The Preparation and Gas-sensing Property of Nanosize γ-Fe2O3／SiO2

Nanostructured γ-Fe2O3/SiO2 complex oxide was prepared by sol-gel method with tetraethoxysilane and iron nitrate as precursors. The particle size distribution, thermal and phase stabilities and gas sensing properties were systematically characterized by TEM, granularity distribution, TG-DTA, XRD and gas sensitivity measurements. The particle size is about 10 nm and size distribution is very narrow. The sensitivity of the sensing element to CO, H2, C2H4, C6H6 and the effects of calcination temperature on the sensitivity and conductance of gases were examined. The combination of excellent thermal stability and tunable gas sensing properties through careful control of the preparation and judicious selection of material compositions gives rise to novel nanocomposites, which is attractive for the sensitive and selective detection of reducing gases and some hydrocarbon gases.     

Storage Stability of Alpha-Lipoic Acid-loaded Lipid Nanoparticles

Alpha-lipoic acid-loaded lipid nanoparticles(ALA-LNs) were prepared by high pressure homogenization method.The influences of storage conditions such as time and temperature on the physical and chemical storage stability of ALA-LNs were studied in details.The stability was evaluated by particle size and polydispersity index,morphology of ALA-LNs,and capacity of ALA loading.The dilution and pH stability of ALA-LNs suspensions were also studied.After three months storage,the mean size of ALA-LNs at 4 and 40 ℃ was increased by 2.68% and 3.62% compared with the original size,respectively.ALA-LNs stored at 40 ℃ had ellipsoid shape and the mean size was about 152 nm(SD=23.6).The loading capacity of ALA at 40 ℃ was much higher than those stored at other two temperatures.The good dilution and pH stability were also demonstrated.The sample had good fluidity even at 4 ℃.     

内嵌SiO_2纳米颗粒的超大孔复合晶胶的制备(英文)

Supermacroporous composite cryogels embedded with SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by radical cryogenic copolymerization of the reactive monomer mixture of acrylamide(AAm) and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide(MBAAm) containing SiO2 nanoparticles(mass ratios of nanoparticles to the monomer AAm from 0.01 to 0.08) under the freezing-temperature variation condition in glass columns.The properties of these composite cryogels were measured.The height equivalent to theoretical plate(HETP) of the cryogel beds at different liquid flow rates was determined by residence time distribution(RTD) using tracer pulse-response method.The composite cryogel matrix embedded with the mass fraction of SiO2 nanoparticles of 0.02 presented the best properties and was employed in the following graft polymerization.Chromatographic process of lysozyme in the composite cryogel grafted with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid(AMPSA) was carried out to evaluate the protein breakthrough and elution characteristics.The chromatography can be carried out at relatively high superficial velocity,i.e.,15 cm·min-1,indicating the satisfactory mechanical strength due to the embedded nanoparticles.     

磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子用作靶向药物载体的制备及分析

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by the aqueous co-precipitation of FeCl3-6H2O and FeCl2-4H2O with addition of ammonium hydroxide. The conditions for the preparation of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were optimized, and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles obtained were characterized systematically by means of transmission electron microscope （TEM）, dynamic laser scattering analyzer （DLS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results revealed that the magnetic nanoparticles were cubic shaped and dispersive, with narrow size distribution and average diameter of 11.4 nm. It was found that the homogeneous variation of pH value in the solution via the control on the dropping rate of aqueous ammonia played a critical role in size distribution. The magnetic response of the product in the magnetic field was also analyzed and evaluated carefully. A 32.6 mT magnetic field which is produced by four ferromagnets was found to be sufficient to excite the dipole moments of 0.05 g Fe3O4 powder 2 cm far away from the ferromagnets. In conclusion, the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with excellent properties were competent for the magnetic carders of targeted-drug in future application.     

膨胀床应用中的高密度薄壳型琼脂糖凝胶介质、流体力学与固相分布

Two dense pellicular agarose-glass matrices of different sizes and densities, i.e., AG-S and AG-L, have been characterized for their bed expansion behavior, flow hydrodynamics and particle classifications in an expanded bed system. A 26 mm ID column with side ports was used for sampling the liquid-solid suspension during expanded bed operations. Measurements of the collected solid phase at different column positions yielded the particle size and density distribution data. It was found that the composite matrices showed particle size as well as density classifications along the column axis, i.e., both the size and density of each matrix decreased with increasing the axial bed height. Their axial classifications were expressed by a correlation related to both the particle size and density as a function of the dimensionless axial bed height. The correlation was found to fairly describe the solid phase classifications in the expanded bed system. Moreover, it can also be applied to other two commercial solid matrices designed for expanded bed applications.     

