无机硅化合物与磷杂菲/硼酸酯双基分子复合阻燃环氧树脂的研究

将磷杂菲/硼酸酯双基分子复合阻燃剂(ODOPB-Borate)分别与有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT)和二氧化硅(SiO_2)复配制备了阻燃环氧树脂(EP)。并通过热失重、极限氧指数、锥形量热燃烧实验、扫描电子显微镜等研究了含硅无卤阻燃剂OMMT、SiO_2与ODOPB-Borate的协同作用对EP阻燃性能的改善。结果表明,OMMT,SiO_2分别与ODOPB-Borate复配可有效提高EP的阻燃性能,当阻燃剂的添加量为4%(质量分数,下同),且OMMT/ODOPB-Borate和SiO_2/ODOPB-Borate的质量比均为1∶7时,EP的极限氧指数分别提升到38.8%和38.5%,达到UL 94 V-0级;OMMT和SiO_2的添加降低了EP/ODOPB-Borate体系的热释放速率(HRR),提高了其阻燃体系的屏障保护作用,并优化了气相和凝聚相阻燃效应的分配,证实了OMMT和SiO_2与ODOPB-Borate之间存在协同阻燃效应。     

DIDOPO与POSS/EG协同阻燃环氧树脂泡沫及机理研究

以对苯乙基桥链9,10⁃二氢⁃9⁃氧杂⁃10⁃磷杂菲⁃10⁃氧化物（DIDOPO）、聚甲基倍半硅氧烷（POSS）、膨胀石墨 （EG）为复配阻燃剂对环氧树脂（EP）泡沫进行阻燃改性,研究了复配阻燃剂对EP泡沫材料的阻燃效果和阻燃机理。结果表明,当DIDOPO/POSS=3∶1（质量比,下同）、DIDOPO/EG=1∶3时,复配阻燃体系的阻燃效果最佳;添加20 %（质量分数,下同） DIDOPO/POSS复配阻燃剂的加入可以使EP泡沫的UL 94测试达到V⁃0级; 添加20 %的 DIDOPO/EG复配体系可以使EP泡沫的极限氧指数（LOI）提高至30.8 %,UL 94测试达到V⁃0级;阻燃体系具有一定的抑烟效果。     

磷杂菲三嗪双基化合物阻燃环氧树脂的量效关系

将三-(DOPO-羟甲基苯氧基)-三嗪(Trif-DOPO)添加到双酚A缩水甘油醚/4,4′-二氨基二苯砜环氧树脂(EP)体系中,制备了一种无卤阻燃EP,利用差示扫描量热仪、热失重分析仪、根限氧指数(LOI)测定仪、垂直燃烧测试仪、锥形量热仪及吸水性试验测试了无卤阻燃EP的热性能、阻燃性能和吸水性能,研究了Trif-DOPO对EP性能影响的量效关系。结果表明,Trif-DOPO与环氧基体共同构成一个膨胀阻燃体系。与空白试样相比,随着体系磷质量分数从1.0%增至2.0%,阻燃试样的点燃时间、总热释放量、平均有效燃烧热、玻璃化转变温度均与Trif-DOPO的用量呈负相关性;阻燃试样锥量测试残炭的膨胀倍率与Trif-DOPO的用量呈正相关性;而阻燃试样的热释放速率峰值和平均热释放速率虽明显减小,但在研究的范围内受阻燃剂含量的影响不大。此外,随着Trif-DOPO用量的增加,试样的LOI先增大后减小,当体系磷质量分数为1.2%时,试样的阻燃性能最佳,其LOI为36.0%,垂直燃烧性能达到UL 94 V–0级。Trif-DOPO的添加还能够在一定程度上降低EP的吸水率。     

