简化PDF模型对Texaco气化炉的三维数值模拟

应用商业CFD软件Fluent建立气化过程热态模型，对某化肥厂Texaco水煤浆气化炉进行了三维数值模拟。计算中采用简化PDF模型描述炉内的化学反应，将水煤浆看作燃料流，氧气看作氧化剂流;根据对冷态流场的计算，采用六面体结构网格为主的网格划分;Realizable k-ε湍流模型封闭湍流方程;dpm模型考察气体和颗粒相耦合;随机轨道模型对颗粒相进行追踪，P-1辐射模型计算炉内辐射特性;同时编制UDF函数模拟焦炭和O₂、H₂O、CO₂以及H₂的颗粒异相反应。通过与工业数据的对比，证明该模型能够真实反应气化炉内的物理特性，同时表明工业炉内的同相反应基本达到化学平衡。     

工业运行GSP气化炉数值模拟研究

对GSP气化炉内多相反应流场进行了数值模拟研究。计算结果表明:气化炉内为旋射流流场,颗粒沿着螺旋下降的迹线运行;炉内高温火焰区主要集中在气化炉中轴线上,从上至下,整体温度先升高后降低;火焰区域内CO和H2体积分数较低,而CO2和H2O体积分数相对较高。     

多喷嘴对置式气化炉内气固两相流动与炉壁的颗粒捕捉特性

对多喷嘴对置式气化炉内复杂的气固两相流动与炉壁的颗粒捕捉特性进行三维数值模拟。应用Euler-Lagrange模型模拟气固两相流动,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型计算炉内气相湍流流场,颗粒轨迹跟踪采用随机轨道模型。模拟结果与冷模测试数据吻合,且流场与热模实验现象一致,壁面捕捉颗粒平均粒径与热态水煤浆气化实验数据吻合。工业规模模拟结果表明,壁面捕捉的颗粒平均粒径呈现一定的规律性,存在两个极大值位置,分别在喷嘴平面下方0.2 m及上方2.8 m处,在喷嘴平面上方,壁面捕捉颗粒粒径随颗粒密度的增大而减小;颗粒沉积能基本覆盖整个炉膛内壁,颗粒在撞击流股作用下在喷嘴平面上方1.8 m及下方1.9 m处沉积量最大;缩短喷嘴上方直段高度将影响炉内流场,拱顶对撞击流股产生一定的限制作用,使其变短变宽,并且使拱顶捕捉颗粒粒径增加,颗粒沉积速率增加。     

NST分解炉风煤料配合情况的数值模拟研究

根据某公司4000 t/d水泥熟料生产线热工参数测定结果,运用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟对其NST分解炉内气流场、煤粉/气流两相流场及其燃烧状态进行分析.其中,对连续相、颗粒相的计算分别采用k-ε双方程湍流模型和离散相模型;对离散相与湍流之间的相互作用采用随机跟踪模型.燃烧计算则采用有限速率/涡耗散模型.模拟结果表...     

工业燃气增压粉煤气流床气化炉数值模拟

对制工业燃气的新型增压气流床气化炉气化过程采用三维数值模拟研究,建立可靠的数学模型,预测了气流床气化炉内的流场分布、温度分布以及气体成分分布,并对模拟结果进行了分析.结果表明,炉内流场能够合理地反映气化炉内的反应趋势及进程;该炉型结构能够使炉内温度场均匀,平均温度水平上升;出口气体成分的模拟值与文献值吻合良好.     

撞击流气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布的随机模拟

根据多喷嘴对置式气化炉流场测试,将气化炉划分为若干区域,运用时间离散、状态离散的马尔可夫链随机模型,模拟了气化炉内颗粒相的停留时间分布(RTD)。当颗粒在撞击区和射流区间的回流比为0.5,向下撞击流股区和管流区为平推流模型,其他区域按全混流模型处理时,模拟值与实验值吻合较好。随着进料流量的增大,平均停留时间减小,量纲1方差减小;随着回流比的增加,平均停留时间增大;气固两相平均停留时间接近,但RTD存在一定差异。     

基于双组分PDF模型的GSP气化炉数值模拟

GSP气化炉是国内最近引进的西门子公司开发的粉煤气化技术,由于对其炉膛内气固反应流动特性认识不足,运行中出现耐火砖烧穿、合成气含灰过高等问题。利用数值模拟方法,采用双组分PDF模型耦合湍流-化学反应、随机轨道法耦合湍流-颗粒运动,针对GSP气化炉内多相反应流场建立三维数值模型。计算结果与实验值及文献计算结果一致,表明该模型可用于GSP气化炉的模拟计算。研究发现,炉膛内流场主要分为旋转射流区、内回流区、外回流区和管流区。高温区位于发生氧化反应的旋转射流区和内回流区上部,而外回流区和管流区主要发生还原反应,温度较为均匀;炉膛高度1/3位置处为高温火焰直接冲刷处,在运行时需重点考虑该位置的热防护。     

辐射废锅内气固两相流场的冷态测试与数值模拟

采用冷态实验测量和数值模拟相结合的方法,对辐射废锅内的冷态气固两相流场进行了研究。搭建了辐射废锅冷模装置,利用恒温热线风速仪和皮托管对辐射废锅内的气相冷态流场进行测量。利用马尔文激光粒度分析仪对辐射废锅出口、底部渣池以及附壁颗粒的粒径进行了采样分析。运用Realizable k-ε湍流模型和随机轨道模型分别对气相流场和颗粒运动轨迹进行了数值模拟。研究发现:Realizable k-ε湍流模型计算得到的气相流场结果与实验值吻合较好,辐射废锅内筒顶部存在一入口射流,射流沿流向逐渐衰减,气相流场在内筒底部趋于稳定;大部分颗粒直接被辐射废锅渣池捕集,少量细小颗粒被气流携带进入辐射废锅环隙或从出口逃逸;颗粒粒径越大、密度越高,颗粒的跟随性越差,出口颗粒的停留时间越长。     

Texaco气化炉冷态流场和湍流混合的数值模拟

在直径为1000mm,高4000mm的双通道射流喷嘴的气化炉上,以Texaco气化炉冷模试验为基准对象,将空气经环隙和中心射入气化炉,以氢气为示踪剂,预测环隙和中心射流的混合程度。结合流体质量与动量守恒方程和k-ε湍流模型,用SIMPLER算法计算,对气化炉内的冷态流场和湍流混合进行了模拟,模拟了炉内速度分布、量纲一浓度分布、混合分数分布和轴向衰减的情况。结果显示:气化炉内浓度分布极不均匀;炉内存在富氧和贫氧区;环隙和中心通道射流动量比加大,混合分数沿轴向衰减加快,达到充分混合的时间缩短。模拟结果与冷模试验结果的比较表明计算值与试验值吻合良好。     

新型干煤粉气流床气化炉的冷态数值模拟

为了考察基于无焰氧化技术所提出的新型干煤粉气流床气化炉的流场和颗粒停留时间分布特性,对该气化炉进行三维冷态数值模拟研究,得到了不同工况下的模拟结果,可知:单喷嘴切向进气工况导致炉内速度场发生了偏移;双喷嘴中心对称切向进气工况导致炉内形成外圈速度大、内圈速度小的对称旋转梯度场。随着进口总气速、颗粒平均直径和颗粒密度的增大,气化炉内颗粒停留时间逐渐减小。颗粒停留时间随颗粒平均直径增大的减幅较随颗粒密度增大的减幅更大。当颗粒入射角度为正时,随着入射角度的增加,颗粒停留时间逐渐增大;当入射角度为负时,随着入射角度的增加,颗粒停留时间逐渐减小。     

Thermophoresis effects on gas-particle phases flow behaviors in entrained flow coal gasifier using Eulerian model

A numerical model based on the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid approach is used to simulate the gasification of coal char inside an entrained flow gasifier. In this model, effects of thermophoresis of coal char particles are thoroughly investigated. The thermophoresis is due to the gas temperature gradient caused by absorpted heat of coal char gasification. This work, firstly, calculates the gas temperature gradient and thermophoretic force at1100 °C,1200 °C,1300 °C and 1400 °C wall temperatures. Then, the changes of particle volume fraction and velocity in the gasifier are studied in the simulation with thermophoresis or not. The results indicate that considering the particle thermophoresis has some effects on the calculation of particle volume fraction in the gasifier, especially at wall temperature of 1400 °C, and the maximum particle volume fraction variance ratio reaches up to 1.38% on wall surface of the gasifier. These effects are mainly caused by large gas temperature gradient along the radial direction of the gasifier. For the particle velocity, the changes are small but can be observable along radial direction of the gasifier, which has good agreement with the distributions of radial gas temperature gradient and thermophoretic force. These changes above may have certain effects on gasification reaction rates in this Eulerian model. So the change of gasification reaction rates in the simulation with thermophoresis or not is studied finally.     

Numerical study on the coal gasification characteristics in an entrained flow coal gasifier

The coal gasification process of a slurry feed type, entrained-flow coal gasifier was numerically predicted in this paper. By dividing the complicated coal gasification process into several simplified stages such as slurry evaporation, coal devolatilization and two-phase reactions coupled with turbulent flow and two-phase heat transfer, a comprehensive numerical model was constructed to simulate the coal gasification process. The k– turbulence model was used for the gas phase flow while the Random-Trajectory model was applied to describe the behavior of the coal slurry particles. The unreacted-core shrinking model and modified Eddy break-up (EBU) model, were used to simulate the heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions, respectively. The simulation results obtained the detailed information about the flow field, temperature and species concentration distributions inside the gasifier. Meanwhile, the simulation results were compared with the experimental data as a function of O₂/coal ratio. It illustrated that the calculated carbon conversions agreed with the measured ones and that the measured quality of the syngas was better than the calculated one when the O₂/coal ratio increases. This result was related with the total heat loss through the gasifier and uncertain kinetics for the heterogeneous reactions.     

典型气流床煤气化炉气化过程的建模

利用Aspen Plus、基于热力学平衡模型对GSP煤粉气化炉、GE水煤浆气化炉及四喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉的气化过程建模。根据煤颗粒热转化的历程,将煤气化过程划分为热解、挥发分燃烧、半焦裂解及气化反应4个阶段,利用David Merrick模型计算热解过程,采用Beath模型校正压力对热解过程的影响,选用化学计量反应器模拟挥发分燃烧反应,编制Fortran程序计算半焦裂解产物收率,最后基于Gibbs自由能最小化方法计算气化反应。结果表明,采用建立的气流床气化过程模型模拟工业气化过程的结果与生产数据基本吻合,对GSP煤粉气化炉、GE水煤浆气化炉及四喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉等3种气化炉有效气成分（CO+H₂）体积分数模拟结果的误差均不超过2%,建立模型的可靠性得到验证。     

Numerical simulation of the bubbling fluidized bed coal gasification by the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF)

A new numerical model based on the two-fluid model (TFM) including the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) and complicated reactions has been developed to simulate coal gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier (BFBG). The collision between particles is described by KTGF. The coal gasification rates are determined by combining Arrhenius rate and diffusion rate for heterogeneous reactions or turbulent mixing rate for homogeneous reactions. The flow behaviors of gas and solid phases in the bed and freeboard can be predicted, which are not easy to be measured through the experiments. The calculated exit values of gas composition are agreed well with the experimental data. The relationship between gas composition profiles with the height of gasifier and the distributions of temperature, gas and solid velocity and solid volume fraction were discussed.     

盈德清华炉水煤浆气化工艺的影响因素研究

以过程模拟软件为工具,通过合理的简化与假设,建立了以氧气为气化剂的水煤浆气流床煤气化的研究模型,模拟计算了盈德清华炉的水煤浆气化过程,分析了煤中碳含量、灰分含量、水煤浆质量分数、操作温度、水冷壁副产蒸汽量等因素对比煤耗、比氧耗、合成气产量、合成气中各气体组分含量的影响。模型计算结果与生产实际运行数据对比表明,该模型能较好地反映运行工厂的实际生产情况。利用经过生产实际运行数据修正的研究模型,可研究煤质组成、煤浆质量分数、操作温度、水冷壁副产蒸汽量等因素对主要气化工艺指标的影响。     

二次氧量对分级气化炉气化特性的影响

分级给氧气流床气化炉具有碳转化率高、炉内混合过程强烈、喷嘴附近温度较低等优点。本文采用CFD数值模拟的方法研究了二次氧量变化对气化炉运行特性的影响,分析比较了不同二次给氧量下相交射流火焰特性的变化,及相交射流对煤气化炉炉内整体混合过程、煤气化特性的影响。发现当二次给氧量下降时,受炉内回流流场的影响,二次火焰明显随回流发生偏斜,壁面温度升高。当二次给氧量小于总给氧量的8%时,其射流动量不足以影响主射流产生的宏观流场。     

Numerical Simulation and Assessment of a Two‐Stage Gasifier Modified from an Opposed Multi‐Burner Gasifier

An opposed multi‐burner (OMB) entrained‐flow gasifier with coal water slurry feeding is developed by the East China University of Science and Technology. A 3D model is employed to numerically simulate the gas flow field, motion of char particles, and distributions of temperature and gaseous components in an OMB gasifier and in a conceptual two‐stage gasifier modified from the OMB gasifier (TS‐OMB gasifier). Results show that the TS‐OMB gasifier produces higher concentration and productivity of the effective gases (CO+H₂) with a slightly higher carbon conversion than the OMB gasifier. The reasons for the differences between these two types of gasifier are discussed by means of numerical simulation. This information is valuable for guiding the design of an advanced OMB gasifier.     

多喷嘴水煤浆气化炉的工业化应用

简要介绍了新型多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉流场及煤气化机理,重点评述了工业化应用概况。工业化成功运行表明,多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化技术具有气化效率高、气化炉运转平稳、负荷可调节范围大等特点,合成气中有效成分(CO H2)体积分数达84.9%,碳转化率达98%~99%,炉渣中可燃物平均质量分数<10%,吨甲醇煤耗为1.35 t。新型多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化技术的开发成功,将大大推动我国煤化工技术的发展,推进相关产业的技术进步。     

水煤浆水冷壁气化炉项目总结

日处理煤750 t水煤浆水冷壁气化炉工艺示范装置具有氧气分级供给、气化炉采用水冷壁代替耐火砖、水煤浆进料流程短、喷嘴使用寿命长等特点。在气化压力4.0 MPa条件下,制得的煤气中有效气体(CO+H2)体积分数≥79.7%,碳转化率达98.0%,喷嘴使用寿命超过6个月,基本达到三废零排放。与德士古气化炉相比,采用该技术设备可全部国产化,降低建设投资,经济和环境效益显著。