搅拌釜内固-液悬浮体系的CFD-DEM模拟(英文)

Computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method （CFD-DEM） coupled approach was employed to simulate the solid suspension behavior in a Rushton stirred tank with consideration of transitional and rotational motions of millions of particles with complex interactions with liquid and the rotating impeller. The simulations were satisfactorily validated with experimental data in literature in terms of measured particle velocities in the tank. Influences of operating conditions and physical properties of particles （i.e., particle diameter and density） on the two-phase flow field in the stirred tank involving particle distribution, particle velocity and vortex were studied. The wide distribution of particle angular velocity ranging from 0 to 105 r·min-1 is revealed. The Magnus force is comparable to the drag force during the particle movement in the tank. The strong particle rotation will generate extra shear force on the particles so that the particle morphology may be affected, especially in the bio-/polymer-product related processes. It can be concluded that the CFD-DEM coupled approach provides a theoretical way to under-stand the physics of particle movement in micro-to macro-scales in the solid suspension of a stirred tank.     

平面冲击射流场中纳米颗粒凝结和扩散的矩积分方法

A computational model combining large .eddy simulation with quadrature moment method was em-ployed to study nanoparticle evolution in a confined impinging jet. The investigated particle size is limited in the transient regime, and the particle collision kernel was obtained by using the theory of flux matching. The simulation was validated by comparing it with the experimental results. The numerical results show coherent structure acts to dominate particle number intensity, size and polydispersity distributions, and it also induce particle-laden iet to be diluted by .the ambient.The evolution of particle dynarnics in.the impinging jet flow are strongly related to the Rey-nolds number and nozzle-to-plate distance, and their relationships were analyzed.     

高含量β-胡萝卜素微胶囊干粉流动性的考察及其影响因素

The flowability of five kinds of microencapsulation powders, with different β-carotene contents and by two alternative particle-forming technologies i.e. spray-drying and starch-catching beadlet technology, was measured. The actual flow properties of the five powders were compared based on bin-flow test, and three flow indexes （Hausner ratio, repose angle and flow index） were measured. It was found that the repose angle is the most suitable index to reflect the flowability of these powders for the particle properties would not be altered due to compaction or tapping during the measuring process. Particle size and particle size distribution play most important roles in the flowability of these granular materials, which was also influenced by other factors like shape, surface texture, surface roughness, etc. Microcapsules with wall material of gelatin and a layer of modified starch absorbed on the surface showed excellent flowabilities and good mechanical properties, and they are favorable for tabletting to supply β-carotene.     

Ni nanoparticles supported on carbon as efficient catalysts for steam reforming of toluene (model tar)

This paper investigated the influences of surface properties of carbon support and nickel precursors (nickel nitrate,nickel chloride and nickel acetate) on Ni nanoparticle sizes and catalytic performances for steam reforming of toluene.Treatment with nitric acid helped to increase the amount of functional groups on the surface and hydrophilic nature of carbon support,leading to a homogeneous distribution of Ni nanoparticles.The thermal decomposition products of nickel precursor also played an important role,Ni nanoparticles supported on carbon treated with acid using nickel nitrate as the precursor exhibited the smallest mean diameter of 4.5 nm.With the loading amount increased from 6 wt％ to 18 wt％,the mean particle size of Ni nanoparticles varied from 4.5 nm to 9.1 nm.The as-prepared catalyst showed a high catalytic activity and a good stability for toluene steam reforming:98.1％ conversion of toluene was obtained with the Ni content of 12 wt％ and the S/C ratio of 3,and the conversion only decreased to 92.0％ after 700 min.Because of the high activity,good stability,and low cost,the as-prepared catalyst opens up new opportunities for tar removing.     

悬浮态乳液聚合条件对聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒特性的影响

Suspended emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out in a 5 L autoclave. The influence of agitation, polymerization conversion, dispersant and surfactant on the average particle size (PS) and particle size distribution (PSD), particle morphology and porosity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin was investigated. It showed that the agitator had great influence on the smooth operation of polymerization, PS and PSD. The PS increased and PSD became narrow as polymerization conversion became high. The porosity decreased with the increase of conversion. A convenient choice of additives, both dispersants and non-ionic surfactants, allows one to adjust PS and PSD. The PS decreased with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersants,and increased with the addition of Span surfactants. The addition of dispersants or surfactants also affected the morphology and porosity of resin, and PVC resin with looser agglomeration and homogeneous distribution of primary particles was prepared.     

