TOC与TN、TP和含水率之间无显著相关性;长荡湖表层沉积物中TN、TP及TOC富集系数分别在0.7~2.0、0.6~2.0和0.4~2.5内变化,其平均值分别为1.3、1.3、1.0;污染指数分别在6.3~19.6、1.0~3.1和0.7~4.2内变化,其平均值分别为12.5、2.0和1.7;长荡湖表层沉积物的氮素水平处于重度污染状态,且磷、有机碳均已受到一定程度的污染。     

洪湖沉积物碳氮磷分布特征及污染评价

洪湖是中国第七大淡水湖,富营养化问题日益突出。全面了解洪湖沉积物氮、磷、有机质的含量及分布特征,对掌握其富营养化现状与氮磷污染生态风险具有重要意义。在湖区布设了8个采样点,2019年10月采集50 cm柱状沉积物,分别测定不同深度沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)以及有机质(OM)含量,分析了TN、TP 和OM 含量的空间分布特征及相关性,并运用综合污染指数法评价其对应的污染程度。结果表明:洪湖沉积物TN含量在467.8~8 454.5 mg/kg之间,平均值2 167 mg/kg,为重度污染,其中近一半的采样点表层沉积物TN含量>5 000 mg/kg;TP含量在502.7~1 252.4 mg/kg之间,平均值693.8 mg/kg,除杨柴湖为重度污染外,其他大部分地区为中度污染;有机质含量占比在5.0%~24.9%之间,平均值9.6%,为重度污染。在垂直空间上,TN、TP 和OM 均在沉积物表层垂向深度0~20 cm存在明显的积累,其含量随垂向深度的增加而迅速降低。研究成果可为洪湖富营养化的控制与治理提供科学数据支撑。     

云蒙湖沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评估

为研究云蒙湖表层沉积物中重金属分布特征、来源及其潜在生态风险,2018年8月采集表层沉积物样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等6种重金属的含量,并将地统计学方法与GIS技术相结合分析云蒙湖湖区沉积物重金属空间分布特征,利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行污染状况评价,使用相关性与主成分分析法对沉积物中重金属来源进行解析。云蒙湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均值分别为62.91、9.66、56.79、93.14、0.09、11.07 mg/kg;地积累指数法评估显示,水库沉积物重金属总体污染状况为未污染或轻度污染;潜在生态风险指数RI显示,湖区RI平均值为50.12,属于低度生态风险水平;云蒙湖沉积物中Cr、Cd、Pb来源主要为工业污染和农业生产活动,Zn和Cu主要来源于水产养殖污染。     

溧水水库型饮用水水源地水环境现状及污染源分析

为研究溧水方便水库的污染情况与环境现状,分析了COD、TN、TP、叶绿素量等指标,发现以农田径流为主的面源污染是最主要的水源地污染源,水源地主要超标污染物为TP及TN,总体属于Ⅳ类水。通过对大量数据进行指数分析发现:方便水库平水期水质最优,基本处于贫-中营养等级;丰水期的水质最差,基本处于中度富营养化状态,水体富营养化严重;枯水期水质良好,存在轻度富营养化趋势。方便水库的底泥重金属污染等级为低风险等级,整个方便水库的底泥属于营养盐污染底泥,有机污染严重,亟需进行适当的清淤处理。本研究对预防和控制水体污染及富营养化有一定的参考作用。     