APP/ADP体系阻燃木塑复合材料研究

选用聚磷酸铵(APP)与二乙基次膦酸铝(ADP)复配用于木塑复合材料(WPC)的阻燃并研究了材料的阻燃性能。结果表明,纯WPC的氧指数(LOI)值为23.5%,当单独添加19%(wt)的APP时,材料通过了垂直燃烧测试UL-94 V-0级,LOI值为28.9%。当APP与ADP以质量比为6∶1复配,阻燃剂总添加量仅为15%(wt)时,材料通过了UL-94 V-0级,LOI值达到了28.7%,表明ADP/APP体系对WPC具有很好的协同阻燃效应。力学性能测试表明,APP/ADP体系的加入对材料的力学性能影响较小。热重分析测试表明,APP/ADP体系促进了材料的初期热降解,但提高了材料的成炭性能。锥形量热测试及扫描电镜对残炭的测试表明,APP/ADP体系的加入使得材料在燃烧过程中形成了膨胀、连续的炭层,很好地抑制了材料的燃烧,使得材料的热释放速率、总热释放量显著降低。     

可膨胀石墨/聚磷酸铵协效阻燃PUI泡沫塑料研究

通过添加可膨胀石墨(EG)和聚磷酸铵(APP)单组分阻燃剂及其复配阻燃剂,制备了聚氨酯–酰亚胺(PUI)泡沫塑料阻燃体系,并对其阻燃性能、热性能、表面碳层形貌及力学性能等进行了研究。结果表明,在相同阻燃剂添加量下,复配阻燃体系的极限氧指数(LOI)值高于单一阻燃剂阻燃体系,PUI/EG/APP体系的LOI值由18.6%提高至30.9%。热失重分析表明EG和APP间的相互作用导致了PUI/EG/APP体系在高温阶段的热降解速率下降,残炭率显著上升。扫描电镜分析表明PUI/EG/APP体系在燃烧后能生成更加连续和致密的炭层。在相同阻燃剂添加量的情况下,EG/APP复配使用能够减少EG对PUI压缩性能的损害。     

DOPO衍生物阻燃环氧树脂的制备与性能研究

通过3-氨基苯氧基邻苯二甲腈(3-APN)与9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)反应,合成腈基型含磷阻燃剂DOPO-ATR,将阻燃剂按一定比例与双酚A型E-51环氧树脂复合,制备阻燃环氧固化物。通过TG测试、LOI测试、垂直燃烧测试和锥形量热测试,探究DOPO-ATR对阻燃环氧固化物的热稳定性和阻燃性能的影响,同时探究DOPO-ATR的阻燃机理。结果表明:当DOPO-ATR的添加量为10%时,阻燃环氧树脂的LOI值最大为34.8%,与纯EP相比提升55.4%;UL-94等级为V-0级,热释放速率峰值最小为533.28 kW/m~2,与纯EP相比降低32%;总热释放量最小为58.98 MJ/m~2,与纯EP相比降低43%;总烟气释放量最小为35.0 m~2。同时,DOPO-ATR的加入能够提高EP的热稳定性和残炭率。通过阻燃机理可知,DOPO-ATR在气相和凝聚相中均表现阻燃效果。因此,DOPOATR对EP具有一定的阻燃效果,且阻燃剂含量为10%时,阻燃效果最好。     

Ni-MOF与焦磷酸哌嗪对环氧树脂的协同阻燃及抑烟

将含镍金属有机框架材料（Ni-MOF）与焦磷酸哌嗪（PPAP）复配后添加到环氧树脂（EP）中,通过极限氧指数（LOI）、垂直燃烧（UL 94）及锥形量热（CONE）测试研究了材料的阻燃性能及烟释放行为。结果表明,添加6%（质量分数,下同）的PPAP时,材料的LOI值为27.9%,垂直燃烧测试通过了UL 94 V-0级;当PPAP与Ni-MOF以质量比99∶1混合,总添加量为5%时,材料的LOI值达到29.3%并通过了UL 94 V-0级;极少量Ni-MOF的加入,有效提高了材料的阻燃效率。CONE测试表明,在相同阻燃剂添加量下,EP/PPAP/Ni-MOF材料的热释放速率、总热释放量、烟释放速率及总烟释放量,与EP/PPAP材料相比均得到了明显降低;Ni-MOF的引入,降低了材料的燃烧强度,减少了烟气的释放;Ni离子与PPAP受热分解形成的磷酸及多聚磷酸发生交联,将更多的磷留在了凝聚相中,促进了材料形成更加丰富、强度更高的炭层,有效抑制EP燃烧过程中热量和烟气的释放,从而提高了EP材料的火安全性能。     