纳米结构脂质载体的制备及其聚集动力学研究

采用高压均质法制备包覆二苯酮-3（BP-3）和对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯（OMC）两种紫外线吸收剂的纳米结构脂质载体（NLC）,并通过单因素实验探究了总油相含量、液体脂质用量、防晒剂含量、乳化剂种类及其用量对NLC粒径、ζ电位和包封率的影响,并优化了工艺配方。此外,还考察了电解质的种类、浓度以及乳化剂用量对NLC聚集行为的影响并建立了聚集动力学模型。结果表明,电解质的存在可以压缩胶体体系的双电层,导致ζ电位降低,加剧纳米粒之间的聚集结合。NLC样品在电解质NaCl和CaCl₂存在下的临界聚沉浓度分别为538.2和95.8 mmol·L^-1,且在CaCl₂溶液中的聚集速度比NaCl溶液中更快,适量的乳化剂对维持NLC体系的稳定性具有重要作用。     

新型负载印楝素纳米粒子水分散液制备

[目的]发展一种环境友好和具有缓释性能的印楝素水分散制剂。[方法]以天然高分子壳聚糖(CS)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)为载体,通过正负电荷的相互作用,制备了负载印楝素纳米粒子水分散液。表征了载药纳米粒子的性能如粒径、多分散指数(PDI)、Zeta电位值、负载率和形态结构,考察了几种影响性能的因素。[结果]负载印楝素的纳米粒子为球形,尺寸为200～350 nm,PDI约为0.500,药物负载率最高可达55%。[结论]CMC和CS合适的溶液质量浓度和用量是形成纳米子的基本条件。当其固定时,随印楝素质量浓度增加,载药粒子的粒径增大,PDI变宽,负载率降低。     

高固含量聚硅酸钾基防火凝胶及其在复合防火玻璃中的应用

通过蒸发浓缩的方法制备了高固含量硅溶胶分散液,采用纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪研究了蒸发浓缩前后分散液中无机粒子粒径和Zeta电位的变化。进而,以高固含量硅溶胶分散液为原料,氢氧化钾溶液为固化剂,制备了高固含量聚硅酸钾基防火凝胶和复合防火玻璃,采用小型耐火试验炉、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱等测试手段,研究了复合防火玻璃的耐火性能及防火凝胶的热稳定性和耐火机理。结果表明:蒸发浓缩的方法对纳米粒子的粒径和分散稳定性几乎没有影响;分散液固含量的提高能够极大地提升复合防火玻璃的耐火隔热性,并一定程度上提升防火凝胶的热稳定性。     

咪喹莫特纳米结构脂质载体的可控制备及表征

采用高压均质法制备咪喹莫特纳米结构脂质载体(IMQD-NLC)，分别考察表面活性剂、高压均质操作参数及药物加入量对IMQD-NLC制备的影响，并对其形貌、物相、表面Zeta电位及体外释放特性等进行了表征. 结果表明，选取S-40和Span-20复配作为表面活性剂，随着S-40含量的增大，IMQD-NLC的平均粒径和Zeta电位的绝对值逐渐减小，而PI值呈现增大趋势；高的高压均质循环次数制备的IMQD-NLC平均粒径和PI值均比较低；药量增大，粒子平均粒径和PI值增大，而Zeta电位并没有发生明显变化；平均包封率为88.3%；IMQD-NLC呈无定型状态；IMQD-NLC在pH 1的释放介质中呈现先突释后缓释，而在pH 5.5的释放介质中呈现缓慢释放.     

Role of Surface Area, Primary Particle Size, and Crystal Phase on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Dispersion Properties

Characterizing nanoparticle dispersions and understanding the effect of parameters that alter dispersion properties are important for both environmental applications and toxicity investigations. The role of particle surface area, primary particle size, and crystal phase on TiO₂ nanoparticle dispersion properties is reported. Hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and isoelectric point (IEP) of ten laboratory synthesized TiO₂ samples, and one commercial Degussa TiO₂ sample (P25) dispersed in different solutions were characterized. Solution ionic strength and pH affect titania dispersion properties. The effect of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (MgCl₂) inert electrolytes on dispersion properties was quantified through their contribution to ionic strength. Increasing titania particle surface area resulted in a decrease in solution pH. At fixed pH, increasing the particle surface area enhanced the collision frequency between particles and led to a higher degree of agglomeration. In addition to the synthesis method, TiO₂ isoelectric point was found to be dependent on particle size. As anatase TiO₂ primary particle size increased from 6 nm to 104 nm, its IEP decreased from 6.0 to 3.8 that also results in changes in dispersion zeta potential and hydrodynamic size. In contrast to particle size, TiO₂ nanoparticle IEP was found to be insensitive to particle crystal structure.     

水溶性马来酰化壳聚糖的制备及其pH响应研究

以碳酸钠为催化剂,室温下制备了水溶性的马来酰化壳聚糖.由红外光谱分析的结果说明了马来酸酐成功接枝到壳聚糖分子上,且酰化反应后的壳聚糖的热性能较壳聚糖有了很大提高.采用MPT-2自动滴定仪和Nano-ZS粒度仪对不同pH值下的颗粒粒径和Zeta电位进行测定,发现存在2个等电点:pH=2.24和pH=5.45.     