乐安河源区水库沉积硅藻分布特征及环境响应

目前在乐安河流域内展开的河流重金属的污染研究亟待发掘。为充分阐明乐安河河源区水库环境特征及其环境变化驱动过程,以婺源县境内不同生态环境与开发背景的清华和石井水库为研究对象。通过实验记录沉积柱岩芯中硅藻种类及理化指标,并结合现代监测资料及多元统计方法,分析影响水库中沉积硅藻组合群落变化及沉积环境变化的环境特征驱动因子。结果表明,水库营养水平随深度至表层逐渐升高,沉积物污染评价也揭示了营养物质的汇集过程。沉积硅藻物种耐污种和富营养化指示种取代由普生种和清洁指示种成为优势,代表性物种为Achnanthidium minutissima、Navicula minima。多元统计分析结果表明,TP、TN及TP、TOC分别为清华和石井水库硅藻组合群落结构分布的主要驱动因子(p<0.05)。18项硅藻指数的箱线图分析结果显示,CEE、LOBO指数被筛选并表现出良好的评价适宜性及相关性。不同人类活动方式影响库区内输入的外源物质,从而驱动硅藻群落的演替,2座水库皆有向富营养化迈进的趋势。     

洋澜湖沉积物中磷的分布及污染评价

我国城市湖泊的生态系统功能下降,城市湖泊富营养化问题也日趋严重。城市湖泊的富营养化通常表现为磷限制,而湖泊沉积物是磷的主要归宿地。研究沉积物中磷的含量及分布特征,对探明其污染状况及湖泊富营养化的控制与治理具有重要的参考意义。洋澜湖作为典型的城市湖泊,近年来存在富营养化问题,以洋澜湖作为研究对象,分析其表层沉积物中的总磷(TP)浓度及空间分布特征,采用单因子指数法对沉积物中磷的污染情况进行评价,并选取3个代表性区域分析沉积物中磷的形态及垂向分布。结果表明,洋澜湖表层沉积物中TP的浓度为528~3 568 mg/kg,平均值1 096 mg/kg,其中西湖湖区的TP浓度最高,平均值1 362 mg/kg;洋澜湖表层沉积物总磷污染评价指数为0.88~5.95,表明整个湖区的沉积物均呈现一定程度的磷污染,其中轻度污染区域所占比例为9.38%,中度污染区域所占比例为32.81%,重度污染区域所占比例为57.81%。通过对沉积物中磷形态进行分析,沉积物中可交换态磷所占比例较小,铁铝结合态磷所占比例最高,是洋澜湖沉积物中磷释放的主要来源。     

沙源区水库氮磷营养盐时空分布与相关性分析

为揭示典型沙源区水库水体氮磷等营养盐时空分布特征和相关性,以大河口水库为研究区,布置5个监测断面,对水库水质进行采样分析,结果表明:受风沙降尘、上游河流水质和库区底泥影响,在时间分布上,4月水体解冻至6月,各检测断面TN、TP等营养盐浓度总体呈明显持续升高趋势;在空间分布上,从入库口A-A断面和B-B断面至出库EE断面TN、TP浓度逐渐降低;在垂向分布上,水库表层水体和底层水体氮磷浓度高于中层水体;TN、TP在水库中的变化规律一致,呈一定比例存在于水库中;温度是影响TN、TP浓度变化的重要因子;藻类的生长对TN和TP起抑制作用;水库中TN、TP的变化与DO含量基本无关。     

渤海湾西南部近岸海域表层沉积物重金属的含量分布与污染评价

对2014年渤海湾西南部近岸海域共16个采样站位7种重金属的含量分布特征进行了研究,分别测定了各采样站位中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量,并作了质量控制。利用潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行了评价,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg含量的平均值均高于渤海沉积物重金属背景值。沉积物中重金属单元素平均含量潜在生态风险指数中Cd和As的风险等级已经达到"中等",其他重金属元素的潜在生态风险等级"较低";综合潜在生态风险等级属于"中等",港区附近海域的风险等级相对较高。因此,建议加强港口作业区海洋环境环境保护,减少污染物排放量。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:该研究海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As相互之间有一定的同源性,TOC对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As分布具有一定的影响。     

山西省地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

山西省水资源严重短缺 ,地下水超采严重。分析了地下水资源量及可开采量、地下水开发利用历史和现状 ,以及超采产生的环境地质问题。在此基础上 ,提出了缓解地下水超采、有效合理开发利用地下水的一些措施意见 ,为加强地下水保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

