ZnAl_2O_4尖晶石负载纳米Pt多面体脱氢催化剂的制备及性能研究

通过化学还原法制备出形貌规则、大小均匀的Pt纳米多面体作为催化剂的活性组分,并将其负载于Zn Al_2O_4尖晶石多孔性载体上,制备出形貌均匀、分散性较好的新型纳米Pt多面体/Zn Al_2O_4催化剂。通过XRD、SEM、TEM等对催化剂的物理结构及形貌进行表征,并用固定床微型反应器进行脱氢评价。结果表明,新型Pt晶/Zn Al_2O_4催化剂活性较好,选择性高达97%。相比传统法制备的Pt/Zn Al_2O_4催化剂,初始转化率提高了17.6%,反应160 min后的收率提高了5%,说明纳米Pt多面体具有更好的催化脱氢性能,有潜在的应用价值。     

助剂Ba对Pd/Al_2O_3和Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的C1-C3烷烃催化燃烧性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了Al_2O_3负载的Pd和Pt催化剂,考察催化剂的甲烷、乙烷和丙烷催化燃烧活性,以及助剂Ba对催化性能的影响。对于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba使活性物种PdO颗粒变大和还原温度升高,形成更稳定的PdO活性物种,是Pd-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性提升的主要原因。对于Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba助剂使活性物种Pt0含量降低,PtO_x与Al_2O_3载体相互作用增强,使PtO_x物种更难被还原为Pt~0,导致Pt-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性降低。Pd和Pt催化剂催化烷烃氧化反应活性规律一致:丙烷乙烷甲烷。Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—H键活化,Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—C键活化。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对C1-C3烷烃氧化活性的差别明显大于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对碳比例高的烷烃活性更高。     

Ni对Pt/γ-Al2O3催化甲基环己烷脱氢性能的影响

采用饱和浸渍法制备了γ-Al₂O₃负载的Pt单金属和Pt-Ni双金属催化剂,用固定床反应器评价了催化剂的甲基环己烷脱氢反应性能,以考察Ni对Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化甲基环己烷脱氢性能的影响。结果表明,与单金属催化剂相比,Pt-Ni双金属催化剂具有更好的脱氢活性和稳定性。氢氧滴定分析结果表明加入Ni后Pt的分散性能变好,TEM分析表明加入Ni后金属颗粒尺寸变大,结合氢氧滴定与TEM数据,认为掺入Ni之后形成了Pt-Ni新的体系,此体系提高了催化剂表面上氢的结合能,最终提高了Pt-Ni双金属催化剂的脱氢活性和稳定性。此结果为开发适用于有机液体储氢材料脱氢的高效催化剂提供了思路。     

Fe_2O_3-Co_3O_4/Al_2O_3催化剂催化含氯尾气脱氢性能研究

研究了Fe_2O_3-Co_3O_4/Al_2O_3催化剂催化含氯尾气脱氢性能,分别考察了在不同反应温度、不同铁钴氧化物负载量和不同焙烧温度下尾氯脱氢性能,并采用XRD、SEM、FTIR和BET等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Fe_2O_3和Co_3O_4是催化剂的主要活性组分,在催化剂用量为0.5 g,Fe_2O_3负载量为2.0%,Co_3O_4负载量为1.2%,400℃焙烧和150℃反应温度下,催化剂表现出较好的脱氢性能,H_2转换率为96%,且总体上H_2-Cl_2反应选择性>H_2-O_2反应选择性。     

Pd-Pt-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂在VOC净化处理中的催化性能

采用浸渍法制备Pd-Pt-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂,考察贵金属Pd和Pt负载量、助剂种类及负载量、空速对催化甲苯燃烧活性的影响。结果表明,适宜的贵金属负载量和助剂可极大提高Pd-Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂活性,当Pd和Pt质量分数分别为0.05%和0.005%、助剂Ce质量分数为1%时,Pd-Pt-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂在低温条件下表现出较好的催化性能。空速对催化剂的催化活性影响较为明显,适宜的空速低于20 000 h-1。     