IFR/OMMT协同阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯的阻燃性能和热稳定性能研究

以膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)和有机蒙脱土(OMMT)协效阻燃剂对长玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料(LGFPP)进行阻燃改性,研究OMMT与IFR阻燃剂的协同效应对LGFPP阻燃性能和热稳定性能的影响。采用氧指数(LOI)和热失重分析(TGA)表征LGFPP的阻燃性能和热稳定性能,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察燃烧后的炭层形貌。结果表明,OMMT的加入提高了LGFPP/IFR体系的阻燃性能和热稳定性能;当OMMT添加量为2%时,体系的氧指数达到24.2%,燃烧后的残炭物形成致密的硅酸盐保护层。     

可膨胀石墨/聚磷酸铵协同阻燃聚苯乙烯的研究

将可膨胀石墨(EG)与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配并添加至聚苯乙烯(PS)基体中,制备了PS/EG/APP阻燃复合材料。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、水平垂直燃烧(UL 94)测试,以及热重分析(TG)和扫描电镜分析(SEM)对PS/EG/APP阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性进行了检测,并优化了该材料配方。结果表明:复合阻燃剂EG/APP的加入,使得体系的LOI值与热稳定性均明显提高。其中当复合阻燃剂EG/APP的添加量为30 phr,且质量比为3:1时,阻燃体系的LOI值可达到31.8%,而单独添加同量EG或APP的阻燃体系,其LOI值仅为29%和20.8%,这说明EG与APP之间存在协同效应。     

膨胀石墨(EG)协同新型磷系膨胀阻燃环氧树脂的制备及阻燃性能研究

经六(4-DOPO羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈(DOPOMPC)和聚磷酸铵(APP)处理环氧树脂(EP)的基础上加入可膨胀石墨(EG),制备新型膨胀阻燃环氧树脂复合材料(DOPOMPC/APP/EG/EP)。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、水平垂直燃烧(UL-94)、锥形量热(CONE)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法,研究了协效剂EG加入对复合材料阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,适量EG与DOPOMPC/APP体系有良好的协同阻燃作用,并提高了环氧树脂复合材料力学性能。当DOPOMPC/APP/EG总添加量为22%(DOPOMPC/APP/EG的比例为5/5/1),复合材料LOI值高达38.4%;热释放速率峰值(pk-HRR)、比消光面积(av-SEA)、有效燃烧热平均值(av-EHC)和一氧化碳释放率平均值(av-CO)较纯EP(EP0)分别降低了81.8%,35.5%、29.0%和33.3%;其拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度比EP1(10%DOPOMPC/10%APP/EP)体系分别提高了70.5%、1.5倍和2.6倍。     

木质素与含磷阻燃剂对环氧树脂固化物阻燃性能的影响

利用不同质量比的木质素、苯酐（PA）、环氧树脂（EP）、2-（二苯基磷酰基）琥珀酸（DPPOSA）共固化制备出一系列环氧树脂固化物，采用极限氧指数测试、UL-94垂直燃烧评级测试、锥形量热仪热释放速率和总热释放量测试、空气条件下的热重分析测试和扫描电镜对环氧固化物进行测试和分析。当EP为90.0%、PA为6.5%、DPPOSA为2.0%、木质素为1.5%时制备的环氧固化物（P-12）的热稳定性能和阻燃性能得到了明显的改善。阻燃性能测试表明：其极限氧指数（LOI）达到34.6%，垂直燃烧测试通过UL-94的V-0级，热释放速率和热释放总量也有效降低；热降解测试结果表明：DPPOSA和木质素的加入可以使材料的降解时间提前，成炭能力增强；扫描电镜结果显示：添加DPPOSA和木质素的环氧固化物燃烧后形成连续、均一、紧密的炭层，进一步证明DPPOSA和木质素的加入使环氧固化物的成炭能力得到增强。     

Synthesis of a novel cross‐linked organophosphorus‐nitrogen containing polymer and its application in flame retardant epoxy resins

