土壤多环芳烃污染生物表面活性剂强化修复的研究进展

主要针对生物表面活性剂强化降解多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的生物修复技术进行综述。介绍了PAHs的污染现状及毒性效应,对生物表面活性剂的来源与分类进行了总结,重点从生物表面活性剂强化微生物修复技术、植物修复技术、微生物-植物联合修复技术三个方面介绍了近年来PAHs生物修复技术的最新研究进展,讨论了生物和非生物因素对强化生物降解PAHs的影响,分析了生物表面活性剂强化PAHs降解机理以及目前存在的技术缺陷和瓶颈,并指出今后的研究方向。     

禾本科植物修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一种难生物降解的有机污染物，其污染土壤的高效植物修复技术研发一直是环境修复技术领域极富挑战性的研究课题。植物修复技术具有绿色低碳、经济高效、效果稳定及修复过程安全等优点，在土壤修复行业应用潜力大。禾本科植物在PAHs污染土壤修复方面具有生长周期短、生物量大、覆盖面广、根系发达、抗逆性强等优点，其对土壤中PAHs污染物的降解研究一直方兴未艾。本文探讨了禾本科植物对PAHs污染土壤的修复机理、效果及强化修复方法，阐述了禾本科植物修复PAHs污染土壤的研究现状及发展趋势。     

表面活性剂强化PAHs污染土壤微生物修复的研究进展

土壤环境中的PAHs(多环芳烃)污染物可通过生物降解的方式被去除,但PAHs强烈吸附于土壤颗粒的特性限制了生物降解的效率。因此人们利用表面活性剂对PAHs等疏水性物质具有增溶作用的原理,进行PAHs污染生物修复的研究。文章介绍了应用表面活性剂强化PAHs污染土壤的微生物修复的机理、研究进展和存在的问题。     

表面活性剂在海洋石油污染生物修复中的应用

介绍了石油污染物进入海洋环境后带来的影响以及处理海洋石油污染物的技术措施,认为表面活性剂与生物降解法相结合是目前去除海洋石油污染物最有效的手段。综述了表面活性剂在海洋石油污染生物修复中的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

焦化场地多环芳烃污染土壤修复技术研究进展

为明确焦化场地多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤修复技术研究现状及未来发展趋势,采用文献计量学方法统计分析了Web of Science(WoS)数据库中关于焦化场地PAHs污染土壤修复技术的文献资料,并从发文数量及其年度变化、发文国家及机构、发文作者、论文关键词、发文期刊以及共被引文献等方面进行分析。结果表明：WoS数据库中焦化场地PAHs污染修复技术研究型论文共419篇,近年来世界范围内该领域总体发文数量总体呈上升趋势;中国、美国和法国是该领域发文数量位居前三的国家,共计98家研究机构、1 070名作者参与焦化场地PAHs污染修复领域研究;研究主要集中在自然科学领域,发文量排名前3的期刊分别是Science of The Total Envionment、Chemosphere和Environmental Science and Pollution Research;关键词分析表明,焦化场地PAHs的源解析、风险管控、修复技术将会成为未来主要研究方向。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物修复技术研究进展

土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染已成为一个严重的环境问题。因此,有必要开展低成本、高效的微生物修复技术研究。本文从土壤中PAHs的环境污染特征出发,结合近年来利用微生物修复技术去除土壤中PAHs的研究进展,剖析该技术工程应用存在的挑战及其解决策略。并对微生物与PAHs之间的作用机制进行介绍,指出细菌降解PAHs主要通过双加氧酶的作用,真菌降解PAHs利用的是单加氧酶,而藻类降解低环PAHs主要采用单加氧酶系统进行代谢,降解高环PAHs则主要采用双加氧酶系统进行代谢。最后提出了未来PAHs污染土壤修复技术的主要研究方向,包括建立高效降解菌筛选体系、构建混合菌群及基因工程菌、加强作用过程及代谢组学研究等方面,以期为我国土壤修复技术的产业化发展和大规模应用提供指导。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物修复技术研究进展

土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染已成为一个严重的环境问题。因此,有必要开展低成本、高效的微生物修复技术研究。本文从土壤中PAHs的环境污染特征出发,结合近年来利用微生物修复技术去除土壤中PAHs的研究进展,剖析该技术工程应用存在的挑战及其解决策略。并对微生物与PAHs之间的作用机制进行介绍,指出细菌降解PAHs主要通过双加氧酶的作用,真菌降解PAHs利用的是单加氧酶,而藻类降解低环PAHs主要采用单加氧酶系统进行代谢,降解高环PAHs则主要采用双加氧酶系统进行代谢。最后提出了未来PAHs污染土壤修复技术的主要研究方向,包括建立高效降解菌筛选体系、构建混合菌群及基因工程菌、加强作用过程及代谢组学研究等方面,以期为我国土壤修复技术的产业化发展和大规模应用提供指导。     