PtSnLi/Al_2O_3催化剂在丙烷脱氢过程中的氢气选择氧化性能

采用浸渍法制备氧化铝负载三元Pt-Sn-Li催化剂(PtSnLi/A_2O_3),采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和物理吸附(BET)等手段对催化剂进行表征,并在固定床反应器中评价了该催化剂在丙烷脱氢过程中对氢气选择氧化性能。结果表明,PtSnLi/Al_2O_3催化剂对氢气具有良好的选择氧化性,组分Sn和Li的加入能有效提高Pt基催化剂活性和选择性。PtSnLi/Al_2O_3催化剂在常压、550℃和质量空速为1.45 h~(-1)的条件下,氢气的选择氧化性为80%,氧气转化率大于98%,烃类损耗量0.2%。与PtSn/Al_2O_3相比,氧气转化率基本相同,氢气的选择氧化增加了29.2%,烃损耗率降低了0.9%。     

VMo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯

以浸渍法制备VMo/γ-Al_2O_3和VMo Mg/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,考察其催化丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯的反应活性,采用XRD、UV-Vis DRS和In suit IR对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,V负载质量分数为3%、Mo负载质量分数为7%时的3V7Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表现出较好的催化性能;添加Mg后催化剂的催化性能有所改善,反应温度500℃时,丙烷转化率为18.19%,丙烯选择性74.76%。丙烷和丙烯在3V7Mo/γ-Al_2O_3和3V7Mo4Mg/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上吸附后,C—H键的H与催化剂活性中心的晶格氧发生作用形成H—O键,且3V7Mo4Mg/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上出现C—O键的温度比3V7Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂高,表明加入Mg有利于提高丙烯选择性。     

气相苯加氢制环己烷pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的研究

采用常压、固定床,连续流动的反应装置,研究了气相苯加氢的 Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的制备方法、制备条件、载体上铂的负载量及不同方法制得的载体对催化活性的形响。在评价催化活性时,采用的工艺条件为:温度240℃、液相苯空速0.8时~(-1)、氢:苯=4(摩尔比),并用转化率来表征催化剂的活性。结果发现,用离子交换法制备的负载型 Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂,对苯的气相加氢显出很高的活性,当铂的负载量为0.55%时,苯的转化率已达100%,环己烷的产率也达99%以上,将活性与用 H_2—O_2滴定和 Auger 电子能谱测得的金属分散度数据进行关联,得到了一致的结果。金属分散度高,催化剂的活性也佳,说明金属的分散度是直接影响到催化剂的活性,而寻找制备金属高分散度的催化剂制备方法,是研究工作成功的关键。     

载体对Pt催化甲基环己烷脱氢性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Al₂O₃、SiO₂、Y₂O₃及活性炭负载的0.2%(质量分数,下同)Pt催化剂。氮气吸附脱附、H₂-TPR、CO脉冲吸附对催化剂表征的结果表明,活性炭载体上活性组分的分散度最高,催化甲基环己烷(MCH)脱氢反应的结果表明,活性炭负载的Pt催化剂具有最高的催化活性。     

载体对丙烷脱氢过程中氢气选择氧化催化剂Pt/Al_2O_3性能的影响

通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和物理吸附(N_2吸附)等手段测定了不同合成条件下制备的Al_2O_3物性参数如比表面积,孔容和孔径等,并以合成的Al_2O_3为载体制备了单Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂,在固定床微型催化反应装置上考察了其在丙烷脱氢过程中催化氢气选择氧化性能。由相同条件下催化剂对混合气中氢气选择性氧化催化结果可知,在铝和葡萄糖物质的量比为1和弱碱条件下制备的Al_2O_3为载体,负载Pt质量分率0.5%的催化剂对烃损耗较小。NH_3的程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)表明,该催化剂表面碱性较强,活性较好。     

Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的CO_2-TPD表征

Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂是甲烷二氧化碳重整反应制取合成气研究最多、最具应用潜力的一种催化剂。通过对催化剂进行CO_2-TPD研究,考察还原态Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的CO_2脱附特性。结果表明,浸渍法制备的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂CO_2脱附曲线呈现双峰,分别在(60~65)℃和(350~380)℃出现高低温两个活性位;高温CO_2吸附量为3.0 cm~3·g~(-1),低温CO_2吸附量为24.0 cm~3·g~(-1)。催化剂的CO_2吸附量与其Ni含量无关。考察选用不同载体的CO_2脱附行为,发现以Al_2O_3为载体的催化剂CO_2吸附量是MgO和SiO_2为载体催化剂的2~4倍,以TiO_2为载体的催化剂几乎不吸附CO_2。     