空气纳米气泡的稳定性及理化特性

空气纳米气泡（Air-NBs）的理化特性是其广泛应用的基础。本文利用纳米粒度-zeta电位分析仪研究了水力空化原理产生的Air-NBs的理化特性,即粒径分布和zeta电位,考察了装置运行压力、电解质浓度、pH和温度对Air-NBs理化特性的影响;同时考察了去离子水和CaCl₂溶液中Air-NBs稳定性。结果表明：纳米气泡发生器的压力越大,其产生的Air-NBs的小粒径比例更大,且电解质的加入有助于气泡粒径的缩小。随着溶液中电解质浓度、pH和温度的升高,溶液中Air-NBs的平均粒径逐渐减小,但气泡间的聚结作用会导致其粒径随时间逐渐增大;通过对两种溶液中Air-NBs粒径的实时监测发现其能在溶液中存在5天之久。胶体稳定（DLVO）理论和zeta电位效应可以合理阐释溶液中Air-NBs的稳定性。     

河道疏浚底泥余水强化絮凝处理工艺优化与机理

从三种絮凝剂氯化铁FeCl3、硫酸铝Al2(SO4)3和聚合氯化铝(PAC)中优选出FeCl3用于处理重庆梁滩河疏浚底泥的余水。考察了在混凝剂FeCl3与助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)不同投加量下,强化絮凝对水中浊度、悬浮固体浓度(SS)以及COD的去除效果。探讨并分析了Zeta电位和粒径分布对疏浚底泥余水处理效果的影响。研究结果表明:当余水Zeta电位绝对值接近于零时,采用强化絮凝的处理效果较好;达到同样处理效果,平均粒径较小的河流疏浚底泥余水所需的絮凝剂和助凝剂的投加量较小。     

表面活性剂对水性油墨胶体稳定性的影响

对阳离子、阴离子、两性和非离子表面活性剂对水性油墨胶体稳定性的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)在水性油墨胶体溶液中加入十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)浓度为0.14 mmol/L时,Zeta电位由初始的-37.9 mV变为12.7 mV;当CTAB浓度为0.86 mmol/L时,Zeta电位上升到34.1 mV。pH对CTAB的作用效果有较大影响,当CTAB浓度为0.5 mmol/L时,将体系pH从初始值3.3调节至11.7,Zeta电位相应地从38.6 mV降至23.7 mV,炭黑粒子的平均粒径最大增加值达13 nm。(2)加入十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)的浓度为1 mmol/L时,Zeta电位达到-38.2 mV,而炭黑粒子的平均粒径下降了2 nm。(3)加入椰油酰胺丙基氧化胺(CAPO)的浓度为0.01 mol/L时,Zeta电位在体系pH约为6.0时达到等电点;体系pH为3.2时,Zeta电位达到最大值28.5 mV,炭黑粒子平均粒径最大增加幅度为9 nm。(4)加入脂肪醇聚氧乙烯(7)醚(AEO-7)的浓度为0.1 mol/L时,体系Zeta电位从-37.9 mV变为-16.3 mV,炭黑粒子平均粒径从初始的154 nm增至240 nm。加入AEO-9得到与AEO-7相同的影响趋势。     

Electrostatic and electrosteric stabilization of aqueous slips of 3Y–ZrO2 powder

Yttria-doped zirconia powder (3Y-ZrO₂) was characterized and dispersed in distilled water. The state of dispersion was evaluated in terms of zeta potential, apparent viscosity and the mean particle size of solid phase in the slip. Zeta potential, apparent viscosity and the mean particle size as a function of pH indicated the pH range of electrostatic stabilization. These results showed that electrostatic stabilization of the slip can be accomplished in low acidic and high basic range of pH. Dissolution of yttria from the powder surface in acidic pH was found to be high and fast, risky to the stability of the slip as well as the microstructure of the sintered body. Electrosteric stabilisation by addition of an anionic polyelectrolyte (PMAA-NH₃) shifted the isoelectric point (IEP) to lower pH. The state of dispersion was further investigated by particle size measurements of the solid phase in the slip. The optimum amount of dispersant is discussed in terms of zeta potential and viscosity. The adsorption of polyelectrolyte is considered at pH 4, native pH of suspension and at pH 10, below and above the IEP of powder and correlated with the dissociation rate of polymer and the net surface charge of particles at given pH. Higher adsorption of dissociated polymer to the positively charged surfaces justifies the higher optimum amount of polyelectrolyte at pH 4.