2003年兰考、东明洪水漫滩落淤情况调查

通过对2003年秋汛期间兰考北滩、东明南滩两处漫滩情况进行调查与分析，得出的结论为：滩区共滞蓄水量6亿～9亿m^3，漫滩落淤范围为7．5km^2，顺漫滩水流方向的落淤距离约3km。在这种水沙条件下，泥沙不能被输送至较远的堤河。经分析计算，本次泥沙落淤量为900万～1350万t，且距口门1．0km范围内落淤泥沙中的82％为粒径大于0．05mm的粗沙。由此得到的主要认识有：①靠自然落淤解决“二级悬河”问题非常困难，甚至会增大“二级悬河”程度；②给漫滩水预留出路是降低淹没损失的关键；③落淤的粗沙使土地产生了十分严重的沙化现象，并且使当地环境趋于恶化。     

雷州半岛地区2015年防旱抗旱工作对策与启示

2015年,广东省雷州半岛地区出现大范围干旱,该文总结了干旱特点,分析了干旱成因,采取了水资源统筹调配、引导调整种植结构及播种时机、人工增雨、筹措资金应急补助等抗旱措施,效果较好。此外,提出该地区今后打造"扩库硬渠上井群"升级版、推进农业结构调整、改善生态环境推动绿色发展的防旱工作对策。     

Operation and Maintenance Performance and Conflicts in Flood-control Projects in Bangladesh

Many embankments failed in severe floods in Bangladesh in 1987 and 1988, and concern grew over ways to improve flood-control projects. Maintenance was poor due to reliance on periodic rehabilitation, but few failures were due to poor construction or maintenance. Embankments mostly failed where they were eroded or were deliberately cut. They were cut by people living outside who believed they were made more flood-prone, and by people living inside because of internal drainage congestion. This reflected inadequate hydrological modelling, lack of consultation and failure to resolve conflicts between affected groups. Resources for maintenance are not generated locally and could be used more efficiently. Participatory planning could reduce conflicts, encourage a sense of project ownership and facilitate contributions to maintenance.     

南京市2016年暴雨洪水分析与思考

2016年汛期,南京市发生了建国以来的大洪水,降雨量和主要河湖水位均超历史.在对2016年暴雨、水情、洪水特点分析的基础上,提出加强南京市防洪工程体系的建议.     

Domestic Water and Sanitation in Cyclones and Floods in Bangladesh and a Proposed Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the top priority item s i relief activities but the appropriateness and effectiveness of this activity may be questioned. Water and sanitation (WS) are inseparable and together they play major roles in the transmission of the pathogen of diarrhoeal disease. Thousands of people die or suffer from WS-related diseases during postdisaster periods. Here we present WS-related experiences gained after Bangladesh's 1991 cyclone and the views of participants in a regional and a national (local) workshop on this matter held in Bangladesh. About 63 per cent of the water purifying tablets (WPTs) distributed after the 1991 cyclone were found to have lost potency Relief personnel lack basic knowledge about WS practices and the management of WS provision. Participants in the two workshops documented serious problems i this field at both regional and national levels. Major issues for research may include: an appropriate environmental preparedness plan; appropriate waste disposal technologies; appropriate water treatment methods; self- help activities during vulnerable periods; and health education related to WS in disaster situations.     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

我国灌区建设及管理技术发展成就与展望

新中国成立70年来,我国灌区建设与管理取得了举世瞩目的成就,农田灌溉面积由1949年的1593万hm2发展到2016年的6714万hm2,位列世界第一,保障了我国粮食安全供给和社会经济发展。我国灌区建设与管理已经历了三个大的发展阶段,依靠科技进步解决了发展过程中出现的各种问题,使我国灌区建设与管理水平逐步得以提升。今后的30年将是我国实现灌区现代化的时期。本文较系统介绍了我国灌区发展概况、灌区建设与管理技术进展和成就、灌区面临的主要问题和挑战、以及灌区现代化发展展望。     

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, to intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max.1314/100 I), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 I (max. 1081/1001). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8 /1001) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 I). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter harries m the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.