Quantification of the in situ DRIFT spectra of Pt/K/γ-A12O3 NOx adsorber catalysts

A method to quantify DRIFT spectral features associated with the in situ adsorption of gases on a NO_x adsorber catalyst, Pt/K/Al₂O₃, is described. To implement this method, the multicomponent catalyst is analysed with DRIFT and chemisorption to determine that under operating conditions the surface comprised a Pt phase, a pure γ-Al₂O₃ phase with associated hydroxyl groups at the surface, and an alkalized-Al₂O₃ phase where the surface –OH groups are replaced by –OK groups. Both DRIFTS and chemisorption experiments show that 93–97% of the potassium exists in this form. The phases have a fractional surface area of 1.1% for the 1.7 nm-sized Pt, 34% for pure Al₂O₃ and 65% for the alkalized-Al₂O₃. NO₂ and CO₂ chemisorption at 250 °C is implemented to determine the saturation uptake value, which is observed with DRIFTS at 250 °C. Pt/Al₂O₃ adsorbs 0.087 μmol CO₂/m²and 2.0 μmol NO₂/m², and Pt/K/Al₂O₃ adsorbs 2.0 μmol CO₂/m²and 6.4 μmol NO₂/m². This method can be implemented to quantitatively monitor the formation of carboxylates and nitrates on Pt/K/Al₂O₃ during both lean and rich periods of the NO_x adsorber catalyst cycle.     

Quantified NOx adsorption on Pt/K/gamma-Al2O3 and the effects of CO2 and H2O

A multi-component NO_x-trap catalyst consisting of Pt and K supported on γ-Al₂O₃ was studied at 250 °C to determine the roles of the individual catalyst components, to identify the adsorbing species during the lean capture cycle, and to assess the effects of H₂O and CO₂ on NO_x storage. The Al₂O₃ support was shown to have NO_x trapping capability with and without Pt present (at 250 °C Pt/Al₂O₃ adsorbs 2.3 μmols NO_x/m²). NO_x is primarily trapped on Al₂O₃ in the form of nitrates with monodentate, chelating and bridged forms apparent in Diffuse Reflectance mid-Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analysis. The addition of K to the catalyst increases the adsorption capacity to 6.2 μmols NO_x/m², and the primary storage form on K is a free nitrate ion. Quantitative DRIFTS analysis shows that 12% of the nitrates on a Pt/K/Al₂O₃ catalyst are coordinated on the Al₂O₃ support at saturation.

When 5% CO₂ was included in a feed stream with 300 ppm NO and 12% O₂, the amount of K-based nitrate storage decreased by 45% after 1 h on stream due to the competition of adsorbed free nitrates with carboxylates for adsorption sites. When 5% H₂O was included in a feed stream with 300 ppm NO and 12% O₂, the amount of K-based nitrate storage decreased by only 16% after 1 h, but the Al₂O₃-based nitrates decreased by 92%. Interestingly, with both 5% CO₂ and 5% H₂O in the feed, the total storage only decreased by 11%, as the hydroxyl groups generated on Al₂O₃ destabilized the K–CO₂ bond; specifically, H₂O mitigates the NO_x storage capacity losses associated with carboxylate competition.     