土壤中多环芳烃污染现状及生物修复技术的研究进展

围绕环境中广泛存在的有机有毒物质多环芳烃,介绍了该类污染物质来源、危害、分布及污染现状,阐述了生物修复技术在土壤中PAHs污染治理的研究进展,展望了生物修复研究的发展前景。     

生物表面活性剂强化降解土壤中PAHs研究进展

从生物降解有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的限制因素入手,介绍了生物表面活性剂(BS)强化生物降解效果的研究进展。总结了近年来代表性成果,解释BS对生物降解过程强化作用机理,包括增溶作用、增加细胞吸附PAHs、促进微生物摄取PAHs等;讨论了BS的生物毒性、生物降解性和吸附性对降解过程的抑制效果。分析出强化效果受多污染物相互作用、环境因子、BS体系、土壤构成等因素影响。但值得关注的是这些科学研究大多只在实验室规模上进行,应用到场地修复之前仍需要许多改进。场地修复时使用合理复配体系可提高去除效率,非常具有应用前景。     

水生植物与根际/根内微生物相互作用对沉积物中多环芳烃降解的影响

多环芳烃(PAHs)是水环境中普遍存在的一类具有遗传毒性、芳烃受体效应和内分泌干扰效应的污染物。近年来我国湖泊沉积物中PAHs污染呈上升趋势,致使水环境存在生态和健康风险。水生植物的根际效应和功能内生菌的定殖可以有效地控制和修复PAHs污染的沉积物。简单介绍了具有PAHs降解能力的水生植物根际/根内微生物的类型和分布特征,阐述了水生植物与根际/根内微生物相互作用对沉积物中PAHs降解的影响,为有效控制和修复PAHs污染的沉积物提供了理论依据。     

Mangrove Oyster (Crassostrea belcheri) as a Biomonitor Species for Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Sediment of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia has caused increasing pollution particularly of petroleum and petroleum by-products. Surface sediment and mangrove oyster (Crassostrea belcheri) were collected from five mangrove ecosystems in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and investigated for bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sampling locations were selected from both remote areas with few or no previous records of petroleum pollution such as Pulau Merambong and polluted areas that are under international attention such as Klang mangrove ecosystem. PAH fractions were obtained through soxhlet extraction and two-step column chromatography and the fractions were injected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for analysis. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 151 to 4973 ng g^?1 dw in the sediments, while from 309 to 2225 ng g^?1 dw in the oysters. When tested for diagnostic ratios, a predominance of pyrogenic source PAHs was detected in the sediments, whereas PAHs in the oysters had mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the sediments and oysters and biota accumulation factors (BAFs) of PAHs were approaching or exceeding unity indicating the ability of mangrove oyster in bioaccumulation of PAHs. Overall, this study indicates that mangrove oyster (C. belcheri) can be used as a biomonitor species for PAHs in an aquatic environment.     

The Exposure Profiles,Correlation Factors and Comparison of PAHs and Nitro-PAHs in Urban and Non-Urban Regions in Suspended Particulate Matter in Poland

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives are responsible for mutagenic activation of ambient air. The aim of the study was the assessment of exposure for PAHs and nitro-PAHs in the urbanized region in Poland in comparison with the non-urbanized region and assessment of seasonal variation of PAHs and nitro-PAHs. Concentrations of 12 PAHs, 8 nitrated PAHs in total suspended particulate matter in air of urban and suburban (reference samples-mountain region) region in Poland during four seasons have been shown. The method of solvent extraction of particulate matter, fractionation organic extract and HPLC and GC/MS analysis were applied. The concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs were 10–100 times lower in reference samples than concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in urban region in summer. The concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs were highest in winter. The exposure profiles of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in four seasons have been shown. The correlation factor between concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs was found. Important influence of ambient air temperature for PAHs and nitro-PAHs concentrations was shown. Obtained results suggest that the coal combustion in Polish households was the main source of PAHs and their nitro derivatives contaminations. Emission from transport sources is a secondary source of air pollution in urban areas.     