A novel cross‐linked organophosphorus–nitrogen polymetric flame retardant additive poly(urea tetramethylene phosphonium sulfate) defined as PUTMPS was synthesized by the condensation polymerization between urea and tetrahydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate. Its chemical structure was well characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ¹³C and ³¹P solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance. The synthesized PUTMPS and curing agent m‐phenylenediamine were blended into epoxy resins to prepare flame retardant epoxy resin thermosets. The effects of PUTMPS on fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of EP/PUTMPS thermosets were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), cone calorimeter measurement, and thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) tests. The surface morphologies and chemical compositions of char residues for cured epoxy resins were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Water resistant properties of epoxy resin thermosets were evaluated by putting the samples into distilled water at 70°C for 168 h. The results demonstrated that the EP/12 wt% PUTMPS thermosets successfully passed UL‐94 V‐0 flammability rating and the LOI value reached 31.3%. The TGA results indicated that the incorporation of PUTMPS promoted epoxy resin matrix decomposed and char forming ahead of time, which led to a higher char yield and thermal stability for epoxy resin thermosets at high temperature. The morphological structures and analysis of XPS for the char residues of the epoxy resin thermosets shown that PUTMPS benefited to the formation of a sufficient, more compact, and homogeneous char layer with rich flame retardant elements on the materials surface during burning, which prevented the heat transmission and diffusion, limited the production of combustible gases, inhibited the emission of smoke, and then led to the reduction of the heat release rate and smoke produce rate. After water resistance tests, EP/12 wt% PUTMPS thermosets still remained excellent flame retardancy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation of DOPO-derived magnesium phosphate whisker and its synergistic effect with ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin

In this study, a magnesium phosphate whisker (DPM-H) was synthesized by the acid–base neutralization reaction between magnesium hydroxide and 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-OH) at 120°C. A new synergistic intumescent flame retardant (IFR) for epoxy resin (EP), which was composed of DPM-H and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was thoroughly studied. When the IFR loading was 8%, with the DPM-H to APP weight ratio at 1:7, the prepared flame-retardant EP (EPDA-2) passed the vertical burning tests (UL-94) V-0 rating and obtained the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.3%. Microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) results showed that the total heat release (THR) of EPDA-2 reduced by 32.1% compared with pure EP. Meanwhile, the addition of DPM-H can partially solve the problem of the decrease of the EP mechanical property caused by the addition of APP. Compared with the flame-retardant EP with the 8% loading of APP, the impact strength of EPDA-2 increased 152.3%.     

A novel intumescent flame‐retardant system for flame‐retarded LLDPE/EVA composites

A new intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and charing‐foaming agent (CFA) and a little organic montmorillonite (OMMT) was used in low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) composite. According to limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and UL‐94 rating obtained from this work, the reasonable mass ratio of APP to CFA was 3 : 1, and OMMT could obviously enhance the flame retardancy of the composites. Cone calorimeter (CONE) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied to evaluate the burning behavior and thermal stability of IFR‐LLDPE/EVA (LLDPE/EVA) composites. The results of cone calorimeter showed that heat release rate peak (HRR‐peak) and smoke production rate peak (SPR‐peak) and time to ignition (TTI) of IFR‐LLDPE/EVA composites decreased clearly compared with the pure blend. TGA data showed that IFR could enhance the thermal stability of the composites at high temperature and effectively increase the char residue. The morphological structures of the composites observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that OMMT could well disperse in the composites without exfoliation, and obviously improve the compatibility of components of IFR in LLDPE/EVA blend. The morphological structures of char layer obtained from Cone indicated that OMMT make the char layer structure be more homogenous and more stable. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effect of charring agent THEIC on flame retardant properties of polypropylene

Tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) was used as charring agent and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) for polypropylene (PP). The flame retardancy and combustion performance of PP/IFR composite was tested by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical burning test and cone calorimeter. The results showed that PP/IFR composite had highest LOI of 34.8 and obtained V‐0 rating when 30 wt % IFR was loaded and mass ratio APP/THEIC was 2 : 1. The peak heat release (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) values of PP composite containing FRs were remarkably reduced compared with that of pure PP. However, water resistant test demonstrated the PP/IFR composite had poor flame retardant durability, both the LOI value and UL‐94 V‐rating decreased when PP/IFR composite was soaked in water at 70°C after 36 h. The degradation process and the char morphology of IFR and PP/IFR composite were investigated by TGA and SEM images. The possible reaction path between APP and THEIC in the swollen process was proposed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41214.     