TAP study of NOx storage and reduction on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/Ba/Al2O3

A systematic mechanistic study of NO storage and reduction over Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ is carried out using Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP). NO pulse and NO/H₂ pump-probe experiments at 350 °C on pre-reduced, pre-oxidized, and pre-nitrated catalysts reveal the complex interplay between storage and reduction chemistries and the importance of the Pt/Ba coupling. NO pulsing experiments on both catalysts show that NO decomposes to major product N₂ on clean Pt but the rate declines as oxygen accumulates on the Pt. The storage of NO over Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ is an order of magnitude higher than on Pt/Al₂O₃ showing participation of Ba in the storage even in the absence of gas phase O₂. Either oxygen spillover or transient NO oxidation to NO₂ is postulated as the first steps for NO storage on Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃. The storage on Pt/Ba/Al₂O₃ commences as soon as Pt–O species are formed. Post-storage H₂ reduction provides evidence that a fraction of NO is not stored in close proximity to Pt and is more difficult to reduce. A closely coupled Pt/Ba interfacial process is corroborated by NO/H₂ pump-probe experiments. NO conversion to N₂ by decomposition is sustained on clean Pt using excess H₂ pump-probe feeds. With excess NO pump-probe feeds NO is converted to N₂ and N₂O via the sequence of barium nitrate and NO decomposition. Pump-probe experiments with pre-oxidized or pre-nitrated catalyst show that N₂ production occurs by the decomposition of NO supplied in a NO pulse or from the decomposition of NOx stored on the Ba. The transient evolution of the two pathways depends on the extent of pre-nitration and the NO/H₂ feed ratio.     

Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3氧化-还原性能探究

以Al_2O_3为载体,RuCl_3·xH_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O为活性组分前驱体,采用吸附-沉淀法制备了Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3和Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂,以马来酸二甲酯加氢合成丁二酸二甲酯为探针反应,结合H_2-TPR和XRD表征技术,考察Fe改性Ru基催化剂的氧化-还原性能及催化活性。经氧化-还原循环处理后,催化剂Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3上马来酸二甲酯加氢活性高于Ru/Al_2O_3。XRD结果显示,经处理的Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3上未见金属Ru的特征衍射峰,而Ru/Al_2O_3上出现了金属Ru的特征衍射峰。结合H_2-TPR结果推断,Ru与Fe之间发生了相互作用,这种协同作用可以改善Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂的热稳定性。     

Mean field modelling of NOx storage on Pt/BaO/Al2O3

A mean field model, for storage and desorption of NO_x in a Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ catalyst is developed using data from flow reactor experiments. This relatively complex system is divided into five smaller sub-systems and the model is divided into the following steps: (i) NO oxidation on Pt/Al₂O₃; (ii) NO oxidation on Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃; (iii) NO_x storage on BaO/Al₂O₃; (iv) NO_x storage on Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ with thermal regeneration and (v) NO_x storage on Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ with regeneration using C₃H₆. In this paper, we focus on the last sub-system. The kinetic model for NO_x storage on Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ was constructed with kinetic parameters obtained from the NO oxidation model together with a NO_x storage model on BaO/Al₂O₃. This model was not sufficient to describe the NO_x storage experiments for the Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃, because the NO_x desorption in TPD experiments was larger for Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃, compared to BaO/Al₂O₃. The model was therefore modified by adding a reversible spill-over step. Further, the model was validated with additional experiments, which showed that NO significantly promoted desorption of NO_x from Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃. To this NO_x storage model, additional steps were added to describe the reduction by hydrocarbon in experiments with NO₂ and C₃H₆. The main reactions for continuous reduction of NO_x occurs on Pt by reactions between hydrocarbon species and NO in the model. The model is also able to describe the reduction phase, the storage and NO breakthrough peaks, observed in experiments.     

Transient studies of carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Pt/ZrO2 and Pt/Al2O3

The mechanism of the CO₂ reforming of methane reaction over the Pt/ZrO₂ catalyst was investigated using a temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor system. For comparative purposes, the reaction pathway using a Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was also examined. A reaction sequence is suggested for both catalysts. Over both catalysts, methane decomposition takes place over platinum. The main difference between the two catalysts concerns the carbon dioxide dissociation. Over Pt/Al₂O₃ this step is assisted by hydrogen. Over Pt/ZrO₂ this step takes place over the zirconia support and involves surface vacancies. Moreover, large pools of formate and carbonate species are present on the zirconia. Transient studies conducted to determine the origin of carbon species accumulated during CO₂ reforming revealed that more than 99% of the carbon was derived from the methane molecule over both catalysts. Over the Pt/ZrO₂ catalyst, only a single very reactive carbon species was detected, while over the Pt/Al₂O₃ a second less active species was also formed.     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.