Supercritical fluid extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a sensitive and efficient sample preparation method for determination of organic compounds in solid samples

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed for extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments. PAHs were employed as model compounds to assess the extraction procedure and were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). SFE of PAHs was performed at 313 K and 253.2 bar, at static and dynamic times 10 and 30 min, respectively. The extracted PAHs were collected in 1 mL of acetonitrile. Subsequently, 16 μL of chlorobenzene (as extraction solvent) was added to collecting solvent (1.0 mL of acetonitrile). Then, the resulted mixture was injected into 5.0 mL of aqueous solution, rapidly. After centrifugation, the PAHs in the sedimented phase were analyzed by GC-FID. Effects of significant parameters on the extraction in SFE and DLLME methods were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration plots were linear in the range of 0.4-41.6 mg kg⁻¹ and the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ for all of the analytes. Analysis of PAHs in different solid samples showed that the improved technique has great potential for PAHs analysis in marine sediments. SFE-DLLME leads to high preconcentration factor, easy use of DLLME in solid samples and solving the main problem of SFE that is the extra step (vaporization of large volume of toxic organic solvent) after extraction needed prior to final analysis.     

吉林市大气气溶胶中部分有机污染物的分析

利用色谱-质谱联用技术分析了大气气溶胶中的部分有机物-烷烃和多环芳烃。主要研究了多环芳烃的地区和季节分布特征。哈达湾为污染严重区域,而江南公园清洁区有机污染相对较轻。气象条件对东局子、化工学院子站有机污染有着明显的影响,总量明显高于江南公园。工业生产为其主要的污染源,萘为其主要的指示污染物。     

植物被动采样器监测大气中多环芳烃（PAHs）研究现状

松针、苔藓等植物是典型的天然被动采样材料,对大气污染物特别敏感,现已被应用于监测大气中的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染研究领域。本文综述了松针、苔藓及其他几种常见植物作为被动采样器监测大气中多环芳烃的研究现状,并对该领域的发展趋势和研究方向进行了展望。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Agroecosystems - Example of Poland

Evaluation of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils in Poland was performed on the basis of the results of three separate investigation programmes carried out in the years 1992-1997. Two of the programmes were restricted to small regions of different exposition to anthropogenic activity, the third one covered country-wide scale. The results confirm high point contamination in areas situated in the proximity of industrial/municipal/transport pollution sources. Arable soils from rural regions were characterised by very low contamination with PAHs with median content of σ 13PAH 180 μg/kg. The usefulness of the existing European criteria for the evaluation of soil contamination with PAHs was discussed.     

生物技术处理典型污染源海洋废水研究进展

随着国家对海洋生态的重视,海洋环境保护已经是人们不可回避的热点问题。综述了生物技术针对不同的典型污染源的海水污染,包括船舶污水、石油开采废水和海水养殖废水的研究现状,总结了各种生物技术的优势与不足,分析了今后生物技术处理典型污染源海洋废水的发展趋势,旨在为我国海洋水体污染预防及环境保护提供指导。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in the Atmosphere – A Review Identifying Research Needs

Most of the 16 EPA priority PAHs (or a subset of these) are targeted in the current monitoring of air and air pollution studies. However, other parent PAHs may account for up to another ≈10%, nitro-PAHs up to ≈20%, and oxy-PAHs for even more. The reactivity in the atmospheric gas and particulate phases is incompletely quantified, in particular with regard to coverage of aerosol matrix diversity and photochemical age. Therefore, the model-based characterization of exposure is still limited. Nitro- and oxy-PAHs pose a higher health risk in ambient air than parent PAHs but have not been measured as extensively so far and are usually not included in monitoring programs. Nitro-PAHs are also interesting as tracers for air pollution source identification and pathways of photochemistry. Among heterocyclic aromatic compounds in ambient air dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene should be targeted.     

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THREE VARIETIES OF FISH FROM KUWAIT BAY

The study reports levels of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three native fish species—mullet, sea bream and tonguesole—captured from Kuwait Bay (KB) area and outside the Bay from the Auha area between October 2004 and June 2005. KB has witnessed rapid urban and industrial development since the discovery of oil and is considered to be the most productive area in the region. Whole fish analysis revealed that the lower molecular weight PAHs (pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene) were present in all the three varieties of fish in considerably higher amounts. Other low molecular weight PAHs like acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and anthracene were also present but in lower concentrations. Among the higher molecular weight PAHs, the frequency of detection of benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene was high and were present in high concentrations, whereas Benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene were not frequent in detection. The contamination of Σ PAHs was higher in the winter season in mullet and sea bream but in tonguesole a reverse pattern was found. Tonguesole from KB had the highest Σ PAHs suggesting that this bottom dwelling species can be used as an indicator of sediment pollution in the area. The observed seasonality in ∑ PAHs concentration in fish coupled with species difference may be related to difference in metabolic disposition of pollutants and their habitats.