Synthesis of novel triazine charring agent and its effect in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene

A novel charring agent (CNCA‐DA) containing triazine and benzene ring, using cyanuric chloride, aniline, and ethylenediamine as raw materials, was synthesized and characterized. The effects of CNCA‐DA on flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and flammability properties of polypropylene (PP) were investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The TGA results showed that CNCA‐DA had a good char forming ability, and a high initial temperature of thermal degradation; the char residue of CNCA‐DA reached 18.5% at 800°C; Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) could improve the char residue of APP/CNCA‐DA system, the char residue reached 31.6% at 800°C. The results from LOI and UL‐94 showed that the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) containing CNCA‐DA and APP was very effective in flame retardancy of PP. When the mass ratio of APP and CNCA‐DA was 2 : 1, and the IFR loading was 30%, the IFR showed the best effect; the LOI value reached 35.6%. It was also found that when the IFR loading was only 20%, the flame retardancy of PP/IFR can still pass V‐0 rating in UL‐94 tests, and its LOI value reached 27.1%. The CCT results demonstrated that IFR could clearly change the decomposition behavior of PP and form a char layer on the surface of the composites, consequently resulting in efficient reduction of the flammability parameters, such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), and mass loss (ML). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

The effect of different organic modified montmorillonites (OMMTs) on the thermal properties and flammability of PLA/MCAPP/lignin systems

The effect of different organic modified montmorillonites (DK1, DK2, and DK4) based on a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) poly(lactic acid) (PLA) system is reported. The IFR system was composed of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and lignin. The morphological characterization of PLA/OMMT nanocomposites was conducted by X‐ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The flame retardant and thermal properties of the composites were evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), and cone calorimeter. From the results, it could be seen that the sample containing DK2 possessed the best flame retardance, such as lower peak heat release rate (pHRR) and higher LOI value. The thermal degradation and gas products of the samples were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis infrared spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy was used to explore the surface morphology of the char residues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013     

Flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester composites with modified ammonium polyphosphate,montmorillonite, and zinc borate

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was modified using a new method, where the resulting modified APP (MAPP) was obtained by mixing APP with unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). MAPP was more effective in improving the flame retardancy of UPR than APP which was due to the improved dispersion of MAPP in UPR composite. Then, the UPR composites were prepared based on dimethyl methylphosphonate, MAPP, montmorillonite, and zinc borate. Finally, the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of the UPR composites were analyzed using the limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis, UL-94 vertical burning test, scanning electron microscopy, cone calorimetry, mechanical tests, and viscosity measurements. The LOI and UL-94 tests showed that the flame-retardant properties clearly improved with the addition of fillers in the UPR composites compared to pristine UPR. The synergistic effect of Si- and P-containing flame retardants in this composite resulted in the LOI value increasing from 18.9 to 31.3% and achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating. Moreover, the heat release rate was lower than the pristine UPR. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47180.     

Flame Retardancy and Thermal Performance of Polypropylene Treated With the Intumescent Flame Retardant,Piperazine Spirocyclic Phosphoramidate

Piperazine spirocyclic phosphoramidate (PSP), a novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant, was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy and dripping resistance of polypropylene (PP) combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and a triazine polymer charring‐foaming agent (CFA). The optimum flame‐retardant formulation was PSP:APP:CFA = 3:6:2 (weight ratio). The flammability and thermal behavior of the (intumescent flame‐retardant)‐PP (IFR‐PP) were investigated via limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL‐94), thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry (CONE). The results indicated that the IFR‐PP had both excellent flame retardancy and anti‐dripping ability. The optimum flame‐retardant formulation gave an LOI value of 39.8 and a UL‐94 V‐0 rating to PP. Moreover, both the heat release rate and the total heat release of the IFR‐PP with the optimum formulation decreased significantly relative to those of pure PP, according to the cone calorimeter analyses. The residues of IFR‐PP obtained after CONE tests were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the char yield was directly related to the flame retardancy and anti‐dripping behavior of the treated PP. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 20:10–15, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers