硝酸脲混合炸药的工艺研究

本文首先将硝酸与尿素合成为硝酸脲,再将硝酸脲与硝酸铵等制造成粉状工业炸药．其性能与二号岩石炸药相当,且成本低、毒性小,适合于农田水利建设和修建公路方面,有广泛的开发前景。     

无TNT铵脲炸药配方和爆炸性能的关系

研究了AN-UN、AN-UN-A l两种无TNT铵脲炸药的配方和爆炸性能关系。结果表明,对于AN-UN炸药,随着硝酸脲含量由10%增至40%,炸药的爆热Qv减少16%,比容Vo增加2%,QvVo的乘积下降12.5%。因此,在不含其它成分的情况下,UN含量以10%~20%为宜,基本满足爆炸要求。对于AN-UN-A l炸药,在氧平衡为零的情况下,铝粉的加入能提高炸药爆热,但比容有所下降,QvVo的乘积增加。在铝粉含量10%不变的情况下,AN或UN含量的改变对炸药爆炸性能影响不大。     

耐热炸药 PYX 生产中废酸处理

阐明了采用硝酸脲成盐法解决耐热炸药ＰＹＸ生产中产生的废酸问题，其回收产品可以作为一种工业炸药使用。     

改性硝酸脲中硝酸脲含量的测定

研究出一种改性硝酸脲中硝酸脲含量的测定方法，对其原理，操作计算，数值修正作了介绍和讨论。     

硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响

为了研究硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响,采用圆筒试验研究了含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药加速圆筒壁膨胀速度和格尼能的变化过程,并与不含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药进行了对比,分析了硝酸酯对炸药能量释放特性及金属驱动能力的影响。结果表明,硝酸酯可改善RDX基含铝炸药的铝氧比,改变其反应速率;在反应初期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度低于不含硝酸酯的炸药,而在爆炸反应中后期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度以及格尼能均高于不含硝酸酯的炸药;含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的能量释放特性使其适合用于破片战斗部中,可提高其金属驱动能力。     

AN-Y-1炸药的热行为和组分相容性

ＡＮ－Ｙ－１是由硝酸铵、复合硝酸脲、木粉和复合改良剂组成的无梯岩石炸药在温度呈线性增加的条件下采用ＤＳＣ法研究了其热行为。研究结果表明，ＡＮ－Ｙ－１具有较好的热安定性和优良组分相容性。     

硝酸脲的制备与应用

为了获得较高收率的硝酸脲晶体,选择了三种制备方法并进行比较,进而以硝酸脲为原料制备硝基脲,从而作为一种植物生长调节剂加入复合肥中,并对温室中的作物进行了效果验证实验。通过回收率、硝酸脲晶体形态比较发现,将100g尿素加入150mL水中,在-5℃反应15min尿素充分溶解后,逐渐搅拌加入189g硝酸,并控制反应温度在40℃,冷却结晶2h过滤的方法效果最好,回收率可达85％,X射线衍射分析发现此方法制备的硝酸脲结晶度最高并且显微镜观测发现其晶形更加规则,另外,硝酸脲加入复合肥中并不能促进油菜的生长。     

钾长石-磷矿-硝酸脲体系分解钾长石的探讨

详细研究了钾长石与磷矿、硝酸脲反应的提钾新工艺, 验证了钾长石-磷矿-硝酸脲体系分解钾长石提取有效钾的可行性。通过正交实验得到各因素对钾溶出率影响大小依次为：反应温度>硝酸用量>反应时间>尿素与硝酸物质的量比。得到适宜的工艺条件：尿素和硝酸物质的量比为1:1;5.5 mol/L的硝酸用量为4 mL;反应温度为120 ℃;反应时间为2 h。在此条件下有效钾的溶出率可达96.23%,水溶性钾溶出率可达29.65%。通过单因素寻优实验得出钾长石与磷矿、硝酸脲反应提取有效钾的适宜工艺条件：反应温度为105～115 ℃,硝酸用量约为4.7 mL,反应时间约为2 h。     

硝酸脲的制备

研究了硝酸脲制备过程中可控因素的影响以及固体硝酸脲的晶体形状、吸湿性、水溶液的酸性、X射线衍射图、核磁共振图、红外图谱。实验表明硝酸脲制备过程中的主要影响因素为：尿素与硝酸的比例、硝酸的浓度、反应温度及反应时间等。其中最佳工艺条件是：n（尿素）：n（硝酸）=1：1,硝酸浓度为5．5mol/L,反应温度为20℃,反应时间为20min;显微镜下观测其晶体呈现棱柱状;吸湿性比较弱：水溶液的酸性较同等浓度的硝酸弱而比柠檬酸强;X射线衍射图表明生成物与可能生成的其它物质的X射线衍射图完全不同;核磁共振及红外图谱证明生成的产物为比较纯的硝酸脲。     

废旧梯黑铝混合炸药中RDX的回收和表征

为了对废弃梯黑铝混合炸药中的有效成分进行回收利用,根据TNT、RDX在有机溶剂中的溶解度差异,设计了从废旧梯黑铝混合炸药中回收、提取RDX的工艺流程,并对回收的RDX进行了性能测试和形貌表征。结果表明,以甲苯和丙酮作为回收梯黑铝混合炸药中RDX的有机溶剂,回收率为90%。回收RDX的主要理化性能达到GJB 296A-95的